Cover
About the Authors
Series Preface
Acknowledgements
Glossary of Terms
1 Introduction
1. 1.1 General
2. 1.2 Systems Development
3. 1.3 Skills
4. 1.4 Human Aspects
5. 1.5 Overview
6. Exercises
7. References
8. Further Reading
2 The Aircraft Systems
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Definitions
3. 2.3 Everyday Examples of Systems
4. 2.4 Aircraft Systems of Interest
5. 2.5 Ground Systems
6. 2.6 Generic System Definition
7. Exercises
8. References
9. Further Reading
3 The Design and Development Process
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Definitions
3. 3.3 The Product Lifecycle
4. 3.4 Concept Phase
5. 3.5 Definition Phase
6. 3.6 Design Phase
7. 3.7 Build Phase
8. 3.8 Test Phase
9. 3.9 Operate Phase
10. 3.10 Disposal or Retirement Phase
11. 3.11 Refurbishment Phase
12. 3.12 Whole Lifecycle Tasks
13. 3.13 Summary
14. Exercises
15. References
16. Further Reading
4 Design Drivers
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Design Drivers in the Business Environment
3. 4.3 Design Drivers in the Project Environment
4. 4.4 Design Drivers in the Product Environment
5. 4.5 Design Drivers in the Product Operating Environment
6. 4.6 Interfaces with the Sub‐system Environment
7. 4.7 Obsolescence
8. 4.8 Ageing Aircraft
9. Exercises
10. References
11. Further Reading
5 System Architectures
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Definitions
3. 5.3 System Architectures
4. 5.4 Architecture Modelling and Trade‐off
5. 5.5 Example of a Developing Architecture
6. 5.6 Evolution of Avionics Architectures
7. 5.7 Example Architectures
8. Exercises
9. References
10. Further Reading
6 System Integration
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Definitions
3. 6.3 Examples of System Integration
4. 6.4 System Integration Skills
5. 6.5 Management of System Integration
6. 6.6 Highly Integrated Systems
7. 6.7 Discussion
8. Exercises
9. References
10. Further Reading
7 Verification of System Requirements
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Gathering Qualification Evidence in the Lifecycle
3. 7.3 Test Methods
4. 7.4 An Example Using a Radar System
5. 7.5 Summary
6. Exercises
7. References
8. Further Reading
8 Practical Considerations
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Stakeholders
3. 8.3 Communications
4. 8.4 Giving and Receiving Criticism
5. 8.5 Supplier Relationships
6. 8.6 Engineering Judgement
7. 8.7 Complexity
8. 8.8 Emergent Properties
9. 8.9 Aircraft Wiring and Connectors
10. 8.10 Bonding and Grounding
11. References
12. Further Reading
9 Configuration Control
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Configuration Control Process
3. 9.3 A Simple Portrayal of a System
4. 9.4 Varying System Configurations
5. 9.5 Forwards and Backwards Compatibility
6. 9.6 Factors Affecting Compatibility
7. 9.7 System Evolution
8. 9.8 Configuration Control
9. 9.9 Interface Control
10. 9.10 Control of Day‐to‐Day Documents
11. Exercise
Chapter 10: Aircraft System Examples
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Design Considerations
3. 10.3 Safety and Economic Considerations
4. 10.4 Failure Severity Categorisation
5. 10.5 Design Assurance Levels
6. 10.6 Redundancy
7. 10.7 Integration of Aircraft Systems
8. 10.8 Integration of Avionics Systems
9. References
11 Integration and Complexity
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Integration
3. 11.3 Complexity
4. 11.4 Automation
5. 11.5 Impact on Flight Safety Discussion
6. 11.6 Single‐pilot Operations
7. 11.7 Postscript: Chaos Discussion
8. Exercises
9. References
10. Further Reading
12 Key Characteristics of Aircraft Systems
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Aircraft Systems
3. 12.3 Avionics Systems
4. 12.4 Mission Systems
5. 12.5 Sizing and Scoping Systems
6. 12.6 Analysis of the Fuel Penalties of Aircraft Systems
7. Nomenclature
8. References
13 Conclusions
1. 13.1 What's Next?
2. 13.2 A Historical Footnote
3. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 An example table for monitoring avionics items.
2. Table 4.2 An example table for monitoring airframe items.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Equivalence of documents.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Typical aircraft wiring current capacity.
