Cover
Contributors
Preface
1. About Cochrane
2. The evidence for Cochrane methodology
3. Ongoing challenges for systematic reviews
4. Undertaking a Cochrane Review
5. About this Handbook
6. What’s new in this edition
7. How to cite this book
8. Acknowledgements
9. The Handbook editorial team
Part One: Core methods
1. 1 Starting a review
  1. 1.1 Why do a systematic review?
  2. 1.2 What is the review question?
  3. 1.3 Who should do a systematic review?
  4. 1.4 The importance of reliability
  5. 1.5 Protocol development
  6. 1.6 Data management and quality assurance
  7. 1.7 Chapter information
  8. 1.8 References
2. 2 Determining the scope of the review and the questions it will address
  1. 2.1 Rationale for well‐formulated questions
  2. 2.2 Aims of reviews of interventions
  3. 2.3 Defining the scope of a review question
  4. 2.4 Ensuring the review addresses the right questions
  5. 2.5 Methods and tools for structuring the review
  6. 2.6 Chapter information
  7. 2.7 References
3. 3 Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Articulating the review and comparison PICO
  3. 3.3 Determining which study designs to include
  4. 3.4 Eligibility based on publication status and language
  5. 3.5 Chapter information
  6. 3.6 References
4. 4 Searching for and selecting studies
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 General issues
  3. 4.3 Sources to search
  4. 4.4 Designing search strategies
  5. 4.5 Documenting and reporting the search process
  6. 4.6 Selecting studies
  7. 4.7 Chapter information
  8. 4.8 References
5. 5 Collecting data
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Sources of data
  3. 5.3 What data to collect
  4. 5.4 Data collection tools
  5. 5.5 Extracting data from reports
  6. 5.6 Extracting study results and converting to the desired format
  7. 5.7 Managing and sharing data
  8. 5.8 Chapter information
  9. 5.9 References
6. 6 Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect
  1. 6.1 Types of data and effect measures
  2. 6.2 Study designs and identifying the unit of analysis
  3. 6.3 Extracting estimates of effect directly
  4. 6.4 Dichotomous outcome data
  5. 6.5 Continuous outcome data
  6. 6.6 Ordinal outcome data and measurement scales
  7. 6.7 Count and rate data
  8. 6.8 Time‐to‐event data
  9. 6.9 Conditional outcomes only available for subsets of participants
  10. 6.10 Chapter information
  11. 6.11 References
7. 7 Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Empirical evidence of bias
  3. 7.3 General procedures for risk‐of‐bias assessment
  4. 7.4 Presentation of assessment of risk of bias
  5. 7.5 Summary assessments of risk of bias
  6. 7.6 Incorporating assessment of risk of bias into analyses
  7. 7.7 Considering risk of bias due to missing results
  8. 7.8 Considering source of funding and conflict of interest of authors of included studies
  9. 7.9 Chapter information
  10. 7.10 References
8. 8 Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Overview of RoB 2
  3. 8.3 Bias arising from the randomization process
  4. 8.4 Bias due to deviations from intended interventions
  5. 8.5 Bias due to missing outcome data
  6. 8.6 Bias in measurement of the outcome
  7. 8.7 Bias in selection of the reported result
  8. 8.8 Differences from the previous version of the tool
  9. 8.9 Chapter information
  10. 8.10 References
9. 9 Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 A general framework for synthesis
  3. 9.3 Preliminary steps of a synthesis
  4. 9.4 Checking data before synthesis
  5. 9.5 Types of synthesis
  6. 9.6 Chapter information
  7. 9.7 References
10. 10 Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses
  1. 10.1 Do not start here!
  2. 10.2 Introduction to meta‐analysis
  3. 10.3 A generic inverse‐variance approach to meta‐analysis
  4. 10.4 Meta‐analysis of dichotomous outcomes
  5. 10.5 Meta‐analysis of continuous outcomes
  6. 10.6 Combining dichotomous and continuous outcomes
  7. 10.7 Meta‐analysis of ordinal outcomes and measurement scales
  8. 10.8 Meta‐analysis of counts and rates
  9. 10.9 Meta‐analysis of time‐to‐event outcomes
  10. 10.10 Heterogeneity
  11. 10.11 Investigating heterogeneity
  12. 10.12 Missing data
  13. 10.13 Bayesian approaches to meta‐analysis
  14. 10.14 Sensitivity analyses
  15. 10.15 Chapter information
  16. 10.16 References
11. 11 Undertaking network meta‐analyses
  1. 11.1 What is network meta‐analysis?
  2. 11.2 Important concepts
  3. 11.3 Planning a Cochrane Review to compare multiple interventions
  4. 11.4 Synthesis of results
