reading

Cover
1 Coastline Variability and Functions in the Global Environment
1. 1.1 Coastal Settings
2. 1.2 Population and the Coast
3. 1.3 General Coastal Conditions
4. 1.4 Coastal Environments
5. 1.5 Historical Trends in Coastal Research
6. Suggested Reading
2 The Earth's Mobile Crust
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Earth's Interior
3. 2.3 Plate Boundaries
4. 2.4 Continental Margins
5. 2.5 Tectonic Coastline Classification
6. 2.6 Tectonic Effects on Coastal Sediment Supply
7. 2.7 Summary
8. Reference
9. Suggested Reading
3 Sediments and Rocks
1. 3.1 Rock Types
2. 3.2 Sediment Texture
3. 3.3 Mineralogy
4. 3.4 General Origin and Distribution of Sediments
5. 3.5 Summary
6. Reference
7. Suggested Reading
4 Sea‐Level Change and Coastal Environments
1. 4.1 Changing the Size and Shape of the Container
2. 4.2 Climate and Sea‐Level Change
3. 4.3 Sea‐level Rise due to Sediment Compaction and Fluid Withdrawal
4. 4.4 Isostasy
5. 4.5 Changes in the Volume of the World Ocean
6. 4.6 Post‐Glacial Rise in Sea Level
7. 4.7 Current and Future Sea‐Level Changes
8. 4.8 Summary
9. References
10. Suggested Reading
5 Weather Systems, Extratropical Storms, and Hurricanes
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Basic Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Patterns
3. 5.3 Mid‐latitude Storms
4. 5.4 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
5. 5.5 Summary
6. Suggested Reading
6 Waves and the Coast
1. 6.1 Water Motion and Wave Propagation
2. 6.2 Wind Wave Types
3. 6.3 Distribution and Transfer of Wave Energy
4. 6.4 Other Types of Waves
5. 6.5 Wave‐Generated Currents
6. 6.6 Summary
7. Suggested Reading
7 Tides of the Ocean
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Tide‐Generating Forces
3. 7.3 Equilibrium Tide
4. 7.4 Interaction of Sun and Moon
5. 7.5 Effects of Orbital Geometry
6. 7.6 Effects of Partitioning Oceans
7. 7.7 Tidal Signatures
8. 7.8 Tides in Shallow Water
9. 7.9 Summary
10. References
11. Suggested Reading
8 River Deltas
1. 8.1 How Deltas Develop
2. 8.2 Deltas and Sea Level
3. 8.3 Delta Environments
4. 8.4 Delta Plain
5. 8.5 Delta Processes
6. 8.6 River Processes
7. 8.7 Delta Classification
8. 8.8 Intermediate Deltas
9. 8.9 Human Influence
10. 8.10 Summary
11. References
12. Suggested Reading
9 Estuaries
1. 9.1 Estuarine Hydrology
2. 9.2 Human Impact on Estuaries
3. 9.3 Summary
4. References
5. Suggested Reading
10 Coastal Lagoons
1. 10.1 Definition
2. 10.2 Morphology and Setting
3. 10.3 General Characteristics
4. 10.4 Lagoonal Processes
5. 10.5 Lagoonal Sediments
6. 10.6 Example Lagoons
7. 10.7 Summary
8. Suggested Reading
11 Tidal Flats
1. 11.1 Morphology of Tidal Flats
2. 11.2 Sediments
3. 11.3 Organisms
4. 11.4 Sedimentary Structures
5. 11.5 Tidal Flat Processes
6. 11.6 Tidal Channels
7. 11.7 Some Examples
8. 11.8 Human Impact on Tidal Flats
9. 11.9 Summary
10. References
11. Suggested Reading
12 Coastal Wetlands
1. 12.1 Characteristics of a Coastal Marsh
2. 12.2 Marsh Characteristics
3. 12.3 Marsh Sedimentation
4. 12.4 Human Impact on the Marsh Environment
5. 12.5 Marsh Summary
6. 12.6 Mangrove Coasts
7. 12.7 Mangrove Distribution
8. 12.8 Mangroves and Coastal Processes
9. 12.9 Human Impact on Mangroves
10. 12.10 Summary
11. References
12. Suggested Reading
13 Beach and Nearshore Environment
1. 13.1 Nearshore Environment
2. 13.2 Foreshore
3. 13.3 Backbeach
4. 13.4 Human Impact on Beaches
5. 13.5 Summary
6. Suggested Reading
14 Coastal Dunes
1. 14.1 Types of Coastal Dunes and Their Distribution
2. 14.2 Dune Formation
3. 14.3 Dune Dynamics
4. 14.4 Human Influence on Dunes
5. 14.5 Summary
6. Suggested Reading
15 Barrier Systems
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Physical Description
3. 15.3 Distribution and Coastal Setting
4. 15.4 Summary
5. 15.5 Barrier Types
6. 15.6 Prograding, Retrograding, and Aggrading Barriers
7. 15.7 Barrier Stratigraphy
8. 15.8 Barrier Coast Morphology
9. 15.9 Barrier Coasts: Morphology and Evolution
10. 15.10 Summary
11. References
12. Suggested Reading
16 Tidal Inlets
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 What Is a Tidal Inlet
3. 16.3 Inlet Morphology
4. 16.4 Tidal Inlet Formation
5. 16.5 Tidal Inlet Migration
6. 16.6 Tidal Inlet Relationships
7. 16.7 Sand Transport Patterns
8. 16.8 Tidal Inlet Effects on Adjacent Shorelines
9. 16.9 Summary
10. References
11. Suggested Reading
17 Glaciated Coasts
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 The World’s Glaciers
3. 17.3 Pleistocene Glaciation
4. 17.4 Glacial Effects on Coastlines
5. 17.5 Examples of Glaciated Coastlines
6. 17.6 Summary
7. References
8. Suggested Readings
18 Rocky Coasts
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 Types and Distribution
3. 18.3 Erosional Processes
4. 18.4 Factors Affecting Rates of Erosion
5. 18.5 Morphology
6. 18.6 Summary
7. Suggested Reading
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Comparison of the East and West Coasts of the United States.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Wentworth grain size scale, including Krumbein's phi scale.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Dolan and Davis classification.
2. Table 5.2 Hurricane frequency in southeast United States.
3. Table 5.3 Storm genesis.
4. Table 5.4 Saffir–Simpson hurricane intensity scale.
5. Table 5.5 Damage comparison of different category hurricanes.
6. Table 5.6 Compilation of the deadliest and costliest hurricanes in the United...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Some large modern deltas.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Photograph of an irregular coast with high relief in northern Cal...
