Edited by
Avinash P. Ingle
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena
University of São Paulo
Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Anuj Kumar Chandel
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena
University of São Paulo
Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Silvio Silvério da Silva
Department of Biotechnology
Engineering School of Lorena
University of São Paulo
Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
This edition first published 2020
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Ingle, Anivash P., 1981– editor. | Chandel, Anuj Kumar, editor. | Silva, Silvio Silvério da, editor.
Title: Lignocellulosic biorefining technologies / edited by Anivash P. Ingle, Anuj Kumar Chandel, Silvio Silverio da Silva.
Description: First edition. | West Sussex, UK : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019036678 (print) | LCCN 2019036679 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119568827 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119568810 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119568834 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Lignocellulose–Biotechnology. | Biomass–Industrial applications. | Biomass energy.
Classification: LCC TP248.65.L54 L545 2020 (print) | LCC TP248.65.L54 (ebook) | DDC 662/.88–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019036678
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019036679
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: High corn crops ©Polarpx/Shutterstock, Timber in a field ©basel101658/Shutterstock, A field with straw bales ©donfiore/Shutterstock, Petrochemical industry ©leungchopan/Shutterstock
Peyman Abdeshahian
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Microbiology, Masjed Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed Soleiman, Iran
Muhammad Ajaz Ahmed
Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institute of Green‐Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
Feliciane Andrade Brehm
Graduate Program of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
Srinivas Appari
Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
Angenor Auler
Study Center in Biorefinery, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Shayaram Basumatary
Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Rahul Bhagat
Department of Biotechnology, Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Bruno Bosquiroli Santos
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Guadalupe Bustos Vázquez
Department of Biotechnology, University Autonomous of Tamaulipas, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Mante, Cd. Mante, Tamaulipas, México
Jeon Woon Choi
Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Institute of Green‐Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
Diana Catalina Cubides Roman
Federal University do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Bruna Curry Carneiro
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Luís António da Cruz Tarelho
Department of Environment and Planning/Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro (UA), Aveiro, Portugal
Samar Das
Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Julio Cesar dos Santos
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Diego Cunha Rocha
State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Paulo Eichler
Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Harikishan R. Ellamla
South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
Regina Célia Espinosa Modolo
Graduate Program of Civil Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
and
Graduate Program of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
Douglas Faria
Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Luciana Ferrand
Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
Geraldo Ferreira David
Federal University do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Juliana Gamboa‐Santos
Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
Manuel Garcia‐Perez
Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
Euripedes Garcia Silveira Junior
State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Akhil Garg
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
Fernanda Gonçalves
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Adrián Gonzalez Leos
Department of Biotechnology, University Autonomous of Tamaulipas, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Mante, Cd. Mante, Tamaulipas, México
Pranab Goswami
Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Indarchand Gupta
Department of Biotechnology, Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Victor Haber Perez
State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Avinash P. Ingle
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Abudukeremu Kadier
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Pankaj Kalita
Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Genyr Kappler
Graduate Program of Civil Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Vinayak Kulkarni
Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
Sandeep Kumar
Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Anuj Kumar Chandel
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Pankaj Kumar Rai
Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh (UP), India
Valdemar Lacerda Jr
Federal University do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Rogério Lourega
Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Grazielle Machado
Polytechnic School, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Débora Machado da Souza
Graduate Program of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Jaqueline Mattia
Study Center in Biorefinery, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Mahdi Mazuchi
Iranian Sugarcane and By‐product Research and Training Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
Carlos Alberto Mendes Moraes
Graduate Program of Civil Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
and
Graduate Program of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
Itzcóatl Muñoz Jimenez
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo, Lorena (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
Harris Panakkal
Department of Biotechnology, Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Xiongbin Peng
