Cover
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Enabling the Verticals of 5G: Network Architecture, Design and Service Optimization
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Use Cases
3. 1.3 5G Network Architecture
4. 1.4 RAN Functional Decomposition
5. 1.5 Designing a 5G Network
6. 1.6 Network Latency
7. 1.7 5G Network Architecture Design
8. 1.8 Summary
9. Acknowledgements
10. References
2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks and 5G Connected Industries
1. 2.1 Overview
2. 2.2 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
3. 2.3 Industrial Traffic Types and Its Critical Nature
4. 2.4 Existing Works and Standards
5. 2.5 Ultra‐Reliable Low‐Latency Communications (URLLC) in IWSNS
6. 2.6 Summary
7. References
3 Haptic Networking Supporting Vertical Industries
1. 3.1 Tactile Internet Use Cases and Requirements
2. 3.2 Teleoperation Systems
3. Acknowledgment
4. References
4 5G‐Enhanced Smart Grid Services
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Smart Grid Services and Communication Requirements
3. 4.3 Smart Grid Services Supported by 5G Networks
4. 4.4 Summary and Future Research
5. Acknowledgment
6. References
5 Evolution of Vehicular Communications within the Context of 5G Systems
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Vehicular Connectivity
3. 5.3 Data Dissemination
4. 5.4 Towards Connected Autonomous Driving
5. 5.5 Conclusions
6. References
6 State‐of‐the‐Art of Sparse Code Multiple Access for Connected Autonomous Vehicle Application
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Sparse Code Multiple Access
3. 6.3 State‐of‐the‐art
4. 6.4 Conclusion and Future Work
5. References
7 5G Communication Systems and Connected Healthcare
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Use Cases and Technical Requirements
3. 7.3 5G Communication System
4. 7.4 Value Chain, Business Model and Business Case Calculation
5. 7.5 Conclusions
6. References
8 5G: Disruption in Media and Entertainment
1. 8.1 Multi‐Channel Wireless Audio Systems for Live Production
2. 8.2 Video
3. 8.3 Immersive Media
4. References
9 Towards Realistic Modelling of Drone‐based Cellular Network Coverage
1. 9.1 Overview of Existing Models for Drone‐Based Cellular Network Coverage
2. 9.2 Key Objectives and Organization of this Chapter
3. 9.3 Motivation
4. 9.4 System Model
5. 9.5 UAV Coverage Model Development
6. 9.6 Trade‐Offs Between Coverage Radius, Beamwidth and Height
7. 9.7 Impact of Altitude, Beamwidth and Radius on RSS
8. 9.8 Analysis for Different Frequencies and Environments
9. 9.9 Comparison of Altitude and Beamwidth to Control Coverage
10. 9.10 Coverage Probability with Varying Tilt Angles and Asymmetric Beamwidths
11. 9.11 Coverage Analysis with Multiple UAVs
12. 9.12 Conclusion
13. Acknowledgment
14. References
15. Appendix A Derivation of Equation (9.14)
10 Intelligent Positioning of UAVs for Future Cellular Networks
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Applications of UAVs in Cellular Networks
3. 10.3 Strategies for Positioning UAVs in Cellular Network
4. 10.4 Reinforcement Learning
5. 10.5 Simulations
6. 10.6 Conclusion
7. References
11 Integrating Public Safety Networks to 5G: Applications and Standards
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Public Safety Scenarios
3. 11.3 Standardization Efforts
4. 11.4 Future Challenges and Enabling Technologies
5. 11.5 Conclusion
6. References
12 Future Perspectives
1. 12.1 Enabling Rural Connectivity
2. 12.2 Key Technologies for the Design of beyond 5G Networks
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 ITU‐R and 3GPP one‐way radio interface latency targets [12].
2. Table 1.2 Network latency figures for cell site to network node (source...
3. Table 1.3 Estimated 5G latency performance (source: BT [13]).
4. Table 1.4 URLLC and mMTC use cases.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Traffic categories and affiliated attributes in IWSNs.
2. Table 2.2 Typical delay and update requirements for industrial processe...
3. Table 2.3 PHY layer parameters for IEEE 802.15.4 [31].
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Classification 5G use cases with examples and their correspon...