2. Table 8.2 Engineering snapshot of Boeing 747 wiring.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Comparison of system configurations.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Definition of failure severity.
2. Table 10.2 Design assurance levels.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 System characteristics.
2. Table 12.2 Propulsion system characteristics.
3. Table 12.3 Fuel system characteristics.
4. Table 12.4 Electrical power generation system characteristics.
5. Table 12.5 Hydraulic system characteristics.
6. Table 12.6 Secondary power system characteristics.
7. Table 12.7 Emergency power system characteristics.
8. Table 12.8 Flight control system characteristics.
9. Table 12.9 Landing gear system characteristics.
10. Table 12.10 Brakes/anti‐skid system characteristics.
11. Table 12.11 Steering system characteristics.
12. Table 12.12 Environmental control system characteristics.
13. Table 12.13 Fire protection system characteristics.
14. Table 12.14 Ice detection system characteristics.
15. Table 12.15 Ice protection system characteristics.
16. Table 12.16 External lighting system characteristics.
17. Table 12.17 Probe heating system characteristics.
18. Table 12.18 Vehicle management system characteristics.
19. Table 12.19 Crew escape system characteristics.
20. Table 12.20 Canopy jettison system characteristics.
21. Table 12.21 Biological and chemical protection system characteristics.
22. Table 12.22 Arrestor hook system characteristics.
23. Table 12.23 Brake parachute system characteristics.
24. Table 12.24 In‐flight refuelling system characteristics.
25. Table 12.25 Galley system characteristics.
26. Table 12.26 Passenger evacuation system characteristics.
27. Table 12.27 In‐flight entertainment system characteristics.
28. Table 12.28 Telecommunications system characteristics.
29. Table 12.29 Toilet and waterwaste system characteristics.
30. Table 12.30 Oxygen system characteristics.
31. Table 12.31 Cabin and emergency lighting system characteristics.
32. Table 12.32 Cockpit displays and controls system characteristics.
33. Table 12.33 Communications system characteristics.
34. Table 12.34 Navigation system characteristics.
35. Table 12.35 Flight management system characteristics.
36. Table 12.36 Automated landing aids system characteristics.
37. Table 12.37 Weather radar system characteristics.
38. Table 12.38 Transponder system characteristics.
39. Table 12.39 Traffic collision and avoidance system characteristics.
40. Table 12.40 Ground proximity warning system/terrain avoidance warning system sys...
41. Table 12.41 Distance measuring equipment system characteristics.
42. Table 12.42 Automatic direction finding system characteristics.
43. Table 12.43 Radar altimeter system characteristics.
44. Table 12.44 Automatic flight control system characteristics.
45. Table 12.45 Air data system characteristics.
46. Table 12.46 Accident data recording system characteristics.
47. Table 12.47 Cockpit voice recording system characteristics.
48. Table 12.48 Prognostics and health management system characteristics.
49. Table 12.49 Internal lighting system characteristics.
50. Table 12.50 Integrated modular architecture.
51. Table 12.51 Attack or surveillance radar system characteristics.
52. Table 12.52 Electro‐optical system characteristics.
53. Table 12.53 Electronic support measures system characteristics.
54. Table 12.54 Magnetic anomaly detector system characteristics.
55. Table 12.55 Acoustic system characteristics.
56. Table 12.56 Mission computing system characteristics.
57. Table 12.57 Defensive aids system characteristics.
58. Table 12.58 Weapon system characteristics.
59. Table 12.59 Station keeping system characteristics.
60. Table 12.60 Electronic warfare system characteristics.
61. Table 12.61 Camera system characteristics.
62. Table 12.62 Head‐up display system characteristics.
63. Table 12.63 Helmet‐mounted display system characteristics.
64. Table 12.64 Data link system characteristics.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Stakeholders in the aviation system.
2. Figure 1.2 A hierarchy of systems, sub‐systems, and components.