  5. 11.5 Evaluating confidence in the results of a network meta‐analysis
  6. 11.6 Presenting network meta‐analyses
  7. 11.7 Concluding remarks
  8. 11.8 Chapter information
  9. 11.9 References
12. 12 Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods
  1. 12.1 Why a meta‐analysis of effect estimates may not be possible
  2. 12.2 Statistical synthesis when meta‐analysis of effect estimates is not possible
  3. 12.3 Visual display and presentation of the data
  4. 12.4 Worked example
  5. 12.5 Chapter information
  6. 12.6 References
13. 13 Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Minimizing risk of bias due to missing results
  3. 13.3 A framework for assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis
  4. 13.4 Summary
  5. 13.5 Chapter information
  6. 13.6 References
14. 14 Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence
  1. 14.1 ‘Summary of findings’ tables
  2. 14.2 Assessing the certainty or quality of a body of evidence
  3. 14.3 Describing the assessment of the certainty of a body of evidence using the GRADE framework
  4. 14.4 Chapter information
  5. 14.5 References
15. 15 Interpreting results and drawing conclusions
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Issues of indirectness and applicability
  3. 15.3 Interpreting results of statistical analyses
  4. 15.4 Interpreting results from dichotomous outcomes (including numbers needed to treat)
  5. 15.5 Interpreting results from continuous outcomes (including standardized mean differences)
  6. 15.6 Drawing conclusions
  7. 15.7 Chapter information
  8. 15.8 References
Part Two: Specific perspectives in reviews
1. 16 Equity and specific populations
  1. 16.1 Introduction to equity in systematic reviews
  2. 16.2 Formulation of the review
  3. 16.3 Identification of evidence
  4. 16.4 Appraisal of evidence
  5. 16.5 Synthesis of evidence
  6. 16.6 Interpretation of evidence
  7. 16.7 Concluding remarks
  8. 16.8 Chapter information
  9. 16.9 References
2. 17 Intervention complexity
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Formulation of the review
  3. 17.3 Identification of evidence
  4. 17.4 Appraisal of evidence
  5. 17.5 Synthesis of evidence
  6. 17.6 Interpretation of evidence
  7. 17.7 Chapter information
  8. 17.8 References
3. 18 Patient‐reported outcomes
  1. 18.1 Introduction to patient‐reported outcomes
  2. 18.2 Formulation of the review
  3. 18.3 Appraisal of evidence
  4. 18.4 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence
  5. 18.5 Chapter information
  6. 18.6 References
4. 19 Adverse effects
  1. 19.1 Introduction to issues in addressing adverse effects
  2. 19.2 Formulation of the review
  3. 19.3 Identification of evidence
  4. 19.4 Appraisal of evidence
  5. 19.5 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence
  6. 19.6 Chapter information
  7. 19.7 References
5. 20 Economic evidence
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 Formulation of the review
  3. 20.3 Identification of evidence
  4. 20.4 Appraisal of evidence
  5. 20.5 Synthesis and interpretation of evidence
  6. 20.6 Chapter information
  7. 20.7 References
6. 21 Qualitative evidence
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 Designs for synthesizing and integrating qualitative evidence with intervention reviews
  3. 21.3 Defining qualitative evidence and studies
  4. 21.4 Planning a qualitative evidence synthesis linked to an intervention review
  5. 21.5 Question development
  6. 21.6 Questions exploring intervention implementation
  7. 21.7 Searching for qualitative evidence
  8. 21.8 Assessing methodological strengths and limitations of qualitative studies
  9. 21.9 Selecting studies to synthesize
  10. 21.10 Selecting a qualitative evidence synthesis and data extraction method
  11. 21.11 Data extraction
  12. 21.12 Assessing the confidence in qualitative synthesized findings
  13. 21.13 Methods for integrating the qualitative evidence synthesis with an intervention review
  14. 21.14 Reporting the protocol and qualitative evidence synthesis
  15. 21.15 Chapter information
  16. 21.16 References
Part Three: Further topics
1. 22 Prospective approaches to accumulating evidence
  1. 22.1 Introduction
  2. 22.2 Evidence surveillance: active monitoring of the accumulating evidence
  3. 22.3 Prospectively planned meta‐analysis
  4. 22.4 Statistical analysis of accumulating evidence
  5. 22.5 Chapter information
  6. 22.6 References
2. 23 Including variants on randomized trials
  1. 23.1 Cluster‐randomized trials
  2. 23.2 Crossover trials
