Cover
Preface
Acknowledgment
1 Public Safety Networks from TETRA to Commercial Cellular Networks
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Evaluation of TETRA and TETRAPOL
3. 1.3 Understanding TETRA Modes of Operation
4. 1.4 Unifying the Two Worlds of Public Safety Networks and Commercial Networks
5. 1.5 The Transition from TETRA to LTE and the Current Initiatives
6. 1.6 Conclusion
7. References
2 Public Safety Networks Evolution Toward Broadband and Interoperability
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Evolution to Broadband Systems
3. 2.3 Interoperability
4. 2.4 Conclusion
5. 2.5 Recommendations
6. References
3 Public Safety Communication Evolution
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Public Safety Standardization
3. 3.3 Evolution of Public Safety Communication
4. 3.4 Public Safety Networks
5. 3.5 4G and 4G LTE
6. 3.6 Fifth Generation (5G)
7. 3.7 Applying 4G and 5G Networks in Public Safety
8. 3.8 Conclusion
9. References
4 Keys to Building a Reliable Public Safety Communications Network
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Supporting the Law Enforcement Elements of Communication
3. 4.3 Components of Efficient Public Safety Communication Networks
4. 4.4 Networks Go Commercial
5. 4.5 Viable Business Prospects
6. 4.6 The Industry Supports the Involvement of the Mobile Network Operators
7. 4.7 Policies for Public Safety Use of Commercial Wireless Networks
8. 4.8 Public Safety Networks Coverage: Availability and Reliability Even During Outages
9. 4.9 FirstNet Interoperability
10. 4.10 Solutions for Enhancing Availability and Reliability Even During Outages
11. 4.11 National Public Safety Broadband Network (NPSBN)
12. 4.12 Important Objectives of NPSBN
13. 4.13 The Future of FirstNet: Connecting Networks Together
14. 4.14 High Capacity Information Delivery
15. 4.15 Qualities that Facilitate Efficient High Capacity Information Handling
16. 4.16 FirstNet User Equipment
17. 4.17 Core Network
18. 4.18 Illustration: Layers of the LTE Network
19. References
5 Higher Generation of Mobile Communications and Public Safety
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Review of Existing Public Safety Networks
3. 5.3 Is 4G LTE Forming a Good Enough Basis for Public Safety Implementations?
4. 5.4 Is It Better to Wait for 5G Before Starting Public Safety Implementations?
5. 5.5 Will 5G Offer a Better Service than 4G for Public Safety?
6. 5.6 What is the Linkage Between 4G–5G Evolution and the Spectrum for Public Safety?
7. 5.7 Conclusion
8. References
6 Roadmap Toward a Network Infrastructure for Public Safety and Security
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Evolution Toward Broadband
3. 6.3 Requirements for Public Safety Networks
4. 6.4 Public Safety Standardization
5. 6.5 Flawless Mobile Broadband for Public Safety and Security
6. 6.6 Applications in Different Scenarios
7. 6.7 Public Safety Systems and Architectures
8. 6.8 Emergency Services Network (ESN) in the United Kingdom
9. 6.9 SafeNet in South Korea
10. 6.10 FirstNet (in USA)
11. 6.11 Canadian Interoperability Technology Interest Group (CITIG)
12. 6.12 Centre for Disaster Management and Public Safety (CDMPS) at the University of Melbourne
13. 6.13 European Emergency Number Association (EENA)
14. 6.14 Public Safety Network from LTE to 5G
15. 6.15 Convergence Solution for LTE and TETRA for Angola's National Communications Network
16. 6.16 5G Wireless Network and Public Safety Perspective
17. 6.17 The Linkage Between 4G and 5G Evolution
18. 6.18 Conclusion
19. References
7 Bringing Public Safety Communications into the 21st Century
1. 7.1 Emerging Technologies with Life‐Saving Potential
2. References
8 4G LTE: The Future of Mobile Wireless Telecommunication Systems for Public Safety Networks
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Network Architecture
3. 8.3 User Equipment
4. 8.4 eNodeB
5. 8.5 Radio Access Network
6. 8.6 Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
7. 8.7 The Innovative Technologies
8. 8.8 PS‐LTE and Public Safety
9. 8.9 PS‐LTE
10. 8.10 Nationwide Public Safety Communication Systems
11. 8.11 Advantages of LTE Technology
12. 8.12 Driving Trends in Public Safety Communications
13. 8.13 Benefits of PS‐LTE
14. 8.14 Benefits of Converged Networking in Public Safety
15. 8.15 Mobilizing Law Enforcement
16. References
9 4G and 5G for PS: Technology Options, Issues, and Challenges
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 4G LTE and Public Safety Implementation
3. 9.3 Starting Public Safety Implementation Versus Waiting for 5G
4. 9.4 5G Versus 4G Public Safety Services
5. 9.5 How 5G Will Shape Emergency Services
6. 9.6 4G LTE Defined Public Safety Content in 5G
7. 9.7 The Linkage Between 4G–5G Evolution and the Spectrum for Public Safety
8. 9.8 Conclusion
9. References
10 Fifth Generation (5G) Cellular Technology
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Background Information on Cellular Network Generations
3. 10.3 Fifth Generation (5G) and the Network of Tomorrow
4. 10.4 Conclusion
5. References
11 Issues and Challenges of 4G and 5G for PS
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 4G and 5G Wireless Connections
3. 11.3 Public Safety for 5G and 4G Networks