3. Figure 1.3 Some aspects of integration.
4. Figure 1.4 Process deployment examples.
5. Figure 1.5 Typical stakeholders in a project.
6. Figure 1.6 The atmosphere and air travel.
7. Figure 1.7 Sources of conditions that may be injurious to health.
8. Figure 1.8 An example process for monitoring and applying legislation.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 The aircraft engineering environment.
2. Figure 2.2 A hierarchy of systems requirements.
3. Figure 2.3 An extended view of the systems requirements hierarchy.
4. Figure 2.4 A product view of systems.
5. Figure 2.5 Simplified representation of the ATA referencing system. Now supe...
6. Figure 2.6 The aircraft as a set of sub‐systems.
7. Figure 2.7 An example of system interactions (Moir and Seabridge 2008).
8. Figure 2.8 The integration of airborne and ground systems. ACARS, ARINC comm...
9. Figure 2.9 A generic aircraft system block diagram.
10. Figure 2.10 A dual‐redundant aircraft system block diagram.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 A typical aircraft product lifecycle.
2. Figure 3.2 Some examples of lifecycle durations.
3. Figure 3.3 Some external influences on the lifecycle.
4. Figure 3.4 How the system develops in the lifecycle.
5. Figure 3.5 Relative costs of correcting errors in the lifecycle.
6. Figure 3.6 The concept phase process.
7. Figure 3.7 An example idea‐generating process.
8. Figure 3.8 Typical products of the concept phase process: (a) candidate shap...
9. Figure 3.9 The definition phase process.
10. Figure 3.10 Typical products of the definition phase process: (a) cockpit gr...
11. Figure 3.11 The design phase process.
12. Figure 3.12 Typical products of the design phase process.
13. Figure 3.13 The build phase process.
14. Figure 3.14 Typical products of the build phase process: (a) cockpit compone...
15. Figure 3.15 The test phase process.
16. Figure 3.16 Typical products of the test phase process: (a) Jaguar S2 on the...
17. Figure 3.17 The operate phase process.
18. Figure 3.18 The retirement phase process. SHE, safety, health, and environme...
19. Figure 3.19 Typical products of the retirement phase process: (a) EAP at Lou...
20. Figure 3.20 The refurbishment phase process.
21. Figure 3.21 Indicative cash flow in the product lifecycle. NRC, non‐recurrin...
22. Figure 3.22 Examples of products of the lifecycle: (a) Tornado GR4 (photo: A...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Environment considerations.
2. Figure 4.2 Influence of design drivers in the lifecycle.
3. Figure 4.3 Design drivers in the business environment.
4. Figure 4.4 Design drivers in the project environment.
5. Figure 4.5 Design drivers in the product environment.
6. Figure 4.6 Drivers in the product operating environment.
7. Figure 4.7 Design drivers in the sub‐system environment.
8. Figure 4.8 Potential influences on obsolescence in the system lifecycle.
9. Figure 4.9 The varying demand for skills in the lifecycle.
10. Figure 4.10 Indicative timeline for materials, tools, and media.
11. Figure 4.11 Simple scheme for managing obsolescence.
12. Figure 4.12 The impact of obsolescence on cost.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Flow down of architectural principles.
2. Figure 5.2 Example generic system architecture.
3. Figure 5.3 Example of a top‐level system architecture.
4. Figure 5.4 Aircraft systems.
5. Figure 5.5 Examples of vehicle system architecture.
6. Figure 5.6 Architecture of a vehicle system management processor.
7. Figure 5.7 A top‐level combat aircraft fuel system architecture.
8. Figure 5.8 A fuel system architecture recording the concept stage agreements...
9. Figure 5.9 Preliminary tank layout.
10. Figure 5.10 Preliminary circuit diagram.
11. Figure 5.11 General display system architecture.
12. Figure 5.12 Developed display system architecture. DMC, display management c...
13. Figure 5.13 Evolution of avionics architectures.
14. Figure 5.14 Distributed analogue architecture.
15. Figure 5.15 Distributed digital architecture.
16. Figure 5.16 Federated architecture.
17. Figure 5.17 Integrated modular architecture.
18. Figure 5.18 Illustration of integrated modular architecture from two modern ...