2. Figure 1.2 Photograph of a depositional coast on the Texas coast.
3. Figure 1.3 Fluvial delta that empties into the Atchafalaya Bay on the Louisi...
4. Figure 1.4 River Exe estuary in Devon on the coast of England.
5. Figure 1.5 Overview of a barrier island from open‐water beaches to washover ...
6. Figure 1.6 Oblique aerial photo of the North Carolina coast with Drum Inlet ...
7. Figure 1.7 Coast of South Carolina near Myrtle Beach which is a strand plain...
8. Figure 1.8 Cliff on erosional coast in Oregon with a narrow beach.
9. Figure 1.9 Large groin to protect the beach from erosion on the North Sea co...
10. Figure 1.10 South end of the Galveston sea wall on the Texas coast showing h...
11. Figure 1.11 Allied troops landing on a steep and narrow beach at Gallipoli d...
12. Figure 1.12 Photograph of the late Douglas L. Inman, famous professor at Scr...
13. Box Figure 1.1.1 (a) Boats carrying troops right up to the beach at Iwo Jima...
14. Box Figure 1.1.2 (a) Aerial view of the huge task force landing on Normandy ...
15. Figure 1.13 Photograph of the devastation near the coast of Japan where the ...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Dissimilar tectonic settings produce very different types of coas...
2. Figure 2.2 This picture of Alfred Wegener was taken when he was 30 years old...
3. Figure 2.3 One of the compelling pieces of evidence that Wegener used to arg...
4. Figure 2.4 According to Wegener (and later verified) the Indian subcontinent...
5. Figure 2.5 The layered Earth reflects gross chemical and physical changes of...
6. Figure 2.6 The outermost rigid portion of Earth, termed the lithosphere, is ...
7. Figure 2.7 There are three types of plate boundaries: (a) convergent, (b) di...
8. Figure 2.8 The divergent boundary of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge system is (a) co...
9. Figure 2.9 Convergent zones involve three types of lithospheric plate collis...
10. Figure 2.10 Subduction is the process whereby an oceanic lithospheric plate ...
11. Figure 2.11 Distribution of oceanic trench systems. Trenches are sites of th...
12. Figure 2.12 Subduction of the Juan de Fuca and Gorda Plates beneath the Nort...
13. Figure 2.13 View of Mount Rainier from downtown Tacoma, Washington, which is...
14. Figure 2.14 Evolutionary model of the Indian–Eurasian continental collision....
15. Figure 2.15 The San Andreas fault in western California has been site of som...
16. Figure 2.16 A simplified view of the convection process that drives plate mo...
17. Figure 2.17 (a) Physiographic provinces of continental margins including the...
18. Figure 2.18 (a) Physiographic drawing of Monterey Canyon off the California ...
19. Figure 2.19 Cross‐sectional view of Atlantic (passive) and Pacific (active) ...
20. Figure 2.20 Global tectonic coastal classification.
21. Figure 2.21 Alaska. Mountainous coast along a tectonically active continenta...
22. Figure 2.22 Map of displacement contours illustrating the regional effects o...
23. Box Figure 2.1.1 Location map of Lituya Bay in Alaska.
24. Box Figure 2.1.2 Aerial photograph of Lituya Bay. The terminal moraine known...
25. Box Figure 2.1.3 Aerial view of trimline cut by the seismic wave. The northe...
26. Box Figure 2.1.4 Oblique aerial photograph looking into Gilbert Inlet (fjord...
27. Figure 2.23 Four‐stage model of rifting of a continent and establishment of ...
28. Figure 2.24 Baja California. Neo‐trailing edge coasts tend to be rocky and m...
29. Figure 2.25 The coast of South Africa where large waves carve away at sandst...
30. Figure 2.26 Much of the east coast of the United States is characterized by ...
31. Figure 2.27 Most of the marginal sea coasts of the world are found along the...
32. Figure 2.28 Physiographic map of South America illustrating that the Andes M...
33. Figure 2.29 Pattern of sediment‐discharge to the world's oceans. These estim...
34. Figure 2.30 Four stage model in the development of internal drainage of a co...
35. Figure 2.31 Physiographic map of southern South America illustrating the dif...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Graphs showing (a) the distribution curve and (b) a histogram for...
2. Figure 3.2 A cumulative curve for a sediment sample with the percentage valu...
3. Figure 3.3 (a) A symmetrical curve for a sediment with the mean grain size, ...
4. Figure 3.4 Plots of a poorly sorted and a well‐sorted sediment.
5. Figure 3.5 Schematic depictions of a range of sorting categories.
6. Figure 3.6 Plot showing a bimodal grain size distribution.
7. Figure 3.7 Beach sediment with a coarse shell mode and a fine sand mode.
8. Figure 3.8 Plot of a spectrum of grain roundness appearances and values.
9. Figure 3.9 Example of a very well rounded gravel that is moderately sorted....
10. Figure 3.10 Grain shape diagram showing the four main categories as develope...
11. Figure 3.11 Photograph of very spherical quartz grains.
12. Figure 3.12 Photograph showing a pure quartz sample.
13. Figure 3.13 Photograph of a carbonate shell accumulation with a wide range o...
14. Figure 3.14 Tahiti. A Boulder and cobble beach made of volcanic material.
15. Figure 3.15 Exposure of Pleistocene glacial sediment composed of a wide rang...
16. Figure 3.16 Coarse beach gravel with a wide range of grain shapes and compos...
17. Figure 3.17 Beach on the coast of Maine composed of sorted sand derived from...
18. Box Figure 3.1.1 The late Robert G. Dean.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 (a) Photograph of the coast in the Anchorage, Alaska area showing...