4. 11.4 Issues and Challenges Regarding 5G and 4G Cellular Connections
5. 11.5 Threats Against Privacy
6. 11.6 Threats Against Integrity
7. 11.7 Threats Against Availability
8. 11.8 Attacks Against Authentication
9. 11.9 Various Countermeasures to 4G and 5G Public Safety Threats
10. References
12 Wireless Mesh Networking: A Key Solution for Rural and Public Safety Applications
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Wireless Mesh Networks
3. 12.3 WMN Challenges
4. 12.4 WMNs for Disaster Recovery and Emergency Services
5. 12.5 Reliability of Wireless Mesh Networks
6. 12.6 Video/Image Support of Wireless Mesh Networks for Emergency Situations and Public Safety
7. 12.7 Interoperability of WMNs for Emergency Response and Public Safety Applications
8. 12.8 Security in Wireless Mesh Networks
9. 12.9 Conclusion
10. References
13 Satellite for Public Safety and Emergency Communications
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Contextualizing Public Safety
3. 13.3 Public Safety Communications Today
4. 13.4 Satellite Communications in Public Safety
5. 13.5 Limitations of Satellite for Public Safety
6. 13.6 Conclusion
7. References
14 Public Safety Communications Evolution: The Long Term Transition Toward a Desired Converged Future
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Transmission Trunking and Message Trunking
3. 14.3 Conclusion
4. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Components of a communication system.
2. Figure 2.2 Evolution of mobile broadband technology.
3. Figure 2.3 Broadband network architecture.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 The public safety communication evolution process.
2. Figure 3.2 Evolution of public safety networks.
3. Figure 3.3 Two‐way communication LMRS.
4. Figure 3.4 The components of LMRS communication.
5. Figure 3.5 Public safety LTE configuration and unification.
6. Figure 3.6 The architecture of 5G in public safety.
7. Figure 3.7 The adoption curve for the fifth‐generation network.
8. Figure 3.8 The development of 5G.
9. Figure 3.9 The proliferation of sensors and IoT.
10. Figure 3.10 The major 5G content.
11. Figure 3.11 Latency of 4G LTE and 5G.
12. Figure 3.12 Deployment of 4G LTE in unifying networks in public safety communi...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 FirstNet standardization of the LTE ecosystem.
2. Figure 4.2 Future of FirstNet interoperability capability.
3. Figure 4.3 Core network.
4. Figure 4.4 LTE network layers.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Architecture of TETRA Network.
2. Figure 6.2 The TEI/TETRA equipment identity.
3. Figure 6.3 TETRA subscriber identity.
4. Figure 6.4 Authentication keys generation.
5. Figure 6.5 Services of the 112 emergency line.
6. Figure 6.6 Services of Public Safety Communications – Europe (PSCE).
7. Figure 6.7 The 4 Cs of mission‐critical voice.
8. Figure 6.8 Network integration.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Migration path of wireless technologies.
2. Figure 8.2 Number of mobile devices shipped worldwide annually and share of LT...
3. Figure 8.3 The LTE network architecture. (https://www.researchgate.net/publica...
4. Figure 8.4 LTE/EPC versus legacy mobile data systems (http://next-generation-c...
5. Figure 8.5 Antenna solutions imply different capacity/coverage trade‐offs.
6. Figure 8.6 Bit rate versus carrier to interference ratio (C/I).
7. Figure 8.7 Various technologies used in an emergency situation. https://slidep...
8. Figure 8.8 Wireless communications systems for public safety. http://www.spect...
9. Figure 8.9 Benefits of 4G LTE for security and police officers. https://cradle...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 The proposed 5G heterogeneous wireless cellular architecture.
2. Figure 10.2 Device technologies for 5G network.
3. Figure 10.3 Security architecture X.805 ITU‐T (Zachary, 2003).
4. Figure 10.4 The cellular tree of standardization.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Mesh network topology.
2. Figure 12.2 WMNs for multimedia emergency response communications during large...
3. Figure 12.3 WMNs supporting video monitoring of urban centers, traffic corrido...
4. Figure 12.4 WMNs supporting mission‐critical mobile video applications for pub...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 The star network topology.
2. Figure 13.2 LEO and GEO in context.
3. Figure 13.3 Vehicle‐mounted and flyaway satellite systems for search and rescu...
4. Figure 13.4 View of a satellite internet system (Höyhtyä et al. 2017).
5. Figure 13.5 Fixed satellite communications.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Potential for LTE in the global framework of public safety, retrie...
2. Figure 14.2 Systems architecture of EDACS (Song and Trajkovic 2005).
3. Figure 14.3 WarnSim traffic trace generation.
4. Figure 14.4 WarnSim simulation result (blocked calls).
5. Figure 14.5 High‐level diagram of WarnSim simulator (semanticscholars.org).
6. Figure 14.6 Public safety topologies − six use case scenarios (Favraud et al. ...
7. Figure 14.7 3GPP public safety oriented work items (Favraud et al. 2016).
8. Figure 14.8 Solution enhancing inter‐eNB link connectivity.