19. Figure 5.19 A top‐level system architecture.
20. Figure 5.20 Example of a large military aircraft architecture.
21. Figure 5.21 Allocating responsibilities between civil and military systems. ...
22. Figure 5.22 A generic FCS architecture.
23. Figure 5.23 Overall FCS architecture prior to design (Weller 2018).
24. Figure 5.24 Scheme of a radar system.
25. Figure 5.25 Architecture of a radar system.
26. Figure 5.26 Developing an integrated system for the vehicle systems – the st...
27. Figure 5.27 An early selection of candidate vehicle systems.
28. Figure 5.28 Generic VMS processor structure.
29. Figure 5.29 A generic VMS processor architecture.
30. Figure 5.30 A generic processor/memory architecture.
31. Figure 5.31 Input/output conditioning modules.
32. Figure 5.32 The complete VMS.
33. Figure 5.33 The role of architectures in the design process.
34. Figure 5.34 An overall system architecture. APU, auxiliary power unit; DASS,...
35. Figure 5.35 Developing the RIO concept.
36. Figure 5.36 Example VMS architecture using RIOs.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Comparison of a human being and an aircraft as a system.
2. Figure 6.2 Utility systems management in the EAP.
3. Figure 6.3 Example of a tactical situation display.
4. Figure 6.4 An example of ‘soft’ keys.
5. Figure 6.5 The HOTAS (hands on throttle and stick) concept in the F/A‐18 Hor...
6. Figure 6.6 Contributors to the design database.
7. Figure 6.7 Tactical and strategic pictures.
8. Figure 6.8 The ‘classical’ V diagram.
9. Figure 6.9 Simplified portrayal of the spiral model.
10. Figure 6.10 Flow down of requirements.
11. Figure 6.11 The individual versus the integrated view of the product.
12. Figure 6.12 Example of guidance and control architecture.
13. Figure 6.13 Example of guidance and control.
14. Figure 6.14 An example of heat transfer in a modern aircraft system.
15. Figure 6.15 An example of data latency in an integrated sub‐system.
16. Figure 6.16 The airframe as an integrated system.
17. Figure 6.17 The cabin air system.
18. Figure 6.18 Stakeholders in contaminated cabin air.
19. Figure 6.19 An indication of large system complexity.
20. Figure 6.20 Line management and integration viewpoints. CNI, communications,...
21. Figure 6.21 The system development process. CDR, critical design review; FRR...
22. Figure 6.22 Hardware and software process major milestones.
23. Figure 6.23 Aircraft system design guidelines.
24. Figure 6.24 Complex system design methodologies.
25. Figure 6.25 Three‐level nested control loop as a complex system example.
26. Figure 6.26 ATA chapters associated with the complex system example.
27. Figure 6.27 Simplified military surveillance aircraft architecture. APU, aux...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Traditional view of testing in the V diagram. CDR, critical desig...
2. Figure 7.2 Sources of test evidence.
3. Figure 7.3 The path to full product acceptance.
4. Figure 7.4 Verification cross‐reference matrix.
5. Figure 7.5 Using early test evidence to improve the payment plan.
6. Figure 7.6 Catia model of an example radar scanner. (a) A Heritage AI 23B ra...
7. Figure 7.7 Example of the use of different modelling techniques.
8. Figure 7.8 Examples of interconnected models.
9. Figure 7.9 Example of an interconnected fuel model.
10. Figure 7.10 Examples of simple diagrammatic models: (a) model of ejection fo...
11. Figure 7.11 Examples of simple scale models: (a) the MP 521 simulator in the...
12. Figure 7.12 Computer‐aided design (CAD) models: (a) and (b) computer a...
13. Figure 7.13 A VAPS model of cockpit displays and controls. VAPS was used to ...
14. Figure 7.14 Example of a single system or component test rig.
15. Figure 7.15 A system integration rig.
16. Figure 7.16 An ‘iron bird’ rig.
17. Figure 7.17 Examples of prototypes: (a) English Electric P1B, (b) the Experi...
18. Figure 7.18 Simplified block diagram of a radar system.
19. Figure 7.19 Derived requirements for a radar system.
20. Figure 7.20 Verification cross‐reference matrix for a radar system.
21. Figure 7.21 Sources of test information for a radar system. EMC, electro‐mag...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 The learning from experience model.