2. Figure 4.2 Diagram showing the pre‐ and post‐melting of an ice sheet with th...
3. Figure 4.3 Shorelines on Hudson Bay, Canada preserved as sea level dropped d...
4. Figure 4.4 Sea‐level curve during the post‐glacial era as ice sheets began t...
5. Figure 4.5 Volcanic eruption of Kiluea on Hawaii depositing new rock and mov...
6. Figure 4.6 (a) Spreading of the sea floor caused by convection in the mantle...
7. Figure 4.7 Graph showing the seasonal changes in sea level at various places...
8. Figure 4.8 Map showing the high temperatures in the Pacific Ocean during Jan...
9. Figure 4.9 Plot of predicted sea‐level rise during the twenty‐first century ...
10. Figure 4.10 Graph showing the changes in sea level over the 2.6 million year...
11. Figure 4.11 Graph of the past few hundred thousand years showing the positio...
12. Figure 4.12 Map of the United States showing the annual rates of sea level r...
13. Figure 4.13 Photo of paved road that now descends into the sea that has rise...
14. Figure 4.14 Maps of an area in southeast Texas based on data from 1956 and 1...
15. Figure 4.15 Map of the northern hemisphere showing the distribution of glaci...
16. Box Figure 4.1.1 Drowned wetlands.
17. Box Figure 4.1.2 Diagram showing the Milankovich Cycles. Stadial stages are ...
18. Figure 4.16 Plot of sea level rise over the past several decades showing the...
19. Figure 4.17 Sea level data from tide gauges over the past century for each o...
20. Box Figure 4.2.1 Venice.
21. Box Figure 4.2.2 Common situation in the city of Venice, when high spring ti...
22. Box Figure 4.2.3 View of structure on the shoreline of the Venice Lagoon tha...
23. Figure 4.18 Large industrial installation for the petroleum industry on the ...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 (a) Photograph of Hurricane Elena taken in 1985 from Space Shuttl...
2. Figure 5.2 A storm surge is a super‐elevation of the water surface caused by...
3. Figure 5.3 Atmospheric pressure is measured in millibars (1 millibar is equa...
4. Figure 5.4 Over the Earth's surface there is an uneven distribution of incom...
5. Figure 5.5 Hypothetical model of air convection due to uneven solar heating ...
6. Figure 5.6 Simplified air circulation model for a rotating Earth containing ...
7. Figure 5.7 Gyres of moving air are created around low and high‐pressure syst...
8. Figure 5.8 Land and sea breezes are a common diurnal pattern of winds along ...
9. Figure 5.9 Weather fronts are formed at the boundary between two air masses ...
10. Figure 5.10 Cold fronts in the central United States are caused by polar air...
11. Figure 5.11 Model of cyclogenesis as proposed by Norwegian scientists and pu...
12. Figure 5.12 Extratropical cyclones develop in many regions across the United...
13. Figure 5.13 Along the eastern seaboard of the United States, particularly in...
14. Figure 5.14 View of houses destroyed in Scituate, Massachusetts during the B...
15. Figure 5.15 Pathway of hurricanes in the central Atlantic during the past ap...
16. Figure 5.16 Hurricanes and tropical storms form in the tropics above 5° nort...
17. Figure 5.17 Satellite view of Hurricane Andrew on the 23rd, 24th, and 25th o...
18. Figure 5.18 Internal structure of a hurricane illustrating the overall count...
19. Figure 5.19 The forward speed of a hurricane increases wind velocities on th...
20. Figure 5.20 Storm track of Hurricane Frederick, which struck the Dauphin Isl...
21. Figure 5.21 Graph of atmospheric conditions at Dauphin Island, Mississippi d...
22. Figure 5.22 Storm surge values along the Gulf Coast from Mississippi to the ...
23. Box Figure 5.1.1 Storm track of Hurricane Camille which slammed into the Mis...
24. Box Figure 5.1.2 Before and after photographs of Richelieu Motel, destroyed ...
25. Box Figure 5.1.3 Before and after photographs of the Trinity Church, destroy...
26. Figure 5.23 (a) Westward track of Hurricane Sandy across the New Jersey coas...
27. Box Figure 5.2.1 Hurricane tracks for Katrina and Sandy.
28. Box Figure 5.2.2 Radar images of Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy.
29. Box Figure 5.2.3 Photographs illustrating barrier breaching and inlet format...
30. Box Figure 5.2.4 Photographs of the Ninth Ward in New Orleans when it was st...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Graph of showing the frequencies various types of water waves fro...
2. Figure 6.2 Typical waveform showing the various elements of a gravity wave....
3. Figure 6.3 Photograph of complicated sea conditions.
4. Figure 6.4 Plot of a wave spectrum showing the range of frequencies recorded...
5. Figure 6.5 Graph showing significant wave height and other important wave st...
6. Figure 6.6 Diagram of water motion in waves showing the decrease in the diam...
7. Figure 6.7 Changes in the orbital paths under wave surfaces as they move tow...
8. Figure 6.8 Photograph showing how waves can break over each of multiple sand...
9. Box Figure 6.1.1 Oblique aerial photo of the Duck Pier.
10. Figure 6.9 Photo of swell waves showing low amplitude and long period as the...
11. Figure 6.10 Waves that steepen in the nearshore and break almost instantaneo...
12. Figure 6.11 Waves that steepen in the nearshore and break over time and dist...
13. Figure 6.12 Waves break as surging breakers in very shallow water.
14. Figure 6.13 (a) Schematic diagram of waves refracting across the surf zone, ...
15. Figure 6.14 Diagram showing how refraction concentrates wave energy on the h...
16. Figure 6.15 Diagrams showing spreading of wave energy as (a) waves pass thro...
17. Figure 6.16 Vertical aerial photo showing wave diffraction as the waves pass...
18. Figure 6.17 A wave reflected from the steep beach face on the island of Cura...
19. Figure 6.18 Vertical concrete seawall on the Florida Gulf Coast with boulder...
20. Figure 6.19 Diagram showing how incoming waves are reflected from a seawall ...
21. Figure 6.20 Huge wave generated by the 2011 tsunami as it came ashore.
22. Figure 6.21 Standing wave in a vessel shows a node in the middle above which...
23. Figure 6.22 Reflected waves.
24. Figure 6.23 Diagram showing water circulation in a rip current system.
25. Figure 6.24 Rip current channels on the coasts of (a) Florida and (b) Austra...
26. Figure 6.25 Rip current carrying sediment offshore.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Mont Saint Michel in the Gulf of St.‐Malo is surrounded by water ...
2. Figure 7.2 Earth's tides are primarily controlled by the Moon because tidal ...
3. Figure 7.3 The Earth–Moon system rotates around a common center of mass call...
4. Figure 7.4 Tides are generated in Earth's hydrosphere due to differences bet...
5. Figure 7.5 Under idealized equilibrium tide conditions Earth passes beneath ...
6. Figure 7.6 Cartoon illustrating why times of high and low tide occur 50 minu...
7. Figure 7.7 In its orbit around Earth, the Moon moves above and below the equ...
8. Figure 7.8 The alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun determines the size of ...
9. Figure 7.9 Tidal ranges and the ensuing elevation of high and low tides are ...
10. Figure 7.10 The elliptical orbit of Earth affects its distance from the Sun ...
11. Figure 7.11 Cartoon of seawall along Winthrop Beach, Massachusetts that was ...
12. Figure 7.12 Amphidromic systems throughout the world's oceans. The tidal wav...
13. Figure 7.13 Hypothetical tidal wave rotating around in a square‐shaped basin...
14. Figure 7.14 Coastlines throughout the world experience a variety of tidal si...
15. Figure 7.15 Tidal range along the East Coast of United States is controlled ...
16. Figure 7.16 The distribution of tidal ranges in the North Sea illustrates ho...
17. Figure 7.17 The Gulf of St. Lawrence narrows from a width of 150 km at the e...
18. Box Figure 7.1.1 Location map of Bay of Fundy.
19. Box Figure 7.1.2 Co‐range and co‐tidal lines for Bay of Fundy.
20. Box Figure 7.1.3 Picture illustrating large tidal ranges showing high and lo...
21. Figure 7.18 Tidal bores occur in funnel‐shaped estuaries having tidal ranges...
22. Figure 7.19 Tidal currents occur at the entrance to bays, harbors, and tidal...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Satellite photo of the Nile Delta showing its generally triangula...