2. Table 3.2 Performance of control schemes based on delay.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 A summary of communication requirements for different smart g...
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Comparisons of different decoding schemes with regard to the ...
2. Table 6.2 Summary of current representative efforts on SCMA systems.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Requirements for robot sensors and signals [19].
2. Table 7.2 Number of service robots and indoor (ID) cells per location i...
3. Table 7.3 Assumptions for the care provider business case calculation [...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Video streaming capabilities of mobile networks in practice a...
2. Table 8.2 Example applications of virtual and augmented reality.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Environment and frequency dependent parameters.
2. Table 9.2 Comparison between circular and hexagonal packing in terms of...
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 State‐of‐the‐art UAV positioning solutions in cellular netwo...
2. Table 10.2 Simulation Parameters [15].
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 A brief history and evolution of Public Safety Networks (PSN...
2. Table 11.2 Supported ProSe functions in 3GPP release 12 to enable D2D c...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Diverse network requirements of 5G.
2. Figure 1.2 3GPP EN‐DC network architecture.
3. Figure 1.3 Example use cases for 5G network capabilities.
4. Figure 1.4 5G network architecture – reference point representation.
5. Figure 1.5 5G service‐based architecture.
6. Figure 1.6 RAN protocol architecture as discussed in 3GPP TR 38.801.
7. Figure 1.7 RAN functional split Option 2 DU – CU split architecture.
8. Figure 1.8 F1 interface with split CU control and user plane entities.
9. Figure 1.9 Mobile network structure and site types.
10. Figure 1.10 High‐level architecture and latency considerations.
11. Figure 1.11 Base network architecture ready for 5G overlay.
12. Figure 1.12 Initial 5G network overlay for eMBB use case.
13. Figure 1.13 User plane and service platform distribution to aggregation si...
14. Figure 1.14 User plane and service platform distribution to access sites....
15. Figure 1.15 Service enabled cell site for ultra‐low latency use cases.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 IWSN Architecture.
2. Figure 2.3 Frame error rate for the proposed scheme with two RC channel an...
3. Figure 2.4 Frame error rate for the proposed scheme with six RC channels a...
4. Figure 2.5 Frame error rate for the proposed scheme with nine RC channels ...
5. Figure 2.2 Frame error rate for typical IEEE 802.15.4e (LLDN) with one RC ...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Use case scenario.
2. Figure 3.2 A classification of teleoperation systems.
3. Figure 3.3 The main challenges in haptic communication over 5G network.
4. Figure 3.4 A teleoperation system block diagram [12].
5. Figure 3.5 Wave variable control scheme for teleoperation system.
6. Figure 3.6 Smith Predictor with FR architecture [32].
7. Figure 3.7 A bilateral teleoperation system using the time‐domain passivit...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Illustration of an AMI testbed [5].
2. Figure 4.2 Collected energy consumption data from a residential unit using...
3. Figure 4.3 Illustration of peak load shifting in DSM.
4. Figure 4.4 Periodic 15‐minutes DLC events [9]. (a) Energy consumption duri...
5. Figure 4.5 Performance of SRTCS charging and discharging coordination for ...
6. Figure 4.6 Performance of spatial and temporal charging coordination of mo...
7. Figure 4.7 Demand shaping of EVs using price control strategy [18].
8. Figure 4.8 Illustration of the network virtualization concept.
9. Figure 4.9 Summary of the application of 5G concepts in supporting smart g...
10. Figure 4.10 Illustration of SDN application in smart grid data collection....
11. Figure 4.11 Illustration of the two‐tier cloud‐based DSM solution.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 V2X communications in 3GPP Rel.14 (a) V2X communication over PC...
2. Figure 5.2 Reference architecture for LTE V2X (PC5‐based) [5].
3. Figure 5.3 Reference architecture for LTE V2X (eMBMS‐based) [5].