2. Figure 8.2 Examples of stakeholders.
3. Figure 8.3 Classification of stakeholders.
4. Figure 8.4 Classification of stakeholders for the aviation system in Chapter...
5. Figure 8.5 An example of a digital data management system.
6. Figure 8.6 The cost of poor communication.
7. Figure 8.7 A weakness of verbal communication.
8. Figure 8.8 A strength of written communication.
9. Figure 8.9 The changing nature of relationships with suppliers.
10. Figure 8.10 Controlled and uncontrolled interactions.
11. Figure 8.11 Example of aircraft wiring breaks.
12. Figure 8.12 Examples of wire groups.
13. Figure 8.13 Typical equipment mounting arrangements.
14. Figure 8.14 Connector examples: (a) ARINC 404 rack connectors, (b) circular ...
15. Figure 8.15 Examples of screening and shielding.
16. Figure 8.16 Examples of data bus connections.
17. Figure 8.17 Examples of quadrax connectors: (a) military MIL‐DTL‐38999 and (...
18. Figure 8.18 Electronic controller bonding and grounding.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Classic closed‐loop control system portrayal.
2. Figure 9.2 Closed‐loop control system and hardware boundary.
3. Figure 9.3 System configuration A.
4. Figure 9.4 System configuration B.
5. Figure 9.5 System configuration C.
6. Figure 9.6 Forwards compatibility.
7. Figure 9.7 Backwards compatibility.
8. Figure 9.8 Factors affecting compatibility in a vehicle.
9. Figure 9.9 Long‐term system evolution.
10. Figure 9.10 General architecture of a microcontroller.
11. Figure 9.11 Typical LRU architecture.
12. Figure 9.12 Airbus AFDX/IMA architecture.
13. Figure 9.13 AFDX equipment example.
14. Figure 9.14 AFDX data transfer control.
15. Figure 9.15 Aircraft ICD example.
16. Figure 9.16 Progress of a document from first draft to first full issue.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Major aircraft systems overview.
2. Figure 10.2 Top‐level design process.
3. Figure 10.3 Safety and economic considerations.
4. Figure 10.4 Simplex and duplex architectures.
5. Figure 10.5 Dual duplex architecture.
6. Figure 10.6 Triplex and quadruplex architectures.
7. Figure 10.7 Probability of a major system event.
8. Figure 10.8 Probability of a flight critical event.
9. Figure 10.9 Probability analysis.
10. Figure 10.10 Alternative hydraulic power sources. EDP, engine drive pump; Ge...
11. Figure 10.11 Major aircraft systems.
12. Figure 10.12 Contribution to total aircraft function and inter‐dependence.
13. Figure 10.13 Each engine is controlled by an electronic engine controller (E...
14. Figure 10.14 Flight control architecture will have multiple lanes of control...
15. Figure 10.15 The aircraft requires multiple sources of aircraft attitude inf...
16. Figure 10.16 The availability of air data is critical for safe flight. Air d...
17. Figure 10.17 Aircraft usually possess three independent channels of electric...
18. Figure 10.18 Usually three independent channels of hydraulic power are provi...
19. Figure 10.19 Major avionics system functions.
20. Figure 10.20 Inter‐relationship of FBW, autopilot and FMS. MCDU, multi‐funct...
21. Figure 10.21 Hierarchy of ARINC specifications.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Indications of growth in similar projects.
2. Figure 11.2 Growth in power demand. From: Civil Avionics Systems, 2nd edn, I...
3. Figure 11.3 Increasing complexity and reducing crew leads to automation.
4. Figure 11.4 Current state of integration of the aircraft ‘core’ systems. GPS...
5. Figure 11.5 Increasing integration. GPS, global positioning system; RNP, req...
6. Figure 11.6 Extension to a complete aircraft system. APU, auxiliary power un...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Interaction of flight deck and major aircraft systems. AFDS, aut...
2. Figure 12.2 Process for producing a project estimate for trade‐off.
3. Figure 12.3 Example of an electrical load analysis.
4. Figure 12.4 Example of a hydraulic load analysis.
5. Figure 12.5 Flow chart for suggested system comparison.
6. Figure 12.6 Variation in percentage sfc increase with shaft off‐take power t...
7. Figure 12.7 Variation in percentage sfc increase with bleed off‐take rate to...

