Cover
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Electrochemical Performance Analyses of Biofilms
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Electrochemical Principles
3. 1.3 Cyclic Voltammetry
4. 1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
5. 1.5 Electrochemical Noise (ECN) Technique
6. 1.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
9. Further Reading
10. Take‐home Message
11. Test Yourself
2 Direct Electron Transfer in Redox Enzymes and Microorganisms
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Wiring Enzymes to the Electrode Surface
3. 2.3 Wiring Microorganisms to the Electrode Surface
4. References
5. Take‐home Message
6. Test Yourself
3 Electrochemical Techniques and Applications to Characterize Single‐ and Multicellular Electric Microbial Functions
1. 3.1 Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Functions and Processes
2. 3.2 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Single‐cell Processes
3. 3.3 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Biofilm Processes
4. 3.4 Techniques to Analyze Nanowires
5. References
6. Take‐home Message
7. Test Yourself
4 Electrochemical Analysis of Single Cells
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Single‐cell Analysis Applications and Current Technologies
3. 4.3 Electrochemical Methods for Single‐cell Analysis
4. 4.4 Microelectrodes for Single‐cell Analysis
5. 4.5 Electroluminescence‐based Single‐cell Measurements
6. 4.6 Lab‐on‐chip‐based Single‐cell Analysis
7. 4.7 Conclusion
8. References
9. Take‐home Message
10. Test Yourself
5 Biocorrosion
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Microorganisms Involved in Corrosion
3. 5.3 Mechanisms
4. 5.4 Biocorrosion Control Strategies
5. 5.5 Materials Vulnerable to Biocorrosion
6. 5.6 Biocorrosion of Biomedical Implants
7. 5.7 Biocorrosion Detection Techniques
8. 5.8 Conclusion
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
11. Further Reading
12. Take‐home Message
13. Test Yourself
6 Microbial Fuel Cells
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells
3. 6.3 Measuring Performance
4. 6.4 MFC Configuration
5. 6.5 Materials
6. 6.6 Limitations in MFCs
7. 6.7 Other MFC‐based Technologies
8. 6.8 Pilot‐scale MFCs
9. References
10. Take‐home Message
11. Test Yourself
7 Biophotovoltaics
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Photocurrent Generation with Biological Catalysts
3. 7.3 Photosynthetic Microbes as Photobioelectrocatalysts in BESs
4. 7.4 Biocatalysts of Photosynthetic Organisms
5. 7.5 Electron Transfer in Microalgae During Photosynthesis (Light Reaction)
6. 7.6 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria
7. 7.7 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria
8. 7.8 Models of Solar Energy Conversion Devices
9. 7.9 Applications and Future Perspectives
10. 7.10 Conclusion
11. References
12. Take‐home Message
13. Test Yourself
8 An Insight into Plant Microbial Fuel Cells
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Different Types of Plants and Their Bioelectricity Generation Capabilities
3. 8.3 Bioprocess Structure
4. 8.4 Variation in PMFC Types, Operating Conditions, Design, Electrodes, and Membranes Used
5. 8.5 PMFCs as New Electricity Generation Technology
6. 8.6 Challenges of PMFCs
7. 8.7 Conclusion
8. References
9. Take‐home Message
10. Test Yourself
9 Electroanalytical Techniques for Investigating Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Conventional Biofilm Investigation Techniques
3. 9.3 Electroanalytical Techniques
4. 9.4 Electrode Polarization
5. 9.5 Voltammetry (LSV)
6. 9.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
7. 9.7 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (e‐QCM)
8. 9.8 Conclusion
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
11. Take‐home Message
12. Test Yourself
10 Progress in Development of Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Electrode Materials in MFCs
3. 10.3 Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrodes
4. 10.4 Conclusion
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
7. Take‐home Message
8. Test Yourself
11 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve Electron Transfer Rateat the Microbe–Anode Interface in Microbial Fuel Cells
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) Mechanisms from the Microbe to the Anode
3. 11.3 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve the EET Rate from Microbes to Anode
4. 11.4 Synthetic Biology to Optimize Current Generation by Yeast
5. 11.5 Conclusion
6. References
7. Take‐home Message
8. Test Yourself
12 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs)
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Fundamentals of MEC Technology
3. 12.3 Crucial Factors Governing the Performance of MECs
4. 12.4 Current Applications of MECs
5. 12.5 Conclusion
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