4. Figure 5.4 Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) process.
5. Figure 5.5 5GAA Co‐Existence Options.
6. Figure 5.6 Mobile Edge Computing framework [12].
7. Figure 5.7 Network slicing example.
8. Figure 5.8 MQTT performance on localhost (a) QoS vs Time (b) QoS vs Bandwi...
9. Figure 5.9 MQTT performance on AWS (host on same region) (a) Load vs CPU U...
10. Figure 5.10 Car‐to‐car communication consortium technology roadmap.
11. Figure 5.11 Car‐to‐car communication consortium application roadmap.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Multiple Access Schemes: (a) TDMA; (b) FDMA; (c) CDMA; (d) OFDM...
2. Figure 6.2 Number of codebooks as a function of K and N.
3. Figure 6.3 Encoding procedure in SCMA.
4. Figure 6.4 SCMA encoder (K = 4, N = 2 and J = 6).
5. Figure 6.5 Contention transmission unit definition [9].
6. Figure 6.6 Blind detection receiver [10].
7. Figure 6.7 16‐point SCMA constellation for codewords with 2 non‐zero eleme...
8. Figure 6.8 Mother constellation design for representing two or three bits ...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 WTS: Examples of signals and parameters exchanged between a rem...
2. Figure 7.2 WTS: Examples of 5G system and performance requirements [12–15]...
3. Figure 7.3 WSR: Examples of signals exchanged between the MEC server and r...
4. Figure 7.4 5G definition and 3GPP 5G content roadmap [24].
5. Figure 7.5 3GPP 5G architecture options and network migration strategies....
6. Figure 7.6 NG‐RAN CU‐DU and high layer and low layer protocols split.
7. Figure 7.7 5GC and end‐to‐end network slicing [23].
8. Figure 7.8 5G QoS Concept [29].
9. Figure 7.9 3GPP 5G security enhancements [32].
10. Figure 7.10 3GPP NSA Option 3x security deployment: a) without CU‐DU split...
11. Figure 7.11 3GPP SA Option 2 security deployment: a) without CU‐DU split; ...
12. Figure 7.12 Examples of feasible OFDM numerology options for different spe...
13. Figure 7.13 5G Massive MIMO narrow beam design for 3D shaping.
14. Figure 7.14 Packet duplication in DC and CA; conceptually applicable to LT...
15. Figure 7.15 Example of 5G deployment scenario on EPC/5GC with end‐to‐end n...
16. Figure 7.16 Cumulative cash flow (Net Present Value) for Connectivity Serv...
17. Figure 7.17 Cumulative cash flow (Net Present Value) for Robot Care Servic...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Average relative bit rate for a fixed quality. The x265 and x26...
2. Figure 8.2 Head‐mounted display for 360^o/VR/AR applications.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 System model.
2. Figure 9.2 (a) Antenna gain at m with varying heights for different be...
3. Figure 9.3 (a) Coverage radius against height for different beamwidths. (b...
4. Figure 9.4 (a) Mean received signal with varying height for . (b) Mean ...
5. Figure 9.5 Mean received signal on ground with varying beamwidths . (a)...
6. Figure 9.6 Antenna gain at m with varying radius for different beamwidt...
7. Figure 9.7 PDF of RSS on ground with changing altitude of UAV for (a)
8. Figure 9.8 PDF of RSS on ground with changing altitude of UAV for . (a)...
9. Figure 9.9 Coverage radius against beamwidth for varying frequency and env...
10. Figure 9.10 (a) and (b): Gradient of coverage radius with respect to beamw...
11. Figure 9.11 (a) and (b): Coverage probability at and m with symmetr...
12. Figure 9.12 Coverage probability with varying tilt angles at and m....
13. Figure 9.13 Circle packing versus hexagonal packing for . (a) Circle pa...
14. Figure 9.14 (a) Minimum number of UAVs versus radius of desired area for d...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 The envisioned scenario, with a truck‐mounted base station to ...
2. Figure 10.2 Block diagram of how RL works [1].
3. Figure 10.3 Manhattan grid urban layout [4].
4. Figure 10.4 UAV flying at a height , and with an antenna with an apertu...
5. Figure 10.5 Users in outage for every episode, comparing positioning the U...
6. Figure 10.6 Average dissatisfaction of users on the ECN scenario, consider...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Supported scenarios for Proximity Services (ProSe).
2. Figure 11.2 FirstNet PS standardization process.
3. Figure 11.3 Evolution of PS features in 3GPP.
4. Figure 11.4 D2D ProSe network architecture [10].