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Aircraft Systems Integration of Air‐Launched Weapons
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This edition first published 2020
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Edition History
American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics (1e, 2004); John Wiley & Sons Ltd (2e, 2012)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Seabridge, Allan, author. | Moir, Ian, author.
Title: Design and development of aircraft systems / Allan Seabridge and Ian Moir.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, N.J., USA : Wiley, 2020. | Series: Aerospace series | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019039099 (print) | LCCN 2019039100 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119611509 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119611554 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119611516 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Airplanes–Design and construction. | Aeronautics–Systems engineering.
Classification: LCC TL671.2 .S39 2020 (print) | LCC TL671.2 (ebook) | DDC 629.135–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019039099
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019039100

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Acknowledgements

There is no invention that does not possess a history, none that does not build on, or learn from or owe a debt to the work of others.

Joseph Swan, 1828–1914.

From ‘Swan, 1924’ by Sean O'Brien, Litmus: Short Stories from Modern Science, Ra Page 9ed.), Comma Press, 2011.

This work is the culmination of many years of work in the field of military and civil aircraft systems engineering. My work experience has been enriched by the opportunity to work with a number of universities at undergraduate and postgraduate level to develop and add to degree courses, where the delegates unwittingly became critics and guinea pigs for my subject matter. Discussions during the courses with academics and students have broadened my knowledge considerably. In particular I would like to mention the Universities of Manchester, Loughborough, Cranfield, Bristol, the West of England, and Lancaster for their MSc and short courses attended by students and engineers from industry.

At Cranfield special thanks must go to Dr Craig Lawson, Dr Huamin Jia, and Professor Shijun Guo for inviting me to participate in their MSc modules in air vehicle design and short courses in aircraft systems design. Their international students have been most attentive and have made significant contributions to my knowledge. Dr Craig Lawson has also contributed an important section in Chapter 12 on the estimation of fuel penalties as part of the trade‐off process and has provided me with much information and advice.

I want to acknowledge the BAE Systems Heritage group members at Warton for their advice, comments, photographs, and words which they contributed freely, and often unknowingly. The content of Figure 5.23 is reproduced with kind permission of one member, Brian Weller, from his informative and well written book A history of the fly‐by‐wire Jaguar (2018, published by BAE Systems Heritage department, ISBN 978–0–9 573 755‐5‐0), an excellent bit of history. Dennis Morley and Leon Skorczewski provided images from their extensive private collections of aircraft and component photographs. In addition to images they both provided much useful information. Jim Banks gave me a lot of help and examples from the design perspective, including a scheme included in Figure 3.10. Steve McDowell advised me on some of the legal aspects of my work and ensured that the work was suitable for publication.

At BAE Systems Warton Chris Preston gave me a lot of advice on the CAD process and images. David Coates was very helpful in advising me from the public relations perspective and guiding the process of obtaining permissions. Simon Leigh from Legal Department obtained the group sign‐off from BAE Systems for permission to use their images. I would like to thank BAE Systems for their permission to use images in the following figures: 3.8, 3.10, 3.14, 3.16, 3.19, 7.6, 7.11, 7.12, 7.17. These images greatly enriched the explanations used in the text.

Figure 7.11 contains an image reproduced with kind permission of Merlin Flight Simulation Ltd, UK. Many thanks to Marion Neal of Merlin Flight Simulation for her ever helpful and cheerful response.

Many thanks are due to Ian Moir for all our past collaboration which contributed so much to this edition. This third edition of Design and Development of Aircraft Systems has been prepared without Ian Moir who has decided to retire finally after many previous attempts. He has been a colleague and a friend for more than 40 years and I really missed his input to this work. We did not always agree except on one thing: whatever we were working on was going to be the best that we could make it. The intention was always to get things right and to contribute to the learning of other engineers in the aerospace industry. I hope we succeeded.

I have received considerable help from the staff at Wiley, especially Anne Hunt and Eric Willner as well as their proof readers, copy editors, and publishing and production staff.

June 2019

Allan Seabridge
Dent, Cumbria, UK

Glossary of Terms

A4A	Airlines for America
ABS	Automatic braking system
AC	Alternating current
AC	Airworthiness circular: document offering advice on specific aircraft operations
ACARS	ARINC communications and reporting system
ACMP	AC‐driven motor pump
ADC	Air data computer
ADP	Air‐driven pump
ADIRS	Air data and inertial reference system
ADF	Automatic direction finding
ADM	Air data module
ADR	Accident data recording
ADS‐B	Automatic dependent surveillance – broadcast (see IFF)
AFDS	Auto‐pilot and flight director system
AFDX	Avionics fast‐switched Ethernet
AHARS	Attitude heading and reference system
AIMS	Aircraft information management system (Boeing)
Al	Aluminium
ALU	Arithmetic logic unit
AMP	Air motor‐driven pump
APU	Auxiliary power unit
ARINC	Air Radio Inc (US)
ARINC 400 Series	Series of ARINC specifications providing a design foundation for avionic equipment
ARINC 404	Early ARINC standard relating to the packaging of avionic equipment
ARINC 429	Widely used Civil Aviation data bus standard
ARINC 500 Series	Series of ARINC specifications relating to the design of analogue avionic equipment
ARINC 578	ARINC standard relating to the design of VHF omni‐range (VOR)
ARINC 579	ARINC standard relating to the design of instrument landing systems (ILSs)
ARINC 600	Later ARINC standard relating to the packaging of avionic equipment
ARINC 600 Series	Series of ARINC specifications relating to enabling technologies for avionic equipment
ARINC 629	ARINC standard relating to a 2 Mbit/s digital data bus
ARINC 664	ARINC standard relating to an aircraft full multiplex (AFDX) digital data bus
ARINC 700 Series	Series of ARINC specifications relating to the design of digital avionic equipment
ARINC 708	ARINC standard relating to the design of weather radar
ARINC 755	ARINC standard relating to the design of multi‐mode receivers (MMR)
ARP	Aerospace recommended practice (SAE)
ASIC	Application‐specific integrated circuit
ATA	Air Transport Association
ATC	Air traffic control
ATI	Air transport instrument, a means of specifying the size of aircraft instruments
ATM	Air transport management
AWG	American wire gauge