8. Take‐home Message
9. Test Yourself
13 Microbial Desalination Cells
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Overview of Desalination Cells
3. 13.3 MDC Applications and Concepts
4. 13.4 Desalination in MDCs
5. 13.5 Different Configurations of MDCs
6. 13.6 Conclusion
7. References
8. Take‐home Message
9. Test Yourself
14 Microbially Charged Redox Flow Batteries for Bioenergy Storage
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Redox Flow Batteries
3. 14.3 Organic Compounds for RFBs
4. 14.4 Coupling RFBs with Renewable Energy Production Technologies
5. 14.5 Future Perspectives
6. 14.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
9. Take‐home Message
10. Test Yourself
15 Artificial Photosynthesis
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 Basic Principles of Natural Photosynthesis
3. 15.3 Artificial Photosynthetic Systems
4. 15.4 Strategies for Improvement of Photoelectrode Performance
5. 15.5 Operational Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells and Solar‐to‐Fuel Devices
6. 15.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
9. Take‐home Message
10. Abbreviations
11. Test Yourself
16 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Production of Valuable Compounds
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 From Electricity to Product
3. 16.3 Conclusion
4. Acknowledgments
5. References
6. Take‐home Message
7. Test Yourself
17 Modernization of Biosensing Strategies for the Development of Lab‐on‐Chip Integrated Systems
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Types of Biosensors
3. 17.3 Lab‐on‐Chip Technologies
4. 17.4 Conclusion
5. Acknowledgment
6. References
7. Take‐home Message
8. Test Yourself
18 Electrochemical Immunosensors
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 Immunosensors in Protein Immunoassays
3. 18.3 Types of Immunosensors
4. 18.4 Impedimetric Immunosensors
5. 18.5 Potentiometric Immunosensors
6. 18.6 Voltammetric and Amperometric Immunosensors
7. 18.7 Conductometric Immunosensors
8. 18.8 Capacitive Immunosensors
9. 18.9 Role of Nanomaterials in Immunosensors
10. 18.10 Applications of Immunosensors
11. 18.11 Conclusion
12. References
13. Take‐home Message
14. Test Yourself
19 Recent Updates on Inkjet‐Printed Sensors
1. 19.1 Introduction
2. 19.2 Inkjet‐Printed Electrochemical‐Based Sensors
3. 19.3 Inkjet‐Printed Colorimetric‐based Sensors
4. 19.4 Inkjet‐Printed Fluorescence‐based Sensors
5. 19.5 Other Techniques and Developed Devices
6. 19.6 Summary and Future Perspectives
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
9. Take‐home Message
10. Test Yourself
20 Electrochemical Systems for Healthcare Applications
1. 20.1 Introduction
2. 20.2 Point‐of‐care Sensor Systems
3. 20.3 Wearable Electrochemical Systems
4. 20.4 Implantable Electrochemical Nanodevices
5. 20.5 Conclusion
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
8. Take‐home Message
9. Test Yourself
21 Synthetic Strategies of Nanobioconjugates for Bioelectrochemical Applications
1. 21.1 Introduction
2. 21.2 Fabrication Processes of Nanobioconjugated Systems
3. 21.3 Applications of Nanobioconjugates
4. 21.4 Conclusion
5. References
6. Take‐home Message
7. Test Yourself
22 Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanointerface for Food, Water Quality, and Healthcare Applications
1. 22.1 Introduction
2. 22.2 Enzymatic Redox‐type Biosensors
3. 22.3 Water
4. 22.4 Enzymatic Inhibition–type Biosensors
5. 22.5 Water Quality
6. 22.6 Conclusion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
9. Take‐home Message
10. Test Yourself
23 Enzymatic Electrode–Electrolyte Interface Study During Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules
1. 23.1 Introduction
2. 23.2 Conducting Substrates for Sensing Applications
3. 23.3 Sensing Techniques
4. 23.4 Electrochemical Techniques for Sensing Analytes
5. 23.5 Different Modified Electrodes for Enzyme Functionalization
6. 23.6 A Plausible Mechanism of Electron Transfer: An Electrochemical Equivalent Circuit Analysis
7. 23.7 Enzyme‐less Glucose Oxidation: Off Course for a New Generation?
8. 23.8 Conclusion
9. References
10. Take‐home Message
11. Test Yourself
24 Quantum Dots for Bioelectrochemical Applications
1. 24.1 Introduction
2. 24.2 Nanotechnology
3. 24.3 Structure of QDs
4. 24.4 Characteristics of QDs
5. 24.5 Synthesis Processes
6. 24.6 Electrochemical Sensing of QDs
7. 24.7 Biosensor Technology
8. 24.8 Bioelectrochemical Applications of QDs
9. 24.9 QDs: Modeling and Optimizations
10. 24.10 Conclusion
11. References
12. Take‐home Message
13. Test Yourself
25 Enzymatic Self‐powered Biosensing Devices
1. 25.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cells
2. 25.2 Electron Transfer Mechanisms
3. 25.3 Enzyme Immobilization
4. 25.4 EFC‐based Biosensors
5. 25.5 Conclusion
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
8. Take‐home Message