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
Shiv Prasad
Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Sheetal Radhakrishnan
Regional Research Station, ICAR‐Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
Lucas Ramos
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Nathalia Ribeiro Ferreira da Silva
State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Luis V. Rodríguez‐Duran
Department of Biotechnology, University Autonomous of Tamaulipas, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Mante, Cd. Mante, Tamaulipas, México
Oselys Rodriguez Justo
Estácio de Sá University, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Fernando Santos
Study Center in Biorefinery, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Silvio Silvério da Silva
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Dhanya Subramanian
Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
Ruly Teran Hilares
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Rodolfo Torres de Los Santos
Department of Biotechnology, University Autonomous of Tamaulipas, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Mante, Cd. Mante, Tamaulipas, México
Florencia Vasco
Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
Paulo Roberto Wander
Graduate Program of Civil Engineering, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Beatriz Zumalacárregui de Cárdenas
Chemical Engineering Department, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Technological University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
Lourdes Zumalacárregui de Cárdenas
Chemical Engineering Department, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Technological University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
Avinash P. Ingle, Anuj Kumar Chandel, and Silvio Silvério da Silva
Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
Lignocellulosic biomass is a major stakeholder in biorefineries. The transformation of biomass into a wide range of fuels, materials, and valuable chemicals is the overall goal of a biorefinery (de Jong and Jungmeier 2015; Chandel et al. 2018). In principle, a biorefinery would exploit hybrid technologies encompassing various fields including bioengineering, agriculture, and polymer chemistry. In a specific biorefinery, the feedstock is fractionated into valuable constituents through extraction, hydrolysis, fermentation, and controlled pyrolysis for the production of fuels, energy, and high‐value products such as organic acids, biopigments, biosurfactants, etc. (Erickson et al. 2012; Isikgor and Becer 2015; Lee et al. 2019).
The concept of biomass fractionation into its main components offers myriad benefits to the bioprocessing industries harnessing the various feedstocks. Nevertheless, the advancement and exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass fractionation technologies are still in their infancy in terms of technoeconomic viability (FitzPatrick et al. 2010; Chandel et al. 2018). Hence, fundamental and applied research will be critically required in this field in the coming decades.
Currently, the price of biomass is a major impeding factor in the economic production of fuels and value‐added products/chemicals that accounts for up to 40–60% of the overall price (Chandel et al. 2019). For the overall economization of the process with simplicity, process integration is an important necessity. The second‐generation biomass together with waste feedstocks are promising sources for the production of value‐added products owing to their surplus availability, cost‐effectiveness and non‐requirement of land with no competition with food crops (Chandel and Silveira 2017). However, the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomasses to generate fuels and valuable chemicals is challenging because of the complexity of pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis via the synergistic action of cellulases to yield cellulosic sugars which are considered as renewable building blocks (Chandel et al. 2019). Cellulosic sugars can be further converted into a plethora of bio‐based products such as alcohols, organic acids, alkenes, lipids, etc. (Lee et al. 2019). However, the production potential of biochemicals from these agro‐residues have not yet been investigated at large scale under biorefinery conditions (Sanford et al. 2016).
Considering the enormous potential of different lignocellulosic biomass types in biorefinery, as mentioned above, we have attempted in this book to explore the high‐value biorefining products which can be created using a variety of lignocellulosic biomass as renewable and economically viable resources.
The book contains 15 chapters. Chapter 1 by Ingle et al., which is also the book preface, presents the overall impact of lignocellulose biorefineries in a nutshell in addition to summarizing each chapter's content. Chapter 2 by Ferrand and colleagues is broadly focused on the various bulk and specialty chemicals present in the plant cell wall. Special emphasis has been given to important aspects such as structure, function, and chemical composition of the plant cell wall. In addition, all the promising valuable chemicals and bioactive compounds present the plant cell wall are discussed in detail. Chapter 3 by Bustos et al. provides details about the different components present in the lignocellulosic biomass and their characterization; different approaches available for processing lignocellulosic biomass into second‐generation sugars are also discussed. Sheetal et al. in Chapter 4 focus on the possibilities of utilization of lignocellulosic feedstocks for the production of biohydrogen. It is well known that hydrogen energy, particularly biohydrogen, is gaining a lot of interest as a sustainable and renewable alternative to fast‐depleting fossil fuels. It also provides an additional benefit of not emitting any greenhouse gases (GHG), which provides an incentive to all countries struggling to meet the GHG limitations as per the Paris agreement to combat climate change to adopt this clean fuel. Various recent studies have proved that lignocellulosic biomass sources can be used as an alternate feedstock for biohydrogen production as they are abundant, cheap, and eco‐friendly.
Chapter 5 by Bhagat and co‐authors emphasizes the role of a variety of lignocellulosic biomass in the production of another form of clean energy – biodiesel. In this chapter, the authors briefly discuss the major constituents of lignocellulosic biomass, and the composition and structure of each of the components present in the biomass have been explained. Most importantly, recent advances in the production of biodiesel using lignocellulosic biomass through different fermentation approaches have been discussed. It is forecast that the demand for renewable energy for transportation is likely to grow by 19% till 2023 whereas approximately a 15% rise in biofuel production is expected in the same time period. In this context, biodiesel can be seen as a renewable energy source that can be used for partial or even total replacement of diesel.
Chapter 6 by Kalita et al. covers the production of bioelectricity from lignocellulosic biomass. Electricity is a vital form of energy which plays a significant role in defining human development. On one side, industrial and economic developments are transforming our way of living and therefore demand for electricity demand is continuously growing. However, on the other side, this continuous increase in energy demand leads to fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Therefore, to resolve these issues, more emphasis is now being place on harvesting sustainable energy from different renewable energy sources like solar, biomass, wind, etc. In this context, the authors have discussed the various options which can be used in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable fuels through thermochemical conversion technologies.
As mentioned earlier, biohydrogen, biodiesel, and bioelectricity are imporant high‐value products commonly produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks through different biorefining strategies. Lignocellulosic materials can also be potentially utilized in the production of other valuable products with applications in numerous sectors like food and agriculture, pharmaceutics, biomedicine, cosmetics, etc. In view of this, various chapters in the present book have a special emphasis on different lignocellulosic biorefining products. In Chapter 7, Machado et al. provide a special focus on the production of biopolymers using different lignocellulosic materials as important sources of carbon, nitrogen, etc. The authors report that production of biopolymers from renewable resources like lignocellulosic feedstocks has been increasing due to environmental, political and economic concerns about conventional plastics utilization. A wide range of biopolymers with many application possibilities can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass, allowing the replacement of many conventional plastics. Therefore, in this chapter, various key aspects including types and properties of biopolymers, different approaches used for biopolymer production, applications of biopolymers, and the advantages and challenges of obtaining biopolymers from lignocellulosic biomass are critically discussed.
In the same vein, Marcelino and co‐authors explain the importance of lignocellulosic biomass in the production of biosurfactants in Chapter 8. Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules synthesized by microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi) using a variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks as a source of carbon and nitrogen which are essential for the growth of these microorganisms. Biosurfactants have attracted a great deal of attention across the world due to their unique and novel surface‐active and/or emulsifying, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. Important topics including the types, structure, and functions of biosurfactants, fermentation approaches used for biosurfactant production and applications of biosurfactants are critically discussed in Chapter 8.
Chapter 9 by Abdeshahian et al. is focused on the role of lignocellulosic materials in the production of different enzymes. In this chapter, the authors propose that lignocellulosic biomass or wastes from various sources like agriculture, forest, industries, etc. can be employed as promising raw materials in the production of value‐added products such as enzymes using various biorefining technologies. Generally, the production of enzymes is carried out by microorganisms through the fermentation process in which organic carbon contents are provided in the form of lignocellulose which is utilized as a nutrient source by fermenting organisms. The utilization of lignocellulosic materials could provide a cost‐effective raw material for enzyme production which in turn reduces the enzyme production cost.
Considering the vital role of organic acids in various biological processes, it is the need of the hour to produce different organic acids using simple, efficient, economic, and environmentally sustainable approaches. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass can be used as inexpensive and renewable sources for the production of organic acids. Therefore, de Cárdenas and co‐authors in Chapter 10 discuss the production of organic acids using lignocellulosic feedstocks. Moreover, recent advances in the production of different acids using lignocellulosic biomass are discussed in this chapter along with important related factors.