Backwards compatibility	The ability of systems to be compatible with earlier developments/configurations
BART	Bay Area Rapid Transport (San Francisco)
BC	Bus controller (MIL‐STD‐1553B data bus)
BCAR	British Civil Airworthiness Requirement
BIT	Built‐in test
BMS	Business management system

CAD	Computer‐aided design
CADMID	UK MoD procurement process
CAIV	Cost as an independent variable
CANBus	Automotive data bus
CB	Circuit breaker
CDR	Critical design review
CDU	Control and display unit
CFC	Chloro‐fluoro‐carbon compounds
CFD	Computational fluid dynamics
CFIT	Controlled flight into terrain
CG, cg	Centre of gravity
CNI	Communications, navigation, identification
Cold Soak	Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures
Com	Command channel
COMINT	Communications intelligence
COTS	Commercial off the shelf
CPIOM	Common processor input/output module
CPM	Common processing module
CPU	Central processing unit
CRM	Crew resource management
CS	Certification specification
CSG	Computer symbol generator
Cu	Copper
CVR	Cockpit voice recorder

DC	Direct current
DCMP	DC motor‐driven pump
Def Stan	Defence standard
DME	Distance measuring equipment
DMC	Display management computer
DoD	Department of Defense (US)
DOORS	A requirements management tool
Downey cycle	Procurement model once used by the UK MoD
DRL	Data requirements list
DVI	Direct voice input

EASA	European Aviation Safety Administration
ECAM	Electronic check‐out and maintenance (Airbus)
ECS	Environmental control system
EDP	Engine‐driven pump
EDR	Engineering design requirements
EEC	Electronic engine controller
EFIS	Electronic flight instrument system
EICAS	Engine indication and crew alerting system
ELMS	Electrical load management system
EMC	Electro‐magnetic compatibility
EMH	Electro‐magnetic health
EMI	Electro‐magnetic interference
EOS	Electro‐optical system
EPB	External power breaker
ESM	Electronic support measures
ETOPS	Extended twin operations
EUROCAE	European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment

FAA	Federal Aviation Administration (US)
FADEC	Full authority digital engine control
FAR	Federal airworthiness requirement
FAV	First article verification
FBW	Fly‐by‐wire
FCS	Flight control system
FCU	Flight control unit
FL	Flight level
FMECA	Failure mode and criticality analysis
FMQGC	Fuel management and quantity gauging computer
FMS	Flight management system
FOB	Fuel on board
Forwards compatibility	The ability of systems to be compatible with future developments/configurations
FRR	Final readiness review
Full duplex	A data bus that passes data in a bi‐directional manner

G&C	Guidance and control
GATM	Global air traffic management
GCB	Generator control breaker
GCU	Generator control unit
GHz	10⁹ Hertz (gigaHertz)
GPS	Global positioning system
GPWS	Ground proximity warning system (see also TAWS)
GUI	Graphical user interface
gpm	Gallons per minute
Half Duplex	A data bus that passes data in a uni‐directional manner
HALT	Hardware accelerated life test
HF	High frequency
HIRF	High‐intensity radio frequency
HMI	Human–machine interface
HOTAS	Hands on throttle and stick
Hot soak	Prolonged exposure to high temperatures
HP	Horse power
HUD	Head‐up display

IAS	Indicated airspeed
IC	Integrated circuit
ICD	Interface control document
IDG	Integrated drive generator
IEEE 1498	High‐speed data bus
IFE	In‐flight entertainment
IFF/SSR	Information friend or foe/secondary surveillance radar (see ADS‐B)
ILS	Instrument landing system – an approach aid used for guiding the aircraft on a final approach to landing
IMA	Integrated modular architecture
IMINT	Image intelligence
INCOSE	International Council On Systems Engineering
INS	Inertial navigation system
I/O	Input/output
IPT	Integrated product team
IR	Infra‐red
IRS	Inertial reference system
ISIS	Integrated standby instrument system
IT	Information technology
ITAR	International Traffic in Arms Regulations