This edition first published 2020
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Yarali, Abdulrahman, author.
Title: Public safety networks from LTE to 5G / Abdulrahman Yarali, Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA.
Other titles: Public safety networks from LTE to Five G
Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & sons Ltd., 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019030072 (print) | LCCN 2019030073 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119579892 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119579908 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119580133 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Emergency communication systems. | Public safety radio service. | Mobile communication systems.
Classification: LCC TK6570.P8 Y37 2019 (print) | LCC TK6570.P8 (ebook) | DDC 384.6/4--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019030072
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019030073

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Preface

The public safety community has undertaken significant strides towards strengthening its abilities and capacity, and improving the communication of emergencies. Public safety depends on fast and efficient levels of communication in order to properly relay time‐sensitive and critical pieces of information. The first responders, however, are still limited due to the presence of fragmented networks and the use of decades‐old technologies in public safety agencies. They are using land mobile radio (LMR) for the majority of their communications and, as a result, public security has struggled to communicate across jurisdictional and company lines.

The Department of Homeland Security's Office of Emergency Communications in the United States of America developed a document with the complete collaboration of the National Council of Statewide Interoperability coordination and SAFECOM. The document is designed to address a few concerns about community safety/public safety. According to this document, they will provide help to educate the selected appointed officials and the public safety community about future emergency communications. The document also includes the evolution of emergency communications and their relevancy to the traditional land mobile radio communications with wireless broadband in the future, and the requirements to achieve the desired long‐term convergence state. There are five critical success elements that are outlined for SAFECOM interoperability, namely technology, training and exercise, governance, standard operating procedures, and usage. The community's vision is to evolve public safety communications.

The deployment of a cost‐effective wireless broadband that is aligned with Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) to help keep up with the advancements in technology is currently underway to carry high speed transmission, which can transfer real‐time information such as voice, images, data, and videos with high quality and high speed to guarantee connectivity anywhere, anytime, and for everyone for ubiquitous communication and collaboration between rescue workers. Different government bodies are working on improving public communication through measures that support the advancement of features within the 4G LTE network and the development of the next stage generation that will be able to support public safety communications.

Broadband has become the future of critical communication through its powerful innovative solution for better protection of public safety. It allows the delivery of real‐time information, reliability, and performance of the core goal found in mission critical technology. Combined with other network elements and new features due of the advancement of technology, LTE has transformed public safety communication. The improvements and features added to this technology have paved the way to innovative solutions towards the next generation of technology that can support the increasing need for bandwidth within the frequencies.

The next generation technology consists of a collection of technologies, and utilizing the already existing fixed networks in place for wireless connectivity will be able to help cater to the different elements, including that of the spectrum, high performance, and stable infrastructure to offer emergency responders services. Network densification is the main element that has driven public safety towards the building and implementation of 5G technology within the public safety system. The linkage between 4G–5G evolution and spectrum for public safety is viewed as per the worldwide and European controllers, for example, ITU1, ECC, and the EC, range serving Open Safety (PPDR)2 activities must be found in the 700 MHz band, yet it is up to every nation to decide how, and how much.

One of the main reasons why 5G will be offering better services than 4G is the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things refers to the processes, people, and data that come together to make connections in the network that are more relevant and valuable. As the digital industry moves towards a more heterogeneous technology that contains a multilayer network that consists of a microcell, low powered small cells, and relays supported through the digital connectivity, 5G is the most technically feasible technology that is able to meet these needs in public safety. A 5G execution will likewise incorporate all of the 4G usefulness, and all required public safety administrations will be accessible. Nevertheless, sitting tight for the next innovation level or 3GPP release, since it is proposing better administration for public safety, can undoubtedly trigger an everlasting hold‐up circle while the following innovation level is continually offering something more and is superior to the last one.

Creation of a single cohesive wireless network for specific use by all the public safety and response teams would enable ad hoc information sharing without barriers to communication. It would also allow the sharing of physical and virtual resources across agents through the development of heterogeneous devices. A wireless network of information sharing eliminates the need for specific devices in communication. It increases trust among stakeholders in emergency response and public safety. The members of different groups would have unlimited access to information shared across networks. Shared networks enhance interoperability by allowing control over available resources thus tackling the issues in information and resource sharing.

This book will discuss the evolution of public safety system requirements by providing a technical analysis of the existing public safety network, 4G LTE and its applications in public safety and security, a comprehensive analysis of 5G network technology, the link between the most recent application of 4G and 5G, efficient utilization, and the spectrum sharing for public safety communications systems.