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About the Editors

Muhammad Ali Imran is the Vice Dean Glasgow College UESTC and Professor of Communication Systems in the School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow. He leads the Communications, Sensing and Imaging research group. He was awarded his MSc (Distinction) and PhD degrees from Imperial College London, UK, in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He is an Affiliate Professor at the University of Oklahoma, USA and a visiting Professor at 5G Innovation Centre, University of Surrey, UK. He has over 18 years of combined academic and industry experience, working primarily in the research areas of cellular communication systems. He has been awarded 15 patents, has authored/co‐authored over 300 journal and conference publications, and has been principal/co‐principal investigator on over £6 million in sponsored research grants and contracts. He has supervised 30+ successful PhD graduates. He has an award of excellence in recognition of his academic achievements, conferred by the President of Pakistan. He was also awarded IEEE Comsoc's Fred Ellersick Award 2014, FEPS Learning and Teaching Award 2014, and Sentinel of Science Award 2016. He was twice nominated for Tony Jean's Inspirational Teaching Award. He is a shortlisted finalist for The Wharton‐QS Stars Awards 2014, QS Stars Reimagine Education Award 2016 for innovative teaching and VC's learning and teaching award in University of Surrey. He is the co‐editor of two books: Access, Fronthaul and Backhaul Networks for 5G and Beyond, published by IET, ISBN 9781785612138, and Energy Management in Wireless Cellular and Ad‐hoc Networks, published by Springer, ISBN 9783319275666. He is a senior member of IEEE, Fellow of IET and a Senior Fellow of Higher Education Academy (SFHEA), UK.

Yusuf Abdulrahman Sambo received the MSc degree (Distinction) in Mobile and Satellite Communications, in 2011, and the PhD degree in electronic engineering in 2016, from the Institute for Communication Systems (ICS, formally known as CCSR) of the University of Surrey. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the mobility, massive Internet Communications, Sensing and Imaging (CSI) research group at the University of Glasgow. Prior to joining the University of Glasgow, he was a Lecturer in Telecommunications Engineering at Baze University, Abuja from June 2016 to September 2017. His main research interests include self‐organized networks, radio resource management, EM exposure reduction, energy efficiency and 5G testbed implementation. He is a member of IEEE and the IET. He has served as technical program committee member of several IEEE conferences and as reviewer for several IEEE and other top journals. He has also contributed in organizing IEEE conferences and workshops.

Qammer H. Abbasi received his BSc and MSc degrees in electronics and telecommunication engineering from University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan (with Distinction). He received his Ph.D. degree in Electronic and Electrical engineering from Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), UK, in January, 2012. Until June 2012, he was Postdoctoral Research Assistant in Antenna and Electromagnetics group, QMUL, UK. From 2012 to 2013, he was international young scientist under National Science Foundation China (NSFC), and Assistant Professor in University of Engineering and Technology (UET), KSK, Lahore. From August, 2013 to April 2017 he was with the Centre for Remote Healthcare Technology and Wireless Research Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University (TAMUQ), initially as an Assistant Research Scientist and later was promoted to an Associate Research Scientist and Visiting Lecturer. Currently Dr Abbasi is a Lecturer (Assistant Professor) in University of Glasgow in the School of Engineering in addition to Visiting Lecturer (Assistant Professor) with Queen Mary University of London (QMUL). Dr Abbasi has grant portfolio of around £3.5 million, contributed to a patent and more than 180 leading international technical journal and peer‐reviewed conference papers, in addition to five books, and received several recognitions for his research. His research interests include nano communication, the Internet of Things, 5G and its applications to connected health, RF design and radio propagation, applications of millimetre and terahertz communication in healthcare and agri‐tech, wearable and flexible sensors, compact antenna design, antenna interaction with human body, implants, body‐centric wireless communication issues, wireless body sensor networks, non‐invasive healthcare solutions and physical layer security for wearable/implant communication. Dr Abbasi is an IEEE senior member and was Chair of IEEE young professional affinity group. He is an Associate Editor for IEEE Access journal, IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, Advanced Electromagnetics Journal and acted as a guest editor for numerous special issues in top‐notch journals including Elsevier's Nano Communication Networks. He is member of the IEEE 1906.1.1 standard committee on nano communication and is also a member of IET and committee member for the IET Antenna & Propagation and healthcare network. Dr Abbasi has been a member of the technical program committees of several IEEE flagship conferences and technical reviewer for several IEEE and top‐notch journals. He contributed in organizing several IEEE conferences, workshop and special sessions in addition to a European School of Antennas course.