JAA	Joint Aviation Authorities (Europe) (see EASA)
JAR	Joint airworthiness requirement
JASC	Joint aircraft system/component (FAA)

kbit	10³ bit (kilobit)

LCD	Liquid crystal display
LCN	Load classification number (runway)
LED	Light‐emitting diode
LfE	Learning from experience
LoC	Lines of code
LOX	Liquid oxygen
LP	Low pressure
LRI	Line replaceable item
LRU	Line replaceable unit
LVDT	Linear variable differential transformer

Mach	The speed of an aircraft in relation to the speed of sound
MAD	Magnetic anomaly detector
MAU	Modular avionics unit
Mbit	10⁶ bit (megabit)
MCDU	Multi‐function control and display unit
MCU	Modular concept unit
MEA	More electric aircraft
MHz	10⁶ Hertz (megaHertz)
MIL‐HBK	Military Handbook: a US military publication
MIL‐STD‐1553B	Widely used military data bus standard
MLS	Microwave landing system: an advanced approach aid used for guiding the aircraft on a final approach to landing
MMEL	Master minimum equipment list
MMR	Multi‐mode receiver: a receiver containing GPS, ILS, and MLS receivers
MoD	Ministry of Defence (UK)
Mode S	A communication system used to exchange flight data between adjacent aircraft and air traffic control
Mon	Monitor channel
MPCDU	Multi‐purpose control and display unit
MPP	Master programme plan

NASA	National Aeronautics & Space Agency (US)
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Nav Aids	Navigation aids
ND	Navigation display
NDA	Non‐disclosure agreement
NRC	Non‐recurring costs
NTSB	National Transportation Safety Board

OAT	Outside air temperature
OBOGS	On‐board oxygen generating system
OOD	Object‐oriented design

PBS	Product breakdown structure
PC	Personal computer
PDR	Preliminary design review
PFD	Primary flight display
PHM	Prognostics and health management
PRR	Production readiness review
psi	Pounds per square inch
PTU	Power transfer unit

Quadrax	A four‐wire duel half duplex data bus connection arrangement that enables data to passed each way thereby effectively achieving bi‐directional data transfers (favoured by Airbus)
QMS	Quality management system

RAM	Random access memory
RASP	Recognised air surface picture
RAT	Ram air turbine
R&D	Research and development
RDC	Remote data concentrator
RF	Radio frequency
RFI	Request for information
RFP	Request for proposal
RIO	Remote I/O
ROM	Read only memory
RT	Remote terminal (MIL‐STD‐1553B data bus)
RTCA	Radio Technical Committee Association (US)
RVDT	Rotary variable differential transformer

SAE	Society of Automotive Engineers (US)
SAHRS	Secondary attitude and heading reference system
SARS	Severe acute respiratory syndrome
SATCOM	Satellite communications
SBAC	Society of British Aerospace Companies (UK)
SDD	System design document
SDR	System design review
sfc	Specific fuel consumption
SIGINT	Signals intelligence
SOW	Statement of work
SPC	Statistical process control
SRR	System requirements review
SSA	System safety analysis
SSPC	Solid state power controller
SSR	Software specification review
Stanag	Standardisation agreement (NATO)
SysML	System modelling language
System of systems	A systems embracing a collection of other systems
S/UTP	Shrouded unshielded twisted pair

TAS	True airspeed
TAWS	Terrain avoidance warning system
TCAS	Traffic collision avoidance system
TCP	Tri‐cresyl phosphate
TRR	Test readiness review
TRU	Transformer rectifier unit
TV	Television
Twinax	A two‐wire half‐duplex data bus connection that allows unidirectional data transfers (favoured by Boeing)

UAV	Unmanned air vehicle
UK	United Kingdom
UML	Unified modelling language
US, USA	United States (of America)
USMS	Utility systems management system
UTP	Unshielded twisted pair
UV	Ultra‐violet

VHF	Very high frequency
VMS	Vehicle management system
VOC	Volatile oil compound
VOR	VHF Omni‐Range: a commonly used navigation beacon in civil aerospace

WBS	Work breakdown structure