  3. 23.3 Studies with more than two intervention groups
  4. 23.4 Chapter information
  5. 23.5 References
3. 24 Including non‐randomized studies on intervention effects
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 Developing criteria for including non‐randomized studies of interventions
  3. 24.3 Searching for non‐randomized studies of interventions
  4. 24.4 Selecting studies and collecting data
  5. 24.5 Assessing risk of bias in non‐randomized studies
  6. 24.6 Synthesis of results from non‐randomized studies
  7. 24.7 Interpretation and discussion
  8. 24.8 Chapter information
  9. 24.9 References
4. 25 Assessing risk of bias in a non‐randomized study
  1. 25.1 Introduction
  2. 25.2 Biases in non‐randomized studies
  3. 25.3 The ROBINS‐I tool
  4. 25.4 Risk of bias in follow‐up (cohort) studies
  5. 25.5 Risk of bias in uncontrolled before‐after studies (including interrupted time series)
  6. 25.6 Risk of bias in controlled before‐after studies
  7. 25.7 Chapter information
  8. 25.8 References
5. 26 Individual participant data
  1. 26.1 Introduction
  2. 26.2 Collecting IPD
  3. 26.3 Managing and checking IPD
  4. 26.4 Analysis of IPD
  5. 26.5 Reporting IPD reviews
  6. 26.6 Appraising the quality of IPD reviews
  7. 26.7 Chapter information
  8. 26.8 References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.3.a Some advantages and disadvantages of broad versus narrow reviews
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.2.a Examples of population attributes and characteristics
2. Table 3.2.b A process for planning intervention groups for synthesis
3. Table 3.2.c A process for planning outcome groups for synthesis
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.4.a Sensitivity and precision of a search
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.2.a Strengths and limitations of different data sources for systematic r...
2. Table 5.3.a Checklist of items to consider in data collection
3. Table 5.4.a Considerations in selecting data collection tools
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.5.a Formulae for combining summary statistics across two groups: Group 1...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.2.a Definitions of some types of non‐reporting biases
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.2.a Bias domains included in version 2 of the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool...
2. Table 8.2.b Reaching an overall risk‐of‐bias judgement for a specific outcome
3. Table 8.6.a Considerations of risk of bias in measurement of the outcome for dif...
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.3.a Example of categorizing interventions into pre‐defined groups
2. Table 9.3.b Table of study characteristics illustrating similarity of PICO eleme...
3. Table 9.3.c Examples of approaches for selecting one outcome (effect estimate) f...
4. Table 9.5.a Overview of available methods for summary and synthesis
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.12.a Types of missing data in a meta‐analysis
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.4.a Intervention effects, measured as odds ratios of patient dissatisfa...
2. Table 11.4.b Ranking probabilities and mean ranks for intervention effectiveness...
3. Table 11.4.c Results based on the SIDE approach to evaluating local incoherence....
4. Table 11.5.a Steps to obtain the overall confidence ratings (across all GRADE do...
5. Table 11.6.a Example of table presenting a network that compares seven intervent...
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1.a Scenarios that may preclude meta‐analysis, with possible solutions...
2. Table 12.2.a Summary of preferable and acceptable synthesis methods
3. Table 12.4.a Scenario 1: table ordered by study ID, data as reported by study au...
4. Table 12.4.b Scenario 1: intrapartum outcome table ordered by risk of bias, stan...
5. Table 12.4.c Scenarios 2, 3 and 4: available data for the selected outcome from ...
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.3.a Matrix indicating availability of study results for three syntheses...
2. Table 13.3.b Possible sources of asymmetry in funnel plots. Adapted from Egger e...
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1.a Guidance for providing useful explanations in ‘Summary of findings’...
2. Table14.2.a Further guidelines for domain 1 (of 5) in a GRADE assessment: going ...
3. Table 14.2.b Judgements about indirectness by outcome (available in GRADEpro GDT...
4. Table 14.3.a Framework for describing the certainty of evidence and justifying d...
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.5.a Approaches and their implications to presenting results of continuo...
2. Table 15.5.b Application of approaches when studies have used different measures...
3. Table 15.5.c Risk difference derived for specific SMDs for various given ‘propor...
4. Table 15.6.a Implications for research and practice suggested by individual GRAD...
5. Table 15.6.b Suggested narrative statements for phrasing conclusions
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.2.a Checklist for describing and assessing PROMs in clinical trials. Ad...
2. Table 18.4.a Examples of potentially combinable PROMs measuring similar construc...
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1.a Decision algorithm to help prioritize reviews for inclusion of econ...
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.5.a PerSPecTIF Question formulation framework for qualitative evidence ...
2. Table 21.10.a Recommended methods for undertaking a qualitative evidence synthes...
3. Table 21.11.a Contextual and methodological information for inclusion within a t...
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1.a Issues addressed in the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for cluster‐rand...
2. Table 23.2.a Issues addressed in version 2 of the Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for...
3. Table 23.2.b Some possible data available from the report of a crossover trial
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.3.a Bias domains included in the ROBINS‐I tool
2. Table 25.3.b Reaching a risk‐of‐bias judgement for an individual bias domain
3. Table 25.3.c Reaching an overall risk‐of‐bias judgement for a specific outcome
4. Table 25.4.a Bias domains included in the ROBINS‐I tool for follow‐up studies, w...
5. Table 25.5.a Bias domains included in the ROBINS‐I tool for (uncontrolled) befor...
6. Table 25.6.a Bias domains included in the ROBINS‐I tool for controlled before‐af...
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1.a Advantages of the IPD approach to systematic review and meta‐analys...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.4.a Forest plot displaying RoB 2 risk‐of‐bias judgements for each r...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.2.a Example of a forest plot from a review of interventions to pro...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1.a Example of network diagram with four competing interventions a...
2. Figure 11.2.a Illustration of an indirect estimate that compares the effecti...
3. Figure 11.2.b Graphical representation of the indirect comparison ‘doctor’ (...
4. Figure 11.2.c Example of deriving indirect estimate that compares the effect...
5. Figure 11.3.a Example of a network comparing four chemotherapy regimens, whe...
6. Figure 11.4.a Network graph of four interventions for heavy menstrual bleedi...
7. Figure 11.5.a Bar graph illustrating the percentage of information for every...
8. Figure 11.6.a Example of network diagram with lines weighted according to th...
9. Figure 11.6.b Contribution matrix for the network on interventions for heavy...
10. Figure 11.6.c Forest plot for effectiveness in heavy menstrual bleeding betw...
11. Figure 11.6.d Ranking probabilities (rankograms) for the effectiveness of in...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.4.a Possible graphical displays of different types of data. (A) Bo...
2. Figure 12.4.b Forest plot depicting standardized effect estimates (odds rati...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.2.a Results of meta‐analyses of reboxetine versus placebo for acut...
2. Figure 13.3.a Forest plot displaying available and missing results for a met...
3. Figure 13.3.b Hypothetical funnel plots
4. Figure 13.3.c Contour‐enhanced funnel plots
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1.a Example of a ‘Summary of findings’ table
2. Figure 14.1.b Example of alternative ‘Summary of findings’ table
3. Figure 14.2a Levels of the certainty of a body of evidence in the GRADE appr...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.2.a Logic model of school‐based asthma interventions (Harris et al...
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.2.a Considering context and points of contextual integration with ...
2. Figure 21.14.a Decision flowchart for choice of reporting approach for synth...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.2.a Evidence Pipeline
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1.a Algorithm to decide whether a review should include non‐random...

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This edition first published 2019
© 2019 The Cochrane Collaboration

This work is a co‐publication between The Cochrane Collaboration and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Edition History
1e The Cochrane Collaboration

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Higgins, Julian P. T., editor. | Cochrane Collaboration, issuing body.
Title: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions / edited by Julian P.T. Higgins, James Thomas, Jacqueline Chandler, Miranda Cumpston, Tianjing Li, Matthew J. Page, Vivian A. Welch.
Other titles: Cochrane book series.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2019. | Series: Cochrane book series | Includes bibliographical references and index. | “This work is a co-publication between The Cochrane Collaboration and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.”–ECIP title page verso.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019024539| ISBN 9781119536628 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119536611 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119536659 (epub)
Subjects: | MESH: Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) | Evidence-Based Medicine–methods | Meta-Analysis as Topic | Systematic Reviews as Topic
Classification: LCC RA427.3 | NLM W 84.41 | DDC 362.1–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024539

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Cover design by Wiley

Contributors

Akl, Elie A
Department of Internal Medicine
American University of Beirut Medical Center
Beirut
Lebanon

Altman, Douglas G ^*
Centre for Statistics in Medicine
University of Oxford
Oxford
UK

Aluko, Patricia
Institute of Health and Society
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
UK

Askie, Lisa M
NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre
University of Sydney
Sydney
Australia

Beaton, Dorcas E
Institute for Work & Health
Toronto, Ontario
Canada

Berlin, Jesse A
Department of Epidemiology
Johnson & Johnson
Titusville, NJ
USA

Bhaumik, Soumyadeep
The George Institute for Global Health
New Delhi
India

Bingham III, Clifton O
Department of Rheumatology
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD
USA

Boers, Maarten
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Amsterdam UMC
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Amsterdam
The Netherlands

Booth, Andrew
School of Health and Related Research
University of Sheffield
Sheffield
UK

Boutron, Isabelle
METHODS team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS-UMR1153),INSERM/Paris Descartes University;
Centre d' Epidémiologie Clinique Assistance Publique des hôpitaux de Paris;
Cochrane France
Paris
France

Brennan, Sue E
Cochrane AustraliaSchool of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Monash University
Melbourne
Australia

Briel, Matthias
Department of Clinical Research
University of Basel
Basel
Switzerland

Briscoe, Simon
College of Medicine and Health
University of Exeter
Exeter
UK

Busse, Jason W
Department of Anesthesia
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada

Caldwell, Deborah M
Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK

Cargo, Margaret
Health Research Institute
University of Canberra
Canberra
Australia

Carrasco‐Labra, Alonso
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI)
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada
Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science
University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC
USA

Chaimani, Anna
METHODS team Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticsSorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS-UMR1153),INSERM/Paris Descartes University
Paris
France

Chandler, Jacqueline
Wessex Academic Health Science Network University Hospital Southampton
Southampton
UK

Christensen, Robin
Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit The Parker Institute
Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital
Copenhagen
Denmark

Clarke, Mike
Northern Ireland Methodology Hub
Centre for Public Health Queen's University Belfast
Belfast
Northern Ireland

Craig, Dawn
Institute of Health and Society
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
UK

da Costa, Bruno R
Applied Health Research Centre
St. Michael's Hospital
Toronto, Ontario
Canada

Deeks, Jonathan J
Institute of Applied Health Research
University of Birmingham
Birmingham
UK

Devji, Tahira
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI)
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada

Drummond, Michael
Centre for Health Economics
University of York
York
UK

Elbers, Roy G
Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK

El Dib, Regina
Institute of Science and Technology
UNESP ‐ Univ Estadual Paulista
São José dos Campos
Brazil

Eldridge, Sandra
Centre for Primary Care and Public Health
Blizard Institute
Barts and The London
School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London
London
UK

Elliott, Julian H
Cochrane Australia
Monash University
Melbourne
Australia

Flemming, Kate
Department of Health Sciences
University of York
York
UK

Gagnier, Joel J
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Epidemiology
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI
USA

Garside, Ruth
European Centre for Environment and Human Health
University of Exeter Medical School University of Exeter
Truro
UK

Ghersi, Davina
Research Policy and Translation
National Health and Medical Research Council
Canberra
Australia

Glanville, Julie
York Health Economics Consortium
York
UK

Glasziou, Paul
Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare
Bond University
Queensland
Australia

Golder, Su
Department of Health Sciences
University of York
York
UK

Graybill, Erin
Department of Economics
Newcastle University Business School
Newcastle upon Tyne
UK

Guyatt, Gordon H
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI)
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada

Hannes, Karin
Social Research Methodology Group Faculty of Social Sciences
KU Leuven
Leuven
Belgium

Harden, Angela
Institute of Health and Human Development
University of East London
London
UK

Harris, Janet
School of Health and Related Research
University of Sheffield
Sheffield
UK

Hartling, Lisa
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada

Henderson, Catherine
Personal Social Services Unit
London School of Economics and Political Science
London
UK

Hernán, Miguel A
Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Boston, MA
USA

Higgins, Julian PT
Population Health Sciences
Bristol Medical School
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK

Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn
Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO)
Odense University Hospital
Odense
Denmark

Johnston, Bradley C
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Canada

Johnston, Renea V
Monash Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Cabrini Institute
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University
Melbourne
Australia

Jull, Janet
School of Rehabilitation Therapy
Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario
Canada

Junqueira, Daniela R
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada

Klassen, Terry
Manitoba Institute of Child Health
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Canada

Kneale, Dylan
EPPI‐Centre, Institute of Education
University College London
London
UK

Kristjansson, Elizabeth
School of Psychology
Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Lasserson, Toby J
Editorial & Methods Department
Cochrane Central Executive
London
UK

Lefebvre, Carol
Lefebvre Associates Ltd
Oxford
UK

Li, Tianjing
Department of Epidemiology
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Baltimore, MD
USA

Littlewood, Anne
Cochrane Oral Health
University of Manchester
Manchester
UK

Loke, Yoon Kong
Norwich Medical School
University of East Anglia
Norwich
UK

Lundh, Andreas
Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO)
Odense University Hospital
Odense
Denmark

Lyddiatt, Anne
Ingersoll, Ontario
Canada

Marshall, Chris
Institute of Health and Society
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
UK

Maxwell, Lara J
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

McAleenan, Alexandra
Population Health Sciences
Bristol Medical School
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK

McKenzie, Joanne E
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Monash University
Melbourne
Australia

Metzendorf, Maria‐Inti
Institute of General Practice
Medical Faculty of the Heinrich‐Heine‐University Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Germany

Noel‐Storr, Anna
Radcliffe Department of Medicine
University of Oxford
Oxford
UK

Noyes, Jane
School of Health Sciences
Bangor University
Bangor
UK

Ostelo, Raymond W
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Amsterdam UMC
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Amsterdam
The Netherlands

Page, Matthew J
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Monash University
Melbourne
Australia

Pantoja, Tomás
Department of Family Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Santiago
Chile

Pardo Pardo, Jordi
Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Patrick, Donald L
Health Services and Epidemiology
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA

Peryer, Guy
University of East Anglia
Norwich
UK

Petkovic, Jennifer
Bruyère Research Institute
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Petticrew, Mark
Faculty of Public Health and Policy
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
London
UK

Rader, Tamara
Evidence Standards
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Reeves, Barnaby C
Translational Health Sciences Bristol Medical School
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK

Rehfuess, Eva
Pettenkofer School of Public Health
Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology
LMU Munich
Munich
Germany

Robalino, Shannon
Institute of Health and Society
Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
UK

Ryan, Rebecca E
Cochrane Consumers and Communication Group
Centre for Health Communication and Participation
La Trobe University
Melbourne
Australia

Salanti, Georgia
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine
University of Bern
Bern
Switzerland

Santesso, Nancy
Department of Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact (HEI)
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada

Savović, Jelena
Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK

Schünemann, Holger J
Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI) and of Medicine
McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
Canada

Shea, Beverley
Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute;
School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Shemilt, Ian
EPPI‐Centre
University College London
London
UK

Shokraneh, Farhad
Cochrane Schizophrenia Group
Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology
Institute of Mental Health School of Medicine
University of Nottingham
Nottingham
UK

Simmonds, Mark
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
University of York
York
UK

Singh, Jasvinder
School of Medicine
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA

Skoetz, Nicole
Department of Internal Medicine
University Hospital of Cologne
Cologne
Germany

Sterne, Jonathan AC
Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School
University of Bristol
Bristol
UK

Stewart, Lesley A
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
University of York
York
UK

Stott, David J
Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine
Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
UK

Takwoingi, Yemisi
Institute of Applied Health Research
University of Birmingham
Birmingham
UK

Terwee, Caroline B
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute
Amsterdam UMC
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Amsterdam
The Netherlands

Thomas, James
EPPI‐Centre, Department of Social Science
University College London
London
UK

Thomson, Denise
Department of Pediatrics
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada

Thomson, Hilary J
MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
UK

Tierney, Jayne F
MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL
Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology
London
UK

Tugwell, Peter
Department of Medicine & School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa;
Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Ueffing, Erin
Centre for Practice‐Changing Research
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Vale, Luke
Health Economics Group
Institute of Health and Society Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne
UK

Vist, Gunn E
Department of Preventive, Health Promotion and Organisation of Care
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Oslo
Norway

Vohra, Sunita
Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada

Welch, Vivian A
Bruyère Research Institute
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Wells, George A
School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa;
University of Ottawa Heart Institute
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada

Wieland, L Susan
Center for Integrative Medicine
Department of Family and Community Medicine
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD
USA

Williams, Katrina
Department of Paediatrics,Monash University;
Developmental Paediatrics, Monash Children's Hospital;
Neurodisability and Rehabilitation,
Murdoch Children's Research Institute
Melbourne
Australia

Williamson, Paula R
Department of Biostatistics
University of Liverpool
Liverpool
UK

Wilson, Edward CF
Health Economics Group Norwich Medical School
University of East Anglia
UK

Young, Camilla
Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
UK

Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

Contributors

Note