9. Test Yourself
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Characteristics of different circuit components.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Power‐generating bacteria throughdirect electron transfer (DET) mec...
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Microorganisms involved in biocorrosion on different materials.
2. Table 5.2 Types of pipeline pigs and their applications.
3. Table 5.3 Common biocides used in the industry.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Anode materials and catalysts.
2. Table 6.2 Review of cathode catalysts.
3. Table 6.3 Review of separators.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Roles of multidisciplinary fields associated withplant microbial fu...
2. Table 8.2 Comparison of variousmicrobial fuel cells’ (MFCs) performance...
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Voltage obtained with sulfate‐reducing bacteria using different che...
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Comparison of properties of carbon‐based electrode materials.
2. Table 10.2 Cost overview of various electrode materials.
3. Table 10.3 Selected reports on graphene as anode and cathode material inmicro...
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Synthetic biology strategies implemented to improve microbial cata...
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Performance of MEC with different feedstocks, electrodes, applied ...
2. Table 12.2 Performance ofmicrobial electrolysis cells (MECs) with different t...
3. Table 12.3 Pilot‐scale experience on MEC technology for wastewater treatment ...
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different configurations ofmicrobi...
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Main differences between aqueous and non‐aqueousredox flow batteri...
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Photocurrent density values obtained for selected water‐splitting ...
2. Table 15.2 Possible reaction pathways for CO₂ reduction with their correspond...
3. Table 15.3 Selected hydrogen‐evolving photocathodes and their photochemical p...
4. Table 15.4 Selected CO₂‐reducing photocathodes and their photochemical proper...
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Reported examples of cathodic biocatalysts used in electrically en...
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Far‐reaching rundown of nanomaterials‐based impedimetric biosensor...
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 List of examples of nanobioconjugated systems: the characteristics...
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 Major milestones in the field of biosensors.
2. Table 22.2 Some gold nanoparticle–based electrochemical sensors for healthcar...
3. Table 22.3 Some silver nanoparticle–based electrochemical sensors for healthc...
4. Table 22.4 Some ionic liquid–based electrochemical sensors for healthcare and...
5. Table 22.5 Some carbon nanomaterial–based electrochemical sensors for healthc...
6. Table 22.6 Some nanostructured metal oxide–based electrochemical sensors for ...
7. Table 22.7 Some metal–organic frameworks–based electrochemical sensors for he...
8. Table 22.8 Some conductive polymer and core–shell nanomaterials–based electro...
9. Table 22.9 The normal levels of biomolecules in human blood serum.
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Electroanalytical sensing parameters of glucose oxidation on vario...
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Some of the most studied bioelectrochemical applications ofquantum...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Representation of cyclic voltammogram.
2. Figure 1.2 Cyclic voltammogram representation of reversible, irreversible,...
3. Figure 1.3 Cyclic voltammograms of carbon cloth electrodes: (a) No peaks w...
4. Figure 1.4 Cyclic voltammograms for the graphite polyester composite elect...
5. Figure 1.5 Cyclic voltammograms of the Mn–GPECE composite electrodes measu...
6. Figure 1.6 (a) Peak currents versus scan rate in control. (b) Cyclic volta...
7. Figure 1.7 Graphical representation of (a) direct current (DC) and (b) alt...
8. Figure 1.8 Sinusoidal current response in a linear system.
9. Figure 1.9 Capacitive and inductor circuit.
10. Figure 1.10 Representation of a Nyquist plot.
11. Figure 1.11 Frequency representation of a Bode plot.
12. Figure 1.12 Determination of the Warburg coefficient.
13. Figure 1.13 Representation of Randle's cell circuit.
14. Figure 1.14 Nyquist plot of an MFC using carbon cloth.
15. Figure 1.15 Equivalent circuit with mixed kinetic and charge transfer cont...
16. Figure 1.16 Nyquist plot of an MFC with multilayer films assembled on a ca...
17. Figure 1.17 Equivalent circuit of (a) abiotic cathode and (b) biotic catho...
18. Figure 1.18 Equivalent circuit of (a) anode, (b) cathode, (c) Nyquist plot...