2. Figure 8.2 World map of river deltas. Black circles indicate tide‐dominated ...
3. Figure 8.3 Image of the mouth of the Columbia River (a) before structures we...
4. Figure 8.4 Satellite image of the Copper River Delta on the coast of Alaska....
5. Figure 8.5 Lobes of the young Mississippi Delta.
6. Figure 8.6 Satellite image of the Niger Delta on the coast of Africa.
7. Figure 8.7 Diagram showing the nature and distribution of the delta plain en...
8. Figure 8.8 Natural levees produced during flooding from rapidly deposited se...
9. Figure 8.9 (a) Oblique aerial photo of a flooded delta plain showing numerou...
10. Figure 8.10 (a) Diagram of individual elements of the outer distributary sho...
11. Figure 8.11 Image of the Sao Francisco Delta on the coast of Brazil where th...
12. Figure 8.12 Infra‐red satellite image of a huge amount of sediment being dis...
13. Figure 8.13 Diagram showing the classification of river deltas as originally...
14. Figure 8.14 Satellite image of the tide‐dominated Fly River Delta on the coa...
15. Figure 8.15 Diagram of the asymmetrical wave‐dominated Senegal River Delta o...
16. Figure 8.16 Satellite image of the Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta on the coa...
17. Figure 8.17 (a) Oblique aerial photo of the Colorado River Delta that has no...
18. Figure 8.18 Diagram showing all of the dams on the Mississippi River between...
19. Figure 8.19 Diagram of the United States showing the discharge of sediments ...
20. Figure 8.20 Aerial photo of numerous canals with dredge spoil levees produce...
21. Figure 8.21 Photo of large infrastructure complex built on the delta plain o...
22. Figure 8.22 Photo of a portion of the Mississippi Delta plain showing dredge...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Tomales Bay, California, an example of a fault‐generated estuary ...
2. Figure 9.2 Baffin Bay on the south Texas coast is a bay that still reflects ...
3. Figure 9.3 A fjord on the Alaskan coast.
4. Figure 9.4 (a) A bay on the Texas coast behind the city of South Padre Islan...
5. Figure 9.5 Photograph of Aberdeen Harbour, Hong Kong.
6. Figure 9.6 Diagram showing the boundaries of an estuary according to Pritcha...
7. Figure 9.7 Diagram showing the three basic types of estuarine circulation be...
8. Figure 9.8 Aerial photograph of the Guadalupe River Delta as it is positione...
9. Figure 9.9 Sequence of diagrams showing stages in the formation of Mobile Ba...
10. Figure 9.10 Map of Chesapeake Bay showing the numerous rivers that empty int...
11. Box Figure 9.1.1 Map of the drainage basin that feeds into Chesapeake Bay....
12. Box Figure 9.1.2 Close‐up photo of a large oyster reef at low tide.
13. Box Figure 9.1.3 Aerial photo of a large concentration of suspended sediment...
14. Box Figure 9.1.4 Aerial photo of marsh with numerous tidal channels.
15. Box Figure 9.1.5 Photo of a beach with several groins at low tide.
16. Figure 9.11 Diagrammatic map of a tide‐dominated estuary showing the various...
17. Figure 9.12 Examples of major tide‐dominated estuaries include (a) the Bay o...
18. Figure 9.13 Bedforms are widespread on the surface of tide‐dominated estuari...
19. Figure 9.14 Time–velocity curve showing how flood‐tidal and ebb‐tidal curren...
20. Figure 9.15 Model showing sediment transport over a tidal cycle as based on ...
21. Figure 9.16 Diagram showing the three parts of a typical estuary.
22. Figure 9.17 Oyster reefs on the Gulf Coast of Florida.
23. Figure 9.18 General model of a tide‐dominated estuary.
24. Figure 9.19 Linear bedforms on the coast of Maine, USA.
25. Figure 9.20 Map of Delaware Bay a tide‐dominated estuary showing sand bodies...
26. Figure 9.21 Simplified model of a wave‐dominated estuary with the vertical l...
27. Figure 9.22 Aerial photo of a wave dominated estuary on the (a) Texas coast ...
28. Figure 9.23 Example of a tidal estuary type of coastal bay on the coast of E...
29. Figure 9.24 Aerial photos showing (a) development of a harbor and (b) dredge...
30. Figure 9.25 Aerial photo of finger canals and upland development that origin...
31. Figure 9.26 Map of Boca Ciega Bay on the Florida Gulf coast showing the chan...
32. Figure 9.27 Aerial photo of a fill causeway on the Florida Gulf coast. Such ...
33. Figure 9.28 Photos of the (a) mining area where serious pollution is generat...
34. Figure 9.29 Aerial photo of the Rio Tinto (right) estuary near its mouth. Th...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Various settings of different types of coastal bays including (a...