Chapter 11 by Terán‐Hilares et al. covers recent advances in the valorization of lignin into value‐added products. Lignin is one of the most abundant macromolecules on Earth. It is a complex fraction in biomass composed of various aromatic building blocks which are cross‐linked with different carbon and ether linkages. Lignin has broad scope for valorization to aromatics, polymers, and other value‐added materials. However, in spite of the attractiveness of lignin as a natural source for the production of a wide range of products, there are various technologic barriers which limit its ubiquitous use at the industrial level. Considering all these concerns, Chapter 11 focuses on the potential of lignin in the creation of various high‐value products. In addition, the chemistry of lignin, various approaches for its processing, and economic and environmental concerns associated with lignin valorization are discussed.
Chapter 12 by Moraes and co‐authors provides a detailed explanation of pyrolysis and carbonization, which are commonly used methods for the processing of biomass to develop by‐products for energy and agriculture. Special emphasis has been given to the thermochemical conversion of agricultural or lignocellulosic biomass to obtain a solid product like biochar.
Chapter 13 by Perez et al. is about the integrated processes for thermochemical conversion of biomass to produce pyrolytic sugars like levoglucosan required for biofuels and other important bioproducts by fermentation. In this chapter, the authors discuss the integrated processes of a biomass thermochemical conversion plant as a subprocess of an autonomous bioethanol plant. Further, they emphasize that such technologic alternatives can be inexpensive, eco‐friendly, and attractive in a country like Brazil where surplus amounts of sugarcane bagasse are available.
Chapter 14 by Mazuchi is focused on a life cycle analysis of lignocellulosic conversion into value‐added products. In order to study the impacts of different materials, products, and processes on environmental sustainability, a life cycle assessment is required so various aspects of such an assessment have been discussed in this chapter.
The last chapter, by Ellamla, covers the most important issues associated with the biorefinery industries. It provides details about the technoeconomic analysis of biofuel production and other important products. As far as biorefinery industries are concerned, a technoeconomic analysis is essential to assess the feasibility of integrating lignocellulosic biomass into various biorefinery products like biofuels and other high‐value compounds.
Lignocellulosic Biorefining Technologies is a collection of articles elucidating recent advances in the utilization of a variety of lignocellulosic feedstocks for the production of high‐value products including important forms of bioenergy and other industrially important biorefining compounds like biopolymers, biosurfactants, enzymes, organic acids, etc. The text in each chapter is supported by clear, informative tables and figures. Each chapter contains relevant references to published articles, which offer a large amount of primary information and further links to a nexus of data and ideas.
All the chapters in this book have been written by one or more specialists, experts in their field, and are highly informative and detailed. In this way, we would like to offer a rich guide for researchers, undergraduate or graduate students of various disciplines such as agriculture, food science, biotechnology, biofuel and bioenergy industries, and allied subjects. In addition, this book will be useful for those working in various industries, regulatory bodies, and global fuel and energy organizations.
The editors are very grateful to all the contributors for their outstanding efforts to provide state‐of‐the‐art information on the subject matter of their respective chapters. Their efforts will certainly enhance and update the knowledge of readers about lignocellulosic biorefining technologies. We express our sincere thanks to the publishers and authors whose research has been cited in the book. We are also thankful to Rebecca Ralf, Sindhuja Sethuraman, and the team at John Wiley and Sons Ltd. for their generous cooperation and efforts in producing this book.
Among the editors, Avinash P. Ingle is very grateful to the Research Council for the State of Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil, for providing financial assistance (Process No. 2016/22086‐2) in the form of a postdoctoral fellowship. Anuj Kumar Chandel is grateful to the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (USP‐CAPES) for a visiting researcher and professor fellowship. Silvio Silvério da Silva is grateful to the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Process Nos 303943/2017‐3 and 409103/2017‐9) for providing support for research.
We hope that the book will be useful for all readers looking for information on the latest research and advances in the field of lignocellulosic biorefining technologies.