List of Contributors

Wasim Ahmad
School of Engineering
University of Glasgow
Glasgow

Nauman Aslam
Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies
Northumbria University
Newcastle

Konstantinos Antonakoglou
Department of Informatics
Kings College London

Islam Safak Bayram
Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI)
Hamad Bin Khalifa University
Qatar

Mehrdad Dianati
Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG)
University of Warwick
Coventry

Fabrizio Granelli
Department of Engineering and Information Science
University of Trento
Italy

Chong Han
pureLiFi
Edinburgh

Sajjad Hussain
School of Engineering
University of Glasgow
Glasgow

Ali Imran
Artificial Intelligence for Networks (AI4Networks) Lab
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Oklahoma
Tulsa, USA

Matteo Innocenti
Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria Careggi
Firenze
Italy

Muhammad Ismail
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Texas A&M University at Qatar
Qatar

Kostas Katsaros
Digital Catapult
London

Stamos Katsigiannis
School of Engineering and Computing
University of the West of Scotland
Paisley

Paulo Valente Klaine
School of Engineering
University of Glasgow
Glasgow

Hoa Le‐minh
Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering
Northumbria University
Newcastle

Yi Lu
Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG)
University of Warwick
Coventry

Maliheh Mahlouji
Department of Informatics
Kings College London

Toktam Mahmoodi
Centre for Telecommunications Research
Department of Informatics
Kings College London

Carsten Maple
Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG)
University of Warwick
Coventry

Alex Mouzakitis
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Software Engineering Research
Jaguar Land Rover
Coventry

João Pedro Battistella Nadas
School of Engineering
University of Glasgow
Glasgow

Huan Nguyen
Department of Design Engineering and Mathematics
Middlesex University London

Rafaela de Paula Parisotto
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Brazil

Khalid Qaraqe
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Texas A&M University at Qatar
Qatar

Haneya Naeem Qureshi
Artificial Intelligence for Networks (AI4Networks) Lab
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Oklahoma
Tulsa, USA

Naeem Ramzan
School of Engineering and Computing
University of the West of Scotland
Paisley

Mohsin Raza
Department of Design Engineering and Mathematics
Middlesex University London

Usman Raza
Toshiba Research Europe Limited
Cambridge

Erchin Serpedin
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
Texas A&M University
College Station
Texas, USA

Luis Sequeira
Department of Informatics
Kings College London

David Soldani
Huawei
Australia

Richard D. Souza
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Brazil

Andy Sutton
British Telecom
Warrington
United Kingdom

Muhammad Usman
Department of Engineering and Information Science
University of Trento
Italy

Preface

Recent technological advances have resulted in the creation of vertical industries that provide niche services that were hitherto non‐existent only a decade ago. These industries are highly dependent on the availability and reliable exchange of data between multiple locations. As such, there is a consensus among analysts and opinion leaders that data will be the key driver in the fourth industrial revolution. Given the scale of devices to be connected in each vertical industry and the vast amount of data to be exchanged between multiple points, it is obvious that wireless communication is the leading enabler of the services envisioned by these industries. However, the current wireless communication systems have several technical limitations that would inhibit the actualization of the targets of these vertical industries. Hence, it is paramount to redesign wireless communication systems to take into account the holistic operational requirements of the vertical industries to enable them to reach the new productivity domains.

Mobile communication devices have rapidly evolved to become ubiquitous in our everyday lives. Although they were generally used for voice communication in the early days of the mobile communication system, steady advancement in research has paved the way for a significant increase in Spectral Efficiency (SE), which resulted in a paradigm shift towards wireless data communication. This transition has led to an increase in data rate from 50 kbps in 2G systems to 1 Gbps in the current 4G systems. Unfortunately, the popularity of wireless communications and the increasing demand for high data rates comes with the challenge of a dramatic increase in the energy consumption of these networks. Consequently, researchers had to focus on designing energy‐efficient networks that would increase the amount of bits transmitted per joule of energy or reduce the energy required to transmit a bit of data.

Unlike existing generations of wireless communication systems that have simