Volume 2
Edited by
Chief Editors
This edition first published 2020
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Murata, Kenji, 1961‐ editor. | Kinoshita, Masato, editor.
Title: Medaka : biology, management, and experimental protocols / edited by
Chief editors, Kenji Murata, University of California Davis, CA, USA,
Masato Kinoshita, Kyoto University, Sakyo‐ku, Kyoto, Japan ; editors,
Yasuhiro Kamei, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi,
Japan, Minoru Tanaka, Nagoya Uiversity, Nagoya, Aichi,
Japan, Kiyoshi Naruse, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2019011589 (print) | LCCN 2019011759 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119575344 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119575306 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119575290 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Oryzias latipes.
Classification: LCC QL638.O78 (ebook) | LCC QL638.O78 M43 2020 (print) | DDC 597.53–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019011589
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: courtesy of Kiyoshi Naruse. Medaka with rainbow color image courtesy of Lazaro Centanin and Jochen Wittbrodt
Ten years after publishing our first book (Volume 1) in 2009, this second book (Volume 2) of Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols presents significant progress in technological innovation and development in the fields of biological and medical science. The purpose of Volume 2 is to familiarize scientists worldwide with the advantages of using medaka in experimental designs, to facilitate research using medaka, and address the value to science of adopting medaka as a model animal.
In Volume 2, the authors provide additional information and current protocols that have been recently developed, or modified, to successfully raise medaka under stable laboratory culture conditions and how to use medaka as a model animal. This Volume 2 describes new technologies developed after 2009, using the fish as a molecular tool in the fields of life science, evolution, ecology, and toxicology. It provides an informational bridge that spans the varied research disciplines and abilities ranging from undergraduate education through senior researchers.
Contributing authors were chosen because of their expertise and demonstrated ability to conduct experiments involving medaka, and because they are recognized pioneers in the use of medaka as a model animal in their scientific fields. The authors were also asked to describe their experimental protocols in detail, and explain their rationale for the chosen protocols in achieving their conceptual goals. The editors also recommend that users read the procedures described in the first edition that describe the maintenance of medaka, and use that information to create or modify the current fish maintenance systems.
Chapter 1: Dr. Chisada and colleagues describe contemporary procedures used to maintain medaka in culture facilities.
Chapter 2: This chapter covers the current phylogenetic relationship of medaka and other Oryzias species, and the geographical distributions of each species. In this chapter, Dr. Naruse and colleagues also describe and update the present status of medaka resources available through the National Bio‐Resource Project Medaka (NBRP Medaka) that has been supported by the Japanese government since 2002.
Chapters 3 and 4 introduce the reader to the medaka fish: Chapter 3 covers general information about adult medaka, including secondary sexual characters, body color, and internal organs. Section 3.2, “Anatomy and Histology,” provides details of the nervous system, endocrine system, kidneys, and gonads. Chapter 4 covers the characteristics of the developing embryos. It includes brief outlines of the development of the fish's organs and tissues, with an emphasis on histology rather than developmental mechanisms. Chapter 4 also discusses the basic procedures for preparing and mounting embryos, and performing in situ hybridization. These similar chapters appear as Chapter 5 and 6 in Volume1; however, the authors retained the material in Chapter 3 and 4 of volume2, because of the importance of the information.
To address medaka reproduction, two groups of researchers were chosen to describe procedures and applications for the preservation of genetic resources of the fish, and for the fish's reproductive ecology.
Chapter 5: Dr. Kobayashi and colleagues, experts on wild medaka fish, address sexual behavior and reproduction of wild populations of medaka. The chapter's focus is on wild populations as opposed to laboratory‐maintained fish.
Chapter 6: Dr. Kezuka and colleagues introduce methods of cryopreservation of whole fish testes, the preparation of testicular cell suspension, and testicular cell transplantation into recipient fish. This method will potentially contribute not only to saving and recovering populations of endangered species, but also to increasing the numbers of commercially important, high‐quality food fishes.
Since publication of the first Volume, new technologies using medaka have been developed and these advances contribute to the identification and function of genes and their products in the body. Two useful technologies are addressed as follows:
Chapter 7: In this chapter, Dr. Ansai and colleagues describe recent developments and progress in the amazing application of molecular biology used in gene editing using medaka. They address the basic theory and applications used to create and apply the establishment of transgenic, gene knock‐out medaka, and conditional knock‐out medaka.
Chapter 8: In this chapter, Drs. Isoe and Kamei describe newly developed technology using medaka and the infrared laser‐evoked gene operator (IR‐LEGO) system. They explain how to use the system not only for research using medaka, but also with cultured cells and plants. The authors also address how to analyze the function of genes in vivo, in developmental biology and related fields, and the development of a new microscopic technology used to control the expression of genes using the combination of the heat shock promoter system and an infrared laser, by focusing on the targeted cells.
Chapters 9–12 introduce the use of medaka in the fields of toxicology and medicine; and address recently developed methodologies and new technologies.
Chapter 9: Dr. Iguchi and colleagues describe several test guidelines used by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) employing medaka in standardized testing methods to screen and/or access potential endocrine‐disrupting chemicals, and how the fish is used to identify adverse effects of toxic chemicals. They also describe how toxicologists are using medaka to assess hazardous chemicals in both drinking water and sewage effluent, and to identify endocrine disruptors in natural waters. The authors address endocrine disruptors, not only restricted to chemicals with estrogenic activities but also those with androgenic activities. Dr. Ogino and colleagues also describe the use of medaka to detect androgenic and antiandrogenic chemicals.
Chapter 10: This chapter introduces the basic biology of the marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma (McClelland), and how its use has been applied to research in marine ecotoxicology. Dr. Peterson and colleagues describe the fish's biological characterization, how to maintain the species in the laboratory, and how to use it in research on marine ecotoxicology.
Chapter 11: Dr. Au and colleagues, experts in telomere biology using medaka, introduce their SOPs and procedures, which have great potential for research in the fields of toxicology, senescence, and aging. They address medaka as a unique, alternative vertebrate model for studying telomere and telomerase function in a cross‐disciplinary range from environmental toxicology to biomedical research on aging, as well as for cancer and tissue regeneration research.
Chapter 12: Dr. Watson and colleagues describe the application of medaka in research on human skeletal biology and toxicity and as a human disease model.
The format of Volume 2 is designed to capture the thoughts and methods of researchers that use medaka as a model animal and to make this expertise accessible to students, beginning researchers, and senior researchers who might become intrigued with using medaka as the model animal in their own work. To accomplish this, and following a reading of Volume 1, the reader is given step‐by step specifics for each protocol that allows application of the fish in their own work. The information includes specific information to facilitate ease of adoption, including details such as reagents used, instrumentation, and other essential requirements. It is anticipated that this highly practical format will encourage the reader to use medaka as a model animal and permit the reader to bring new concepts into personal practice in a more efficient manner.
The use of medaka fish as a model animal requires experimental insight and practical troubleshooting of experimental designs. Of equal importance is an overall appreciation of both the power and limits of using medaka as a model animal. To assist in visualizing and understanding medaka and the research protocols used, the editors strongly suggest that readers refer to Volume 1 of Medaka: Biology, Management, and Experimental Protocols (2009) (ebook: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9780813818849) as a reference. All figures and videos in both Volumes are shown at https://medaka‐book.org/.
As a final note, the preparation of this book would not have been possible without the dedication of the excellent array of contributing authors. We also thank the staff of Wiley‐Blackwell Publishers, specifically Justin Jeffryes, Shelby Hayes, Rebecca Ralf, Antony Sami, Holly Regan‐Jones and Vivek Jagadeesan as they have demonstrated great patience with our efforts and provided excellent guidance and assistance. Finally, we also express our thanks to Ms. Robin Lee Kingsley (Deceased) and Dr. Fred S. Conte (University of California Davis) for their assistance in editing each chapter.
Kenji Murata, Masato Kinoshita (Chief Editors)
Yasuhiro Kamei, Minoru Tanaka, Kiyoshi Naruse (Editors)