19. Figure 1.19 Equivalent circuit for Geobacter‐catalyzed MFCs (Srikanth et a...
20. Figure 1.20 Equivalent circuit for MFCs (Jung 2012).
21. Figure 1.21 Nyquist plot of modified graphite polyester composite electrod...
22. Figure 1.22 Electrochemical cell assembly for electrochemical noise measur...
23. Figure 1.23 (a, b) Potential and current noise records for control; (c, d)...
24. Figure 1.24 Cumulative probability plots of (a) f_n and (b) q for 316 L...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of a direct electron transfer (DET) mech...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Drawings of outer‐membrane c‐type cytochrome (OM Cyt ...
2. Figure 3.2 Schematic graphs of (a) single‐potential amperometry (SA), ...
3. Figure 3.3 Connections between extracellular electron transport (EET) and in...
4. Figure 3.4 (a) The schematic configuration of an interdigitated array (IDA) ...
5. Figure 3.5 A diagram for an atomic force microscope with bacteria and nanowi...
6. Figure 3.6 (i) (a) Tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) amplitude imag...
7. Figure 3.7 Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) schematics. In STM, tunneling...
8. Figure 3.8 (i) Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of isolated nanowi...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 View of the detection system in single‐cell experiments. A carbon...
2. Figure 4.2 Steps in photolithography from top to bottom: (1) Wafer preparati...
3. Figure 4.3 2D and 3D microelectrode arrays (MEAs). (a) A variety of silicon ...
4. Figure 4.4 Whole‐cell equivalent circuit of a chromaffin cell. The cell memb...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Schematic representation of differential aeration cells.
2. Figure 5.2 Representation of Tafel plots to determine the corrosion current ...
3. Figure 5.3 Potentiodynamic polarization curves of specimens in abiotic and b...
4. Figure 5.4 Nyquist plots for S32654 super‐austenitic stainless steel coupons...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 A microbial fuel cell (MFC).
2. Figure 6.2 A polarization curve showing the effects of (a) electrode activat...
3. Figure 6.3 Three‐electrode system voltammetry setup.
4. Figure 6.4 (a) Linear sweep voltammogram, and (b) cyclic voltammogram.
5. Figure 6.5 A Nyquist plot.
6. Figure 6.6 (a, b) Bode plots.
7. Figure 6.7 A Randles circuit (resistance offered by the electrical double la...
8. Figure 6.8 (a) Single‐chamber air cathode, (b) dual‐chamber air cathode, (c)...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Simple illustration of a photophosphorylation reaction in an alga...
2. Figure 7.2 Electron transport during photophosphorylation in microalgae. P68...
3. Figure 7.3 Schematic representation of the Calvin cycle. (i) Carboxylation, ...
4. Figure 7.4 The mechanism of electron transfer in purple photosynthetic bacte...
5. Figure 7.5 Mechanism of interspecies direct electron transfer (DET) along e‐...
6. Figure 7.6 Role of e‐pili in Fe(III) oxide reduction and as nanowire sensors...
7. Figure 7.7 Heterologous expression of pili gene in Geobacter sulfurreducens....
8. Figure 7.8 Mechanism of electron transfer in cyanobacteria.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Schematic overview of a plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC).
2. Figure 8.2 Three main mechanisms for extracellular electron transfer (EET) p...
3. Figure 8.3 Mediated electron transfer in a bacterial cell.
4. Figure 8.4 (a) Tubular and (b) flat‐plate designs of a plant microbial fuel ...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Electron transfer mechanisms involved in exoelectrogenic/anodophi...
2. Figure 9.2 Basic two‐electrode setup used for electrochemical investigation ...
3. Figure 9.3 (a, b) Three and four‐electrode setups used for electrochemical a...
4. Figure 9.4 Voltage obtained by sulfate‐reducing bacteria using simulated was...
5. Figure 9.5 A typical polarization and power density (PD) curve. (a) Polariza...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Schematic showing the setup, benefits, applications, and output ...
2. Figure 10.2 Schematic showing the maximum output that can be generated, and ...
3. Figure 10.3 Properties required for desirable electrode material.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Microbial fuel cell (MFC) principle. Organic carbon molecules ar...
2. Figure 11.2 Extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanisms in Geobacter su...
3. Figure 11.3 Synthesis of phenazine‐derived electron shuttles (ESs) by Pseudo...
4. Figure 11.4 Microbial cell functions targeted with synthetic biology to impr...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Schematic representation of a typical two‐chamber MEC and its op...
2. Figure 12.2 Schematic representation of extracellular electron transport (EE...
3. Figure 12.3 Key factors governing the performance of the MECs.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Overview of anodic and cathodic reactions in a bioelectrochemica...
2. Figure 13.2 Schematic of different electrical conductive configurations of e...
3. Figure 13.3 Schematic diagram of a microbial desalination cell.
4. Figure 13.4 Schematic diagram of an air cathode microbial desalination cell ...
5. Figure 13.5 Schematic diagram of a biocathode microbial desalination cell (M...
6. Figure 13.6 Schematic diagram of a stacked microbial desalination cell (MDC)...
7. Figure 13.7 Schematic diagram of a recirculation microbial desalination cell
8. Figure 13.8 Schematic diagram of a microbial electrolysis desalination and c...
9. Figure 13.9 Schematic diagram of a capacitive microbial desalination cell (M...
10. Figure 13.10 Schematic diagram of an upflow microbial desalination cell (MDC...
11. Figure 13.11 Schematic diagram of an osmotic microbial desalination cell (MD...
12. Figure 13.12 Schematic diagram of a bipolar membrane microbial desalination ...
13. Figure 13.13 Schematic diagram of a decoupled microbial desalination cell (M...
14. Figure 13.14 Schematic diagram of a separator coupled stacked circulation mi...
15. Figure 13.15 Schematic diagram of an ion exchange resin–coupled microb...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Simplified scheme of a redox flow cell (RFC).
2. Figure 14.2 Redox flow cell (RFC) (a) assembled with electrochemical species...
3. Figure 14.3 Refox flow cell (RFC) performances: (a) polarization curve and (...
4. Figure 14.4 Distribution of energy densities (Wh/L) reported for vanadium RF...
5. Figure 14.5 Redox potential of various reversible inorganic and organic redo...
6. Figure 14.6 Power densities reported for MFCs (normalized to electrode‐proje...
7. Figure 14.7 Microbially charged redox flow cell (MRFC) battery.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Linear and cyclic electron transfer paths in oxygenic photosynth...
2. Figure 15.2 Energetics of the components of the photosynthetic electron tran...
3. Figure 15.3 Room temperature XFEL structure of the native PS II complex (lef...
4. Figure 15.4 X‐ray structure of the PSI complex and its association with the ...
5. Figure 15.5 Selected full APS devices. (a) A schematic presentation containi...
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Basic principles of electrical‐driven production of biofuels and...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Detailed classification of a biosensor based on biorecognition a...
2. Figure 17.2 Schematic diagram of a simple electrochemical biosensor (EBs) an...
3. Figure 17.3 Schematic representations of a conductometric biosensor. Nguyen‐...
4. Figure 17.4 Schematic representation of an impedimetric biosensor of a graph...
5. Figure 17.5 Schematic representations of simple principles of potentiometric...
6. Figure 17.6 Graphical presentation of a fiber‐optic biosensor. (a) Different...
7. Figure 17.7 Representations of surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensor in simp...
8. Figure 17.8 Schematic presentation of a DNA‐based biosensor with electrostat...
9. Figure 17.9 Schematic representation of a RNA‐based biosensor with fluoresce...
10. Figure 17.10 Schematic representations of a microfluidic device with an ampe...
11. Figure 17.11 Representations of one type of microfluidic biosensor with cond...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Types of immunosensors based on different types of signals produ...
2. Figure 18.2 Schematic representation of the electrochemical immunosensor.
3. Figure 18.3 (a) A typical Nyquist diagram for AC impedance measurements; and...
4. Figure 18.4 Schematic view of impedimetric biosensors fabricated by differen...
5. Figure 18.5 Principle of impedance coupled with dielectrophoresis and electr...
6. Figure 18.6 Schematic representation of potentiometric immunosensors.
7. Figure 18.7 Schematic representation of amperometric immunosensors.
8. Figure 18.8 Schematic representation of conductometric immunosensors.
9. Figure 18.9 Applications of immunosensors.
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Recent developments using inkjet printing technology.
2. Figure 19.2 Nanofiber (NF)‐based electrode with a patterned conductive laye...
3. Figure 19.3 Electrochemical properties and acute recording ex vivo. (a) Elec...
4. Figure 19.4 An inkjet‐printed reduced graphene oxide (IrGO)‐based dopa...
5. Figure 19.5 Electrochemical human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (
6. Figure 19.6 Schematic view of fully printed glucose microfluidic sensor: (a)...
7. Figure 19.7 An optical signal from the glucose biosensor: (a) reflection spe...
8. Figure 19.8 Synthetic scheme for the fabrication of graphene oxide (GO) comp...
9. Figure 19.9 Fabrication and multidimensional thermal imaging of ionic liquid...
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 Evolution of biosensor technologies from invasive to non‐invasiv...
2. Figure 20.2 Schematic representation of first‐generation point‐of‐care...
3. Figure 20.3 Interdigitated electrodes integrated in a portable potentiostat ...
4. Figure 20.4 Schematic representation of fabrication of thermally stable immu...
5. Figure 20.5 Schematic representation of second‐generation point‐of care...
6. Figure 20.6 Portable electrochemical readers that can be employed in electro...
7. Figure 20.7 (a) Photograph of a USB‐based electrochemical analyzer showing t...
8. Figure 20.8 A magnetic disc–based printed electrode platform for salivary co...
9. Figure 20.9 Photograph of an integrated electrochemical instrument.
10. Figure 20.10 (a) Schematic representation of tailor‐made stretchable materia...
11. Figure 20.11 (a) Conductive carbon yarn–based dopamine sensors. (b) Uricase ...
12. Figure 20.12 (a) Bare cotton yarn, (b) dyeing with carbon nanotube (CNT) ink...
13. Figure 20.13 (a) Roll‐to‐roll gravure printing of biocompatible electrode ar...
14. Figure 20.14 (a) Schematic of the band‐based skin‐mounted wearable drug‐moni...
15. Figure 20.15 Photograph of the platform attached to the body and scanning el...
16. Figure 20.16 (Left: a–d) Protocol involved in the formation of T3 electroche...
17. Figure 20.17 (i–iii) (a) Schematic of bandage sensor fabrication steps; (b) ...
18. Figure 20.18 (a) T‐shirt attached with wearable sensors and energy harvester...
19. Figure 20.19 Minimally invasive probes for neurochemical recording. (a) A fu...
20. Figure 20.20 Conceptual diagram of a generic biomedical device.
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Types of conjugational techniques. (a) Chemical conjugation, (b)...
2. Figure 21.2 (A) Schematic preparation of double‐codified label using AuNPs (...
3. Figure 21.3 Schematic representation of the fabrication of immunosensors and...
4. Figure 21.4 (A) Schematic illustration of the double‐codified nanosilica par...
5. Figure 21.5 (A) Schematic diagram for the fabrication of the PEC biosensor. ...
6. Figure 21.6 (A) Schematic representation of the synthetic routes toward bioc...
7. Figure 21.7 Chemical synthesis of nanobioconjugate from PMLA through the pre...
8. Figure 21.8 Schematic representation of general strategies for the fabricati...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Working mechanism of a biosensor.
2. Figure 22.2 Different nanomaterials used in electrochemical biosensors.
3. Figure 22.3 Enzymatic reaction of methylglyoxal by platinum electrode modifi...
4. Figure 22.4 Pathway of cholesterol oxidase enzyme reaction.
5. Figure 22.5 Generalized scheme of electrochemical fructose sensor based on f...
6. Figure 22.6 Generalized scheme of fabrication of electrochemical catechol se...
7. Figure 22.7 (a) Schematic representation of synthesis of Abs/GOXext/Au nanop...
8. Figure 22.8 Schematic presentation of MIP‐GN modified GCE fabrication and de...
9. Figure 22.9 Fabrication of Co_0.6Fe_2.4O₄ nanocubes self‐assembly monolayer at...
10. Figure 22.10 FE‐SEM micrographs of F‐doped CdO thin film with various magnif...
11. Figure 22.11 Schematic representation of the working principle of an enzyme ...
12. Figure 22.12 Effects of different types of reversible inhibitors on enzyme k...
13. Figure 22.13 Electrochemical reactions involved in the response measurement ...
14. Figure 22.14 Electrochemical reactions involved in the response measurement ...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Schematic representations of various glucose sensor generations ...
2. Figure 23.2 Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of 2.5 μM glucose on an enzyme‐decorated...
3. Figure 23.3 Schematic representation of the mechanism of glucose oxidation o...
4. Figure 23.4 (a) Nyquist plot of measured and calculated electrochemical impe...
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Illustration of core–shell interaction of quantum dots (QDs) fun...
2. Figure 24.2 Illustration of size‐dependent photo luminescence properties of
3. Figure 24.3 Scheme of enzymatic biosensor for substrate and inhibitor.
4. Figure 24.4 General design and working principle of DNA biosensor (Asal et a...
5. Figure 24.5 Possible immunoassay binding configurations: (a) sandwich struct...
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 Schematic illustration for (a) direct electron transfer (DET) an...
2. Figure 25.2 Schematic representation of the four principal techniques for en...
3. Figure 25.3 Enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) setup.
4. Figure 25.4 A self‐powered biosensor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarker ...
5. Figure 25.5 Self‐powered biosensors based on affinity biorecognition element...

List of Contributors

Peyman Abdeshahian
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Agriculture, Shoushtar Branch Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar
Iran

M. Madalena Alves
Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga
Portugal

Sambandam Anandan
Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab Department of Chemistry
National Institute of Technology
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
India

Levent Aydın
Department of Mechanical Engineeringİzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir
Turkey

K. Jayanth Babu
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
India

Somdipta Bagchi
School of Infrastructure
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar, Odisha
India

T. Balamurugan
Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division Central Electrochemical Research Institute
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
India

Ashokkumar Balasubramaniem
Department of Genetic Engineering School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University
Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Sónia G. Barbosa
Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga Portugal

Suddhasatwa Basu
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
India
and
CSIR‐Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha
India

Manaswini Behera
School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar, Odisha
India

Sheela Berchmans
Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division
Central Electrochemical Research Institute
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
India

Shekhar Bhansali
Bio‐MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Florida International University, Miami, FL
USA

Lakshmishri Ramachandra Bhat
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
India

Pranjal Chandra
Laboratory of Bio‐Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering
Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati, Assam
India

C. Chandrasatheesh
Department of Applied Science and Technology
A.C. Tech., Anna University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
India

Xiao Deng
Department of Applied Chemistry The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
and
International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Japan

Célia Dias‐Ferreira
Research Centre for Natural Resources
Environment and Society (CERNAS)
Coimbra College of Agriculture
Coimbra, Portugal
and
Department of Science and Technology Universidade Aberta
R. Almirante Barroso, 38‐4ºpiso
1000‐013 Lisboa
Portugal

Willsingh Anbu Durai
Department of Inorganic Chemistry
School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University
Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Erdal Eroğlu
Department of Bioengineering
Manisa Celal Bayar University
Manisa, Turkey

Manuela F. Frasco
BioMark, Sensor Research/ISEP, School of Engineering
Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto
Portugal

D. Gangadharan
Department of Sciences
Amrita School of Engineering Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
India

Dipankar Ghosh
Microbial Engineering Group Department of Biotechnology
JIS University
Kolkata, West Bengal
India

Alexis Guionet
International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba
Japan

Manju Bhargavi Gumpu
Department of Physics
National Institute of Technology
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
India

Aidil Abdul Hamid
School of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Faculty of Science and Technology
National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia

Ademola Hammed
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND
USA

Shakila Harshavardhan
Department of Molecular Microbiology School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Hassimi Abu Hasan
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia
and
Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO)
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia

Arockia Jayalatha JBB
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
SASTRA Deemed University
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
India

J. Jayapriya
Department of Applied Science and Technology
A.C. Tech., Anna University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
India

Angelaalincy Maria Joseph
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University
Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Abudukeremu Kadier
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia
and
Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO)
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
National University of Malaysia (UKM) Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia

Mohd Sahaid Kalil
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia
and
Research Centre for Sustainable Process Technology (CESPRO)
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
National University of Malaysia (UKM)
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia

Vairamani Kanagavel
Department of Electronics
St. Joseph’s College
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
India

Joanna Kargul
Solar Fuels Laboratory
Center of New Technologies University of Warsaw
Warsaw, Poland

Małgorzata Kiliszek
Solar Fuels Laboratory
Center of New Technologies
University of Warsaw
Warsaw, Poland

Annamalai Senthil Kumar
Nano and Bioelectrochemistry Research Lab
Department of Chemistry
School of Advanced Studies
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, Tamil Nadu
India
and
Carbon Dioxide Research and Green Technology Centre Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore, Tamil Nadu
India

Ashish Kumar
School of Materials Science and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
India

Smita S. Kumar
Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India

Vivek Kumar
Centre for Rural Development and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India

Chen‐Zhong Li
Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA
and
Department of Nursing
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH
USA

Shweta J. Malode
Electrochemistry and Materials Group Department of Chemistry
K. L. E. Institute of Technology
Hubballi, Karnataka
India
and
Visvesvaraya Technological University
Jnana Sangama, Machhve
Belagavi, Karnataka
India

Naresh Kumar Mani
Department of Biotechnology
Manipal Institute of Technology
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Manipal, Karnataka
India
and
Manipal McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Manipal, Karnataka
India

Pandiaraj Manickam
Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division CSIR‐Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
India

Rajan Mariappan
Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory Department of Natural Products Chemistry School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Adélio Mendes
Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE)
Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto
Porto, Portugal

Waheed Miran
International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Japan

Azah Mohamed
Research Centre for Integrated Systems Engineering and Advanced Technologies (INTEGRA) Faculty of Engineering and Built EnvironmentNational University of Malaysia (UKM)
Bangi, Selangor
Malaysia

S. Venkata Mohan
Bioengineering and Environmental Science Lab CEEFF, CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR‐IICT)
Hyderabad, Telangana
India

Kaustubha Mohanty
Center for Energy
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati, Assam
India
and Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati, Assam
India

Felismina T.C. Moreira
BioMark, Sensor Research/ISEP
School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto
Porto, Portugal

Maedeh Mozneb
Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA
and
Department of Nursing Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH
USA

Muralidharan Murugan
International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Japan
and
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University
Sapporo, Japan

Noel Nesakumar
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials
(CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu,
India
and
Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division CSIR‐Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
India

Akihiro Okamoto
International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Japan
and
Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University
Sapporo, Japan

Alka Pareek
Bioengineering and Environmental Science Lab, CEEFF, CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
(CSIR‐IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana
India

Luciana Peixoto
Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB)
University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga Portugal

Maria Alcina Pereira
Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB)
University of Minho
Campus de Gualtar, Braga Portugal

Varalakshmi Perumal
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

İlker Polatoğlu
Department of Bioengineering
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa
Turkey

Anusha Prabhu
Department of Biotechnology
Manipal Institute of Technology
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Manipal, Karnataka
India

Rajiv Prakash
School of Materials Science and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
India

Pankaj Kumar Rai
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Center, Barkatullah University (BU)
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
India

Sam Ebenezer Rajadas
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University
Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Sangeetha Ramalingam
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University
Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

V. Ramamurthy
Department of Biotechnology
PSG College of Technology
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
India

Kalpana Ramaraju
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University
Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Andy Ramu
Department of Inorganic Chemistry
School of Chemistry
Madurai Kamaraj University
Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Komal Rani
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
India

Pablo Rodriguez
Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA
and
Department of Nursing
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH
USA

Sharmili Roy
Laboratory of Bio‐Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering
Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati, Assam
India

Junki Saito
Department of Applied Chemistry
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
and
International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Japan

M. Goreti F. Sales
BioMark, Sensor Research/ISEPSchool of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto
Porto, Portugal

Márcia S.S. Santos
Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB)
University of Minho
Campus de Gualtar, Braga
Portugal
Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE)
Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto
Portugal
and
Research Centre for Natural Resources Environment and Society (CERNAS)
Coimbra College of Agriculture, Coimbra
Portugal

Pranab Jyoti Sarma
Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam
India

Gunaseelan Sathaiah
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

T. Selvamani
Nanomaterials and Solar Energy Conversion Lab Department of Chemistry
National Institute of Technology
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
India

Pushpalatha Selvaraj
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Swati Sharma
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND
USA

Nagaraj P. Shetti
Electrochemistry and Materials Group
Department of Chemistry K. L. E. Institute of Technology Hubballi, Karnataka
India
and
Visvesvaraya Technological University
Jnana Sangama, Machhe
Belagavi, Karnataka
India

Halis Simsek
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND
USA

Priya Singh
School of Materials Science and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
India

Periyasamy Sivagurunathan
Department of Bioenergy
Indian Oil, R&D Centre Sector 13
Faridabad, Haryana
India

Christine Smothers
Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA
and
Department of Nursing
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH
USA

Apurva Sonawane
Bio‐MEMS and Microsystems Laboratory
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Florida International University
Miami, FL
USA

S.P. Thipperudraswamy
Central Instrument Facility, CSIR‐Central Electrochemical Research Institute
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu
India

Pier‐Luc Tremblay
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, P.R. China
and
School of Chemistry
Chemical Engineering and Life Science
Wuhan University of Technology
Wuhan, P.R. China

Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar
Department of Molecular Microbiology
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, Tamil Nadu
India

Tian Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan, P.R. China
and
School of Chemistry
Chemical Engineering and Life Science
Wuhan University of Technology
Wuhan, P.R. China