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© 2020 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Hardback ISBN: 9781119487708
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Cover images: (Top image) © Sam Robinson/Getty Images, (Center image) © asharkyu/Shutterstock
This book would not have been possible without the love, sacrifice, and inspiration received throughout my life from my beloved mother Annapurna and father Gopalakrishna.
The second author would like to thank his wife Justyna for a continuous support and understanding and would like to dedicate this book to his grandchildren Sophia and Anthony Anders.
The subject of the book is the theory and practical applications of dynamic temperature sensing (DTS) in the context of high voltage (HV) power cables. The book is addressed to cable system design engineers, cable manufacturers, electric power system operators, engineering students, and scientists. This is the first book addressing a subject of the application of the DTS in HV power cables. DTS systems are used to obtain the temperature readings from the fiber optic sensors either built‐in within the cable or placed on its surface or in close vicinity. Great majority of new HV cables are manufactured today with the fiber built‐in. However, in order to take full advantage of this technology, the owner of the cable needs to familiarize himself/herself with the possibilities it offers. Hence, the book explains the physics of the DTS measurements and offers plenty of practical information about the costs, installation procedures, maintenance, and various applications – focusing on dynamic cable ratings.
The book is aimed as a primary source about the new area of temperature measurements for many different groups. The first group are cable manufacturers, who not only produce the cables with fiber optic links but also often offer the DTS and real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems themselves. The second group will be the DTS manufacturers. There are many companies around the world offering this technology. They usually understand the physics of the temperature sensing but have a limited knowledge of the utility practices, test and quality requirements, and possible rating applications.
The book is also addressed to the cable engineers. These will be utility personnel, contractors, and cable system designers. They usually understand the need for such systems, their output, and test requirements. However, they may lack the knowledge of the physics involved and the book will help them in understanding the opportunities and the limitations of the technology.
Another important group of readers will be comprised of the university students and their teachers. The book will help them appreciate the utility perspective in the application of the DTS technology. The book also has the classroom potential. It would particularly be useful for all the courses related to cable technology. This would include courses on cable construction, heat transfer phenomena in power cables, calculation of current ratings of electric power cables, and also design of ac and dc submarine cables that are being increasingly used to interconnect export from off‐shore wind parks.
Considering the advantages that fiber optic sensors have to offer, it is not surprising their proliferation in a wide variety of modern industries. This book concentrates on the application of this technology in the electric power systems. It is organized as follows:
Chapter 1 contains introduction to fiber optic sensing with examples of several application fields not related to the power systems.
Chapter 2 provides a brief overview and talks about the distinction between single point and distributed measurements and discusses the advantages and disadvantages each of such systems offer.
Chapter 3 discusses the concept of distributed temperature sensing and describes what constitutes such a system as well as its architecture as used in the electrical power industry.
Chapter 4 introduces the reader to the optical fibers, connectors, optical cable construction, and provides some illustrations of these systems.
Chapter 5 provides examples of how optical fibers are incorporated into the land and submarine cables. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various fiber locations inside and outside the power cable.
Chapter 6 discusses the DTS system requirements and reviews the standards for the electromagnetic compatibility. It presents the architecture of a DTS system and how it is integrated into a utility environment. Some of the challenges with this integration and data interpretation are also discussed.
Chapter 7 provides information of the importance of site testing of a DTS system and challenges that a utility may face with the site commissioning tests.
Chapter 8 discusses the relevance and importance of the DTS system calibrators. It also reviews the benefit of such systems and talks about the maintenance issues.
Chapter 9 illustrates how the temperature data may be utilized by the asset owner to optimize the use of their resources and discusses the dynamic circuit ratings of power cables with the data provided by a DTS system.
Chapter 10 Provides several examples of application of DTS systems in a utility environment. It includes a description of retrofitting of the fiber optic cables into existing cable circuits.
Chapter 11 provides some examples of potential future uses of the distributed fiber optical cable system for strain measurement and acoustic applications in power cables.
A large part of the material covered in this book was derived from various projects conducted by British Columbia Hydro (BCH) and from the work performed by various CIGRE and IEEE Working Groups of which the authors of this book were the members. The authors are indebted to Landry Molimbi and Masaharu Nakanishi, members of the CIGRE WG B1.45, who provided background material used in Chapters 4, 7, and 8 of this book. Frequent discussions with DTS vendors contributed greatly to the development of many procedures described herein. In addition, we could have not written this book without an involvement and close association with several individuals who contributed their ideas and took the time to read the manuscript. We are particularly indebted to Dr. M. Ramamoorty and Chris Grodzinski, who have reviewed the entire manuscript and provided several helpful comments.
We would also like to acknowledge the support the authors have received from the Standards Council of Canada (SCC) and several Senior Managers from BCH, as well as the financial assistance of SCC and BCH in supporting our participation in the activities of WG 10 of the IEC and WG B1.45 of CIGRE over many years.
Finally, but by no means last, we would like to thank our families who supported wholeheartedly this endeavor.
Dr. Sudhakar Cherukupalli thanks Management at BC Hydro for allowing the generous use of photos used in many chapters that were taken during several projects executed during the author's association with these projects. Material for this book has been collected through discussions, correspondence, and support from several DTS vendors who were willing to share their current state of knowledge and development in their respective organizations. The challenges posed by the author to many of the DTS vendors helped them to improve and refine their products which have led to great interest in these distributed sensing technologies and apply them in the power industry today.
Dr. Sudhakar Cherukupalli would like to acknowledge retired colleagues from BC Hydro and in particular Joseph Jue, Allen MacPhail, and Takashi Kojima for their support during the world's first installation to harness DTS technology on a 525 kV submarine cable system.