MANUAL OF MOLECULAR
AND CLINICAL
LABORATORY
IMMUNOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
EIGHTH EDITION
EDITED BY
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Detrick, Barbara, editor. | Schmitz, John L. (John Leo), editor. | Hamilton, Robert G., editor.
Title: Manual of molecular and clinical laboratory immunology / edited by Barbara Detrick, John L. Schmitz, and Robert G. Hamilton.
Description: 8th edition. | Washington, DC : ASM Press, [2016] | ?2016
Identifiers: LCCN 2016012270 (print) | LCCN 2016014573 (ebook) | ISBN 9781555818715 | ISBN 9781683673262 ()
Subjects: LCSH: Immunodiagnosis—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Immunology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Molecular immunology—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC RB46.5 .M36 2016 (print) | LCC RB46.5 (ebook) | DDC 616.07/9—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016012270
doi:10.1128/9781555818722
Printed in Canada
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Editorial Board
Contributors
Foreword: How It Began
Preface
Author and Editor Conflicts of Interest
SECTION A GENERAL METHODS
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases Involving the Immune System
3 The Human Microbiome and Clinical Immunology
4 Protein Analysis in the Clinical Immunology Laboratory
SECTION B IMMUNOGLOBULIN METHODS
5 Introduction
6 Immunoglobulin Genes
7 Immunoglobulin Quantification and Viscosity Measurement
8 Clinical Indications and Applications of Serum and Urine Protein Electrophoresis
9 Immunochemical Characterization of Immunoglobulins in Serum, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
10 Cryoglobulins, Cryofibrinogenemia, and Pyroglobulins
11 Strategy for Detecting and Following Monoclonal Gammopathies
SECTION C COMPLEMENT
12 Introduction
13 The Classical Pathway of Complement
14 Analysis of Activity of Mannan-Binding Lectin, an Initiator of the Lectin Pathway of the Complement System
15 The Nature of the Diseases That Arise from Improper Regulation of the Alternative Pathway of Complement
SECTION D FLOW CYTOMETRY
16 Introduction
17 Polychromatic Flow Cytometry
18 High-Sensitivity Detection of Red and White Blood Cells in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry
19 Standardized Flow Cytometry Assays for Enumerating CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells
20 Functional Flow Cytometry-Based Assays of Myeloid and Lymphoid Functions for the Diagnostic Screening of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
21 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma: Diagnosis and Minimal Residual Disease Detection by Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping
22 Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Diagnosis and Minimal Residual Disease Detection by Flow Cytometry
23 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, the Prototypic Chronic Leukemia for Flow Cytometric Analysis
24 Plasma Cell Disorders
25 Future Cytometric Technologies and Applications
SECTION E FUNCTIONAL CELLULAR ASSAYS
26 Introduction
27 Cryopreservation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
28 Lymphocyte Activation
29 Functional Assays for B Cells and Antibodies
30 Methods for Detection of Antigen-Specific T Cells by Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay (ELISPOT)
31 Regulatory T Cell (Treg) Assays: Repertoire, Functions, and Clinical Importance of Human Treg
32 Measurement of NK Cell Phenotype and Activity in Humans
33 Functional Assays for the Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease
SECTION F CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES
34 Introduction
35 Multiplex Cytokine Assays
36 Cytokine Measurement by Flow Cytometry
37 Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Analysis
38 Cytokines: Diagnostic and Clinical Applications
39 Detection of Anticytokine Autoantibodies and Clinical Applications
SARAH K. BROWNE
SECTION G IMMUNOHISTOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
40 Introduction
41 Immunofluorescence Methods in the Diagnosis of Renal and Cardiac Diseases
42 Western Blot Analysis for the Detection of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies and Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies
SECTION H INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA, MYCOPLASMAS, CHLAMYDIAE, AND RICKETTSIAE
43 Introduction
44 Diagnostic Methods for Group A Streptococcal Infections
45 Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Assessment of Eradication
46 Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis
47 Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and Leptospirosis
48 Immunological Tests in Tuberculosis
49 Mycoplasma: Immunologic and Molecular Diagnostic Methods
50 Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Infections
51 The Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, and Coxiellaceae
52 The Bartonellaceae, Brucellaceae, and Francisellaceae
SECTION I MYCOTIC AND PARASITIC DISEASES
53 Introduction
54 Immunological and Molecular Approaches for the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections
55 Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
SECTION J VIRAL DISEASES
56 Introduction
57 Immunologic and Molecular Methods for Viral Diagnosis
58 Herpes Simplex Virus
59 Varicella-Zoster Virus
D. SCOTT SCHMID
60 Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus
61 Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8
62 Parvovirus B19
63 Respiratory Viruses
64 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses
65 Viral Hepatitis
66 Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis
67 Arboviruses
68 Diagnosis of Hantavirus Infections
69 Rabies Virus
70 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2
71 Diagnosis of Prion Diseases
72 Principles and Procedures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis
SECTION K IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
73 The Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
74 Severe Combined Immune Deficiency: Newborn Screening
75 Combined Immunodeficiencies
76 Antibody Deficiencies
77 Hereditary and Acquired Complement Deficiencies
78 Neutropenia and Neutrophil Defects
79 Evaluation of Natural Killer (NK) Cell Defects
SECTION L ALLERGIC DISEASES
80 Introduction
81 Quantitation and Standardization of Allergens
82 Immunological Methods in the Diagnostic Allergy Clinical and Research Laboratory
83 Assay Methods for Measurement of Mediators and Markers of Allergic Inflammation
84 Tests for Immunological Reactions to Foods
85 Diagnosis of Rare Eosinophilic and Mast Cell Disorders
SECTION M SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
86 Introduction
87 Antinuclear Antibody Tests
88 Detection of Autoantibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Bead Assays
89 Immunodiagnosis and Laboratory Assessment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
90 Immunodiagnosis of Autoimmune Myopathies
91 Immunodiagnosis of Scleroderma
92 Antibody and Biomarker Testing in Rheumatoid Arthritis
93 Future Perspectives for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Autoimmune Diseases
94 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Diagnosis
95 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA) and Strategies for Diagnosing ANCA-Associated Vasculitides
96 IgG4-Related Disease: Diagnostic Testing by Serology, Flow Cytometry, and Immunohistopathology
SECTION N ORGAN-LOCALIZED AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
97 Introduction
98 Endocrinopathies: Chronic Thyroiditis, Addison Disease, Pernicious Anemia, Graves’ Disease, Diabetes, and Hypophysitis
99 Myasthenia Gravis
100 Autoantibodies to Glycolipids in Peripheral Neuropathy
101 Detection of Antimitochondrial Autoantibodies in Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibodies in Autoimmune Hepatitis
102 Cardiovascular Diseases
103 Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
104 Autoantibodies Directed against Erythrocytes in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
105 Immune Thrombocytopenia
106 Monitoring Autoimmune Reactivity within the Retina
SECTION O CANCER
107 Introduction
108 Immunoassay-Based Tumor Marker Measurement: Assays, Applications, and Algorithms
109 Malignancies of the Immune System: Use of Immunologic and Molecular Tumor Markers in Classification and Diagnostics
110 Monitoring of Immunologic Therapies
111 Circulating Tumor Cells as an Analytical Tool in the Management of Patients with Cancer
SECTION P TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY
112 Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Testing in the 21st Century
113 Molecular Methods for Human Leukocyte Antigen Typing: Current Practices and Future Directions
114 Evaluation of the Humoral Response in Transplantation
115 Non-Human Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies in Organ Transplantation
116 Evaluation of the Cellular Immune Response in Transplantation
117 Complement in Transplant Rejection
118 Molecular Characterization of Rejection in Solid Organ Transplantation
119 Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Clinical Transplantation
120 Chimerism Testing
SECTION Q LABORATORY MANAGEMENT
121 Clinical Immunology Laboratory Accreditation, Licensure, and Credentials
122 Validation and Quality Control: General Principles and Application to the Clinical Immunology Laboratory
Author Index
Subject Index
C. LYNNE BUREK (section N)
Johns Hopkins University, Department of Pathology, SOM, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205
PATRIZIO CATUREGLI (section N)
Johns Hopkins University, Department of Pathology, SOM, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205
DANIEL CHAN (section O)
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, SOM, Clinical Chemistry, CRB 11 3M 05, Baltimore, MD 21287
STEVEN D. DOUGLAS (section E)
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Suite 1208 Abramson Research Building, 34th & Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
THOMAS A. FLEISHER (section A)
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10 Rm. 2C306, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814
PATRICIA C. GICLAS (section C)
National Jewish Health, Diagnostic Complement Laboratory, 1400 N. Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206
PAMELA A. GUERRERIO (section L)
Food Allergy Research Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 4 Memorial Dr., Building 4, Room 228B, MSC0430, Bethesda, MD 20892
RONALD J. HARBECK (section Q)
National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206
RICHARD L. HODINKA (section J)
University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville and Greenville Health System, Room 210, Health Science Administration Building, 701 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 2960
JOHN J. HOOKS (section F)
National Institutes of Health, Immunology & Virology Section, NEI, Bldg. 10 Rm. 10N248, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20814
DAVID F. KEREN (section B)
University of Michigan, 5228 Medical Science I, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
HOWARD M. LEDERMAN (section K)
Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Hospital - CMSC 1102, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287-3923
CHRISTINE M. LITWIN (section H)
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425
THOMAS B. NUTMAN (section I)
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425
MAURICE R. G. O’GORMAN (section D)
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, and the Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Pathology and Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd #43, Los Angeles, CA 90027
ELAINE F. REED (section P)
UCLA, Pathology, Rehab 1520, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Immunogenetics Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095
WESTLEY H. REEVES (section M)
University of Florida, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, PO Box 100221, Gainesville, FL 32610-0221
R. NEAL SMITH (section G)
Massachusetts General Hospital, Pathology, 501B Warren Bldg., 14 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114
LORI J. SOKOLL (section O)
Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
KATHLEEN E. SULLIVAN (section K)
University of Pennsylvania, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
QIUHENG JENNIFER ZHANG (section P)
UCLA Immunogenetics Center, Department Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 15-20 Rehab, 1000 Veteran Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024