2. Figure 10.2 Vertical aerial photo of Lake Reeve, Victoria, Australia showing...
3. Figure 10.3 Cerithid snails which abound in many schizohaline lagoons.
4. Figure 10.4 Small beach and related beach ridges in Lake Reeve, Australia; b...
5. Figure 10.5 Washover fans on Padre Island extending into Laguna Madre as the...
6. Figure 10.6 Extensive wind‐tidal flats along the barrier island side of Lagu...
7. Figure 10.7 Active dunes on Padre Island due in part to cattle grazing on th...
8. Figure 10.8 Area called the “Landcut” in Laguna Madre, Texas where windblown...
9. Figure 10.9 Thick lenses of calcium carbonate mud (micrite) in Lake Reeve, A...
10. Figure 10.10 Very extensive carbonate mud covering stromatolites accumulatio...
11. Figure 10.11 Algal mats (dark layers and surface) formed by large population...
12. Figure 10.12 Dune migrating landward, encroaching on the lagoon at the Cooro...
13. Figure 10.13 Flakes of a thin mud that has been desiccated due to its positi...
14. Figure 10.14 Satellite photo of Laguna Madre, Texas, the longest coastal lag...
15. Figure 10.15 (a) Map showing serpulids in Baffin Bay as shown in red and (b)...
16. Figure 10.16 Map of Lake Reeve, Australia located landward of the 90‐mile Be...
17. Figure 10.17 Aerial photo of a portion of the 90‐mile barrier showing relic ...
18. Figure 10.18 Photo of the Coorong in South Australia with the opening at the...
19. Figure 10.19 Extensive and thick carbonate mud that has precipitated in one ...
20. Figure 10.20 Halite deposits formed as the result of evaporite precipitation...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Photograph of a wide, gently sloping tidal flat in Westernport B...
2. Figure 11.2 Photograph of a narrow and steep tidal flat in the Bay of Fundy,...
3. Figure 11.3 Photograph of a typical tidal channel that cuts into the tidal f...
4. Figure 11.4 Diagram showing the trend in grain size over a tidal flat.
5. Figure 11.5 Tidal flat with (a) numerous fiddler crabs, and (b) a close‐up p...
6. Figure 11.6 Intertidal oyster reefs near Cedar Key, Florida.
7. Figure 11.7 Surface and subsurface mats of cyanobacteria on wide tidal flats...
8. Figure 11.8 (a) Burrowed surface, and (b) subsurface burrow of Arenicola, a ...
9. Figure 11.9 Shallow trench in tidal flat sand showing a total absence of str...
10. Figure 11.10 Abundant worm tubes protruding above the tidal flat surface on ...
11. Figure 11.11 Aerial photograph of tidal flats in the Bay of Fundy, Canada sh...
12. Figure 11.12 Mud surface showing desiccation cracks resulting from extended ...
13. Box Figure 11.1.1 Photograph of a box core from a tidal channel in Martens P...
14. Box Figure 11.1.2 Photograph of bidirectional cross‐stratification from 1.7 ...
15. Box Figure 11.1.3 Example of modern reactivations surfaces that separate bed...
16. Box Figure 11.1.4 Photograph of Precambrian reactivation surfaces from the B...
17. Box Figure 11.1.5 Tidal bedding from a macrotidal coast in China.
18. Box Figure 11.1.6 Tidal bedding from Pleistocene strata on the coast of Wash...
19. Box Figure 11.1.7 Tidal bedding from the Miocene in Florida.
20. Box Figure 11.1.8 Tidal bedding from the Precambrian Baraboo Quartzite.
21. Box Figure 11.1.9 Tidal bundles from a tidal channel in Martens Plate on the...
22. Box Figure 11.1.10 Exposure of Cretaceous strata in the San Juan Basin of Ne...
23. Figure 11.13 Diagram proposed by Reineck showing the three primary bedding t...
24. Figure 11.14 Photographs of (a) a modern tidal flat surface with mud in ripp...
25. Figure 11.15 Photograph of flaser bedding from the sediments in the Bay of S...
26. Figure 11.16 Diagram showing how tidal bedding is formed by alternating sand...
27. Figure 11.17 Photograph showing example of tidal bedding from the coast of C...
28. Figure 11.18 Examples of ancient tidal bedding from (a) the Miocene of Flori...
29. Figure 11.19 Diagram of settling lag and scour lag showing how sediment grai...
30. Figure 11.20 Schematic diagram showing the nature of tidal bundles as propos...
31. Figure 11.21 Vibracore of tidal bundle sequences taken from a channel on Mar...
32. Figure 11.22 Channel on tidal flat in The Wash on the North Sea side of Engl...
33. Figure 11.23 Bedforms about a meter or so in wave length from the Bay of Fun...
34. Figure 11.24 Diagram showing how reactivation surfaces form with dominant ti...
35. Figure 11.25 Photograph of ancient reactivation surfaces from the ancient st...
36. Figure 11.26 Photograph of a vibracore from a tidal channel in the German Wa...
37. Figure 11.27 Photograph of bidirectional cross‐strata from the Baraboo Quart...
38. Figure 11.28 Satellite image of the German Wadden Sea barrier islands.
39. Figure 11.29 Example of extensive tidal flats and intervening tidal channels...
40. Figure 11.30 (a) General map of sediment distribution on Jade Bayand (b)...
41. Figure 11.31 Map of The Wash, a large tide‐dominated embayment on the Norfol...
42. Figure 11.32 Aerial photograph of the abbey at Mont St.‐Michel on the Bay of...
43. Figure 11.33 Extensive tidal flats with a mud‐dominated surface in the Bay o...
44. Figure 11.34 Shallow trench in Bay of St.‐Malo sediments showing both tidal ...
45. Figure 11.35 Generalized map of the Bay of Fundy showing the Minas Basin and...
46. Figure 11.36 Low tide photograph showing extensive and varied bedforms in Co...
47. Figure 11.37 Photograph showing tidal bedding in low‐energy portion of the B...
48. Figure 11.38 Examples of (a) shallow trenches to assist in reclamation of ti...
49. Figure 11.39 Sequence of maps of the Wadden Sea showing how reclaimed land h...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Aerial overview of a marsh showing only tidal creeks interruptin...
2. Figure 12.2 Narrow band of marsh vegetation along the margin of the Bay of F...
3. Figure 12.3 Marsh on the Florida coast showing Juncus, the primary high‐mars...
4. Figure 12.4 Channel margin along a tidal creek showing high growth form of S...
5. Figure 12.5 Outer margin of the low marsh (Spartina) with scattered oyster a...
6. Figure 12.6 Very high in the intertidal zone populated by Salicornia.
7. Figure 12.7 Photograph of a tidal creek meander showing a natural levee.
8. Figure 12.8 Aerial photo showing a tidal creek with multiple small point bar...
9. Figure 12.9 Aerial photo of a wetland on the Georgia coast showing multiple ...
10. Figure 12.10 Diagram showing zonation of high‐latitude marshes.
11. Figure 12.11 Diagram showing zonation of low‐ to medium‐latitude marshes....
12. Figure 12.12 Diagrams showing the maturation of salt marshes from youthful t...
13. Figure 12.13 Infra‐red aerial photograph of marsh area in South Carolina sho...
14. Figure 12.14 A highly bioturbated bank in a wetland tidal creek.
15. Figure 12.15 (a) and (b) Well‐preserved bedding in marsh sediments on the Ge...
16. Figure 12.16 Drowning wetlands on the Mississippi Delta.
17. Figure 12.17 Wetlands on the Mississippi Delta that are in danger of destruc...
18. Box Figure 12.1.1 Map showing the discharge of the Mississippi River basin i...
19. Box Figure 12.1.2 Natural levees on the lower Mississippi Delta.
20. Box Figure 12.1.3 Constructed walkway by the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers....
21. Box Figure 12.1.4 Wetland surface of the Mississippi Delta with numerous can...
22. Figure 12.18 Infrared image of the Atchafalaya Basin showing the recently fo...
23. Figure 12.19 Photograph showing red mangrove seedlings that have germinated,...
24. Figure 12.20 (a) An example of the red mangrove in its natural environment o...
25. Figure 12.21 (a) Example of the black mangrove showing its pneumatophores in...
26. Figure 12.22 White mangrove along the coast of Florida.
27. Figure 12.23 Photograph of a buttonwood tree on an upland environment in Flo...
28. Figure 12.24 Schematic diagram showing mangrove zonation as it occurs along ...
29. Figure 12.25 Oblique aerial photograph of a mangrove mangal of reds on the s...
30. Figure 12.26 Photograph showing denuded mangroves on a washover environment ...
31. Figure 12.27 Photograph of red mangroves growing out of basalt bedrock in th...
32. Figure 12.28 Photograph of an intertidal oyster reef in southwest Florida wi...
33. Figure 12.29 Aerial photograph of what was the back‐island wetland and is no...
34. Figure 12.30 Mangroves in Florida can now be trimmed a) to a 6‐ft level or b...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Diagram across the beach and nearshore environment to the first ...
2. Figure 13.2 Oblique aerial photograph of the beach and surf zone along Padre...
3. Figure 13.3 Aerial photograph of an area on the Pacific coast of South Ameri...
4. Figure 13.4 Diagrams of four different types of nearshore sand bars. After t...
5. Figure 13.5 Aerial photograph of the Oregon coast showing deeply incised rip...
6. Figure 13.6 Rip channels that are essentially perpendicular from shore on (a...
7. Figure 13.7 Evidence of seaward sediment transport by a rip current on the c...
8. Figure 13.8 Underwater photograph of symmetrical wave‐generated ripples in t...
9. Figure 13.9 Diagrams showing the changes in bedforms as waves and currents m...
10. Figure 13.10 Photos of (a) a narrow foreshore on the Alabama coast and (b) a...
11. Figure 13.11 (a) An intertidal ridge and runnel on the Georgia coast, and (b...
12. Figure 13.12 Photograph of a ridge and runnel complex where the ridge is act...
13. Figure 13.13 Close‐up photograph of a migrating ridge, showing the shoreward...
14. Figure 13.14 Ladderback ripples that characterize the runnel environment ove...
15. Figure 13.15 Photograph of a ridge that has migrated up to the shoreline.
16. Figure 13.16 Diagram showing a time‐series of ridge and runnel profiles as s...
17. Figure 13.17 Oblique aerial photograph of a migrating ridge with a rip chann...
18. Figure 13.18 Stratigraphic diagram showing the theoretical sequence of stack...
19. Figure 13.19 Photograph of a shallow trench in beach deposits showing heavy ...
20. Figure 13.20 Photograph of a foreshore showing swash marks on the coast of L...
21. Figure 13.21 Photograph of a beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia showing a pavem...
22. Figure 13.22 Close‐up of a low trench showing the low angle cross‐stratifica...
23. Figure 13.23 Photograph of surf clams, Donax variabilis, that are very commo...
24. Figure 13.24 Close‐up of (a) a ghost shrimp Callianassa, and (b) pellets pro...
25. Figure 13.25 Beach on the Texas coast onto which considerable Sargassum has ...
26. Figure 13.26 Portuguese man o’ war (Physalia) that has washed on to the fore...
27. Figure 13.27 Fine sand, quartzitic sand beach on the Florida Gulf Coast.
28. Figure 13.28 Boulder beach on the west end of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia,...
29. Figure 13.29 Photograph of a bimodal beach on the Atlantic coast of Florida ...
30. Figure 13.30 Close‐up photograph of (a) well‐sorted and well‐rounded quartz ...
31. Figure 13.31 Storm beach surface covered with heavy minerals.
32. Figure 13.32 Diagram showing three different situations of foreshore slope r...
33. Figure 13.33 Photograph of a dominantly carbonate beach on the north shore o...
34. Figure 13.34 Carbonate beach of shell debris near Acadia National Park on th...
35. Figure 13.35 Oblique aerial of an iron oxide sediment beach on the east coas...
36. Figure 13.36 Shallow trench in a beach on the Lake Michigan coast where thic...
37. Figure 13.37 Photograph of sand shadows where wind transport of sand has res...
38. Figure 13.38 Photograph of small U‐shaped scours around pebbles as the resul...
39. Figure 13.39 Excellent examples of (a) a summer beach, and (b) a winter beac...
40. Figure 13.40 Close‐up photograph of a ghost crab (Ocypoda quadrata) on a wet...
41. Figure 13.41 Photograph of a ghost crab burrow and excavation sediment.
42. Figure 13.42 A turtle track across the beach on Padre Island.
43. Figure 13.43 A Kemp’s ridley turtle on the foreshore of a Texas beach.
44. Figure 13.44 A Kemp’s ridley turtle working on its nest.
45. Figure 13.45 Markers designed to protect a turtle nest and its eggs on the F...
46. Figure 13.46 Eggs laid by a Kemp’s ridley turtle on the Texas coast.
47. Figure 13.47 Hatchlings of Kemp’s ridley turtles being released on the Texas...
48. Figure 13.48 Examples of coastal construction include (a) a simple seawall o...
49. Figure 13.49 Photograph of a completed beach nourishment project on the Flor...
50. Figure 13.50 A large suction dredge that pulls borrow sediment up and pumps ...
51. Figure 13.51 Oblique aerial photograph of a nourishment project being constr...
52. Figure 13.52 Pipes and heavy equipment used to move borrow material to mold ...
53. Figure 13.53 Photograph of a nourishment project on the North Sea coast of D...
54. Figure 13.54 Example of how various benign structures are used to stabilize ...
55. Box Figure 13.1.1 Old fashioned race cars racing on the beach in a straighta...
56. Box Figure 13.1.2 One of the early races on the oval track in the early 1950...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 (a) Large dune, and (b) large blowout with a soil horizon along ...
2. Figure 14.2 Huge dunes that have developed along the skeleton coast of Namib...
3. Box Figure 14.1.1 Map of Namibia showing the location of the “Skeleton Coast...
4. Box Figure 14.1.2 Aerial photo of the large and mobile dunes along the Namib...
5. Box Figure 14.1.3 Photograph of the coast with large dunes and a wrecked shi...
6. Box Figure 14.1.4 Photograph of large active dunes with gemboks walking over...
7. Figure 14.3 Coppice mounds on the dry backbeach along the South Australia co...
8. Figure 14.4 A single foredune ridge along a barrier island.
9. Figure 14.5 A barrier island along the southeastern coast of Victoria, Austr...
10. Figure 14.6 A barrier island along Padre Island on the Gulf Coast of Florida...
11. Figure 14.7 (a) Active sand dunes on the interior of Padre Island, Texas....
12. Figure 14.8 (a) Large coastal dunes migrating toward the shore and covering ...
13. Figure 14.9 Wind‐generated ripples on the sand surface of the backbeach envi...
14. Figure 14.10 Small wind shadows adjacent to cobbles on the beach that show t...
15. Figure 14.11 Flowers on vines – opportunistic plants growing on the back bea...
16. Figure 14.12 A huge scarp on a dune on the Lake Michigan coast that has rece...
17. Figure 14.13 Scarp on heavily vegetated dune on San Jose Island on the Texas...
18. Figure 14.14 Dunes on the New South Wales coast of Australia that are being ...
19. Figure 14.15 When the sand surface on a dune is oversteepened it fails and g...
20. Figure 14.16 Stratification on an eroded surface on foredunes on the Netherl...
21. Figure 14.17 Complex cross‐stratification in a decapitated dune on Padre Isl...
22. Figure 14.18 Fence placed on the backbeach that is designed to trap sediment...
23. Figure 14.19 Dune that has buried the fence placed to collect sand.
24. Figure 14.20 Old Christmas trees placed on the backbeach at Surfside, Texas ...
25. Figure 14.21 (a) Boardwalk over the dunes placed directly on the sand and (b...
26. Figure 14.22 Location on Mustang Island, Texas where the entire dune has bee...
27. Figure 14.23 Management of Sargassum on beaches of Mustang Island, Texas inc...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Barriers may form in a variety of coastal settings if the supply...
2. Figure 15.2 (a) Idealized barrier subenvironments. (b) Castle Neck, Massachu...
3. Figure 15.3 Global distribution of barriers and their tidal range setting....
4. Figure 15.4 Barrier chains on collision coasts are generally found where a n...
5. Figure 15.5 Barriers can be separated into three general morphological class...
6. Figure 15.6 Recurved spit development. (a) Spit building across the mouth of...
7. Figure 15.7 Spit accretion across a bay or into a tidal inlet is preceded by...
8. Figure 15.8 Spit development is due to sand deposition resulting from a decr...
9. Figure 15.9 Cuspate spits occur in protected environments such as within bay...
10. Figure 15.10 Flying spits are relatively uncommon features found in semi‐pro...
11. Figure 15.11 A tombolo is an accretionary landform that connects the mainlan...
12. Figure 15.12 Cuspate forelands occur along many sandy coasts including (a) t...
13. Figure 15.13 Welded barrier fronting a brackish Trustom Pond, Rhode Island. ...
14. Figure 15.14 Major models of barrier island formation.
15. Figure 15.15 Barrier detachment process illustrated along the Isles Dernière...
16. Figure 15.16 Prograding barriers develop in regions of abundant sediment sup...
17. Figure 15.17 Various mechanisms of beach ridge formation. (a) Dune scarping....
18. Figure 15.18 Retrogradational barriers develop in a regime of rising sea lev...
19. Figure 15.19 (a) Washovers are the primary mechanism whereby a barrier migra...
20. Figure 15.20 Aggrading barriers remain approximately in the same position, b...
21. Figure 15.21 Stratigraphic models of different types of barrier sequences...
22. Figure 15.22 Coke Island in southern North Carolina is a relatively thin ret...
23. Figure 15.23 The stratigraphy of a barrier is dependent of its evolutionary ...
24. Figure 15.24 Depositional coastlines can be separated into three major types...
25. Figure 15.25 (a) Model of a wave‐dominated barrier coast. These coasts are c...
26. Figure 15.26 (a) Model of a mixed‐energy barrier coast.Typically, these ...
27. Box Figure 15.1.1 The East Frisian Islands are located along the coast of Ge...
28. Box Figure 15.1.2 Changes in areal extent of the drainage system of Harle In...
29. Box Figure 15.1.3 Graph showing morphological changes of the East Frisian in...
30. Figure 15.27 The Georgia Bight exhibits a systematic alteration in coastal m...
31. Figure 15.28 Model of shore evolution for the drumlin coast of the Eastern S...
32. Figure 15.29 The welded barrier and spits of central Nova Scotia portray Sta...
33. Figure 15.30 Model of barrier evolution for the Mississippi River Delta....
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Tidal inlets serve as passageways to harbors and conduits throug...
2. Figure 16.2 The apartment building at the northeastern end of Wrightsville B...
3. Figure 16.3 Tidal inlets are the openings along barrier shorelines. They all...
4. Figure 16.4 Entrance to York Harbor, Maine. This is a bedrock passageway. It...
5. Figure 16.5 Tidal currents at inlets commonly reach speeds of 1–2 m s^–1...
6. Figure 16.6 Longitudinal and cross‐sections of a tidal inlet. Note that the ...
7. Figure 16.7 The morphology of flood‐tidal deltas is a function of inlet size...
8. Figure 16.8 Miles Hayes conceived mixed‐energy models of tidal deltas in the...
9. Figure 16.9 The morphology of an ebb‐tidal delta indicates the relative infl...
10. Figure 16.10 Generally the formation of a new tidal inlet is associated with...
11. Figure 16.11 Spit construction across an embayment can create a tidal inlet....
12. Figure 16.12 The location of tidal inlets commonly coincides with former riv...
13. Figure 16.13 Tidal inlets may form during the passage of major storm when wa...
14. Figure 16.14 Ephemeral tidal inlets form along sand and gravel welded barrie...
15. Figure 16.15 Migrating tidal inlets generally occur along coasts having a do...
16. Figure 16.16 O'Brien's Relationship demonstrates that a strong correlation e...
17. Figure 16.17 Application of O'Brien's Relationship. Disregarding the effects...
18. Figure 16.18 Walton and Adams Relationship indicates a strong correspondence...
19. Figure 16.19 Sand dispersal patterns at a tidal inlet reflect the dominance ...
20. Figure 16.20 Inlet sediment bypassing at stable inlets. (a) Model of stable ...
21. Figure 16.21 Sediment bypassing at inlets whose main ebb channel migrates do...
22. Figure 16.22 Breaching of a spit allows a large quantity of sand to bypass t...
23. Box Figure 16.1.1 Aerial photographs of Nauset Spit before New Inlet formed ...
24. Box Figure 16.1.2 Historical shoreline changes to Nauset spit during the pas...
25. Box Figure 16.1.3 (a) Map of landward movement of flood‐tidal delta. (b) Gra...
26. Box Figure 16.1.4 (a) 2003 photograph of the inlet illustrating how ocean wa...
27. Figure 16.23 Factors affecting the size and number of tidal inlets along a b...
28. Figure 16.24 Along the transgressive coast of northwestern Buzzards Bay in M...
29. Figure 16.25 Processes of sand addition to a flood‐tidal delta during a stor...
30. Figure 16.26 Ocean City Inlet was opened along northern Assateague Island, M...
31. Figure 16.27 (a) Historical morphological changes to the Frisian Islands alo...
32. Figure 16.28 Jetty construction at the entrance to Charleston Harbor, South ...
33. Figure 16.29 The Copper River Delta barrier chain in the Gulf of Alaska is a...
34. Figure 16.30 Miles Hayes' drumstick barrier island model explains barrier sh...
35. Figure 16.31 The shape of mixed‐energy barriers along the Frisian Islands is...
36. Figure 16.32 Anthropogenic changes along the west‐central coast of Florida a...
37. Box Figure 16.2.1 Aerial photograph of northern Anclote Key, Florida in 1979...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Color infrared photograph of Cape Cod and the islands of Nantuck...
2. Figure 17.2 Aerial view of the northern Alaskan Peninsula. Meltwater from ne...
3. Figure 17.3 Extent of glacial ice during maximum Pleistocene glaciation. (a)...
4. Figure 17.4 Cross‐sectional view of a glacier showing the annual accumulatio...
5. Figure 17.5 Conversion from freshly fallen snow through several states to gl...
6. Figure 17.6 Cross‐section of a glacier illustrating ice movement involving t...
7. Figure 17.7 Aerial view of an alpine glacier terminating in a proglacial lak...
8. Figure 17.8 The Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets have a combined area of ...
9. Box Figure 17.1.1 Satellite mosaic image of Antarctica.
10. Box Figure 17.1.2 Hypothetical shoreline of North America 18,000 years ago d...
11. Figure 17.9 Cycles of glaciation coincide with long‐term changes in the inte...
12. Figure 17.10 Glaciations occur when climatic conditions are favorable and wh...
13. Figure 17.11 Milankovitch Cycles are a product of variations in Earth's orbi...
14. Figure 17.12 Erosion by glaciers occurs through ice wedging and plucking and...
15. Figure 17.13 View of glacial striations on bedrock along the coast of Maine....
16. Figure 17.14 Fjords are flooded coastal mountain valleys that are created wh...
17. Figure 17.15 Views of two of the many fjords found along the Kenai Peninsula...
18. Figure 17.16 Pocket beach located along a rocky sediment‐starved coast. Sedi...
19. Figure 17.17 Along glaciated coasts tidal inlets are commonly anchored next ...
20. Figure 17.18 Large erratic along the Cape Cod shoreline.
21. Figure 17.19 Glacial sediment consists of till, undifferentiated sediment de...
22. Figure 17.20 End moraines are formed when the margin of a glacier remains in...
23. Figure 17.21 An outwash plain consists of layers of sand and gravel (stratif...
24. Figure 17.22 Drumlins are composed of till, and usually occur in groups. (a)...
25. Figure 17.23 Sequential diagrams depicting the formation of Cape Cod and the...
26. Figure 17.24 Following the deglaciation of this region, groundwater‐sapping ...
27. Figure 17.25 The present smooth outline of Cape Cod is a product of wave ero...
28. Figure 17.26 Evolutionary model of Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts as envisio...
29. Figure 17.27 Gravel beaches are common along glaciated coasts due to the pre...
30. Figure 17.28 Wave abrasion shapes pebbles and cobbles along gravel beaches. ...
31. Figure 17.29 Isostatic rebound in northeast North America resulting from ret...
32. Figure 17.30 Model of drowned river valley formation.
33. Figure 17.31 Examples of drowned river valleys include Delaware and Chesapea...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 The Indian Ocean coast of South Africa, where wave heights are f...
2. Figure 18.2 Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath North America has produc...
3. Figure 18.3 Glaciated coasts exhibit a wide diversity, but are dominated by ...
4. Figure 18.4 Volcanic island chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form extensi...
5. Figure 18.5 Differential weathering of carbonate rock along sections of the ...
6. Figure 18.6 View of beachrock that has formed along the shoreline of Kubbar,...
7. Figure 18.7 Air is instantaneously compressed against a cliff when waves bre...
8. Figure 18.8 Vertical sea cliffs along the southwestern coast of Victoria, Au...
9. Figure 18.9 Potholes are the result of wave action swirling gravel in a depr...
10. Figure 18.10 Frost wedging occurs when water freezes in the cracks and joint...
11. Figure 18.11 Sandstone and siltstone outcrops along the shore of San Nichola...
12. Figure 18.12 False‐color infrared photograph of the central peninsula coast ...
13. Figure 18.13 Formation of large reentrants along the coast of Victoria in Au...
14. Figure 18.14 Photo of 300‐m high cliffs in Resurrection Bay near Seward, Ala...
15. Figure 18.15 The vertical sheeted dike complex in Resurrection Bay near Sewa...
16. Figure 18.16 The White Cliffs of Dover, England are composed chiefly of cocc...
17. Figure 18.17 The Cliffs of Moher in southwestern Ireland rise more than 200 ...
18. Figure 18.18 Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland is known as one the most s...
19. Figure 18.19 Hanging valleys along the coast of Hawaii are the sites of wate...
20. Figure 18.20 (a) This shore platform extends for several kilometers along th...
21. Figure 18.21 (a) Marine terrace development along the southwestern coast of ...
22. Figure 18.22 Marine terraces form along coasts undergoing uplift. Time 1. te...
23. Figure 18.23 The Twelve Apostles are sea stacks that have formed from flat‐l...
24. Figure 18.24 (a) London Bridge was a famous sea arch along the southwestern ...
25. Figure 18.25 Notches usually develop near the high‐tide line because wave en...
26. Figure 18.26 Waterfalls are common features along tectonic coasts where the ...
27. Figure 18.27 Sea arch created in layered rocks due to jointing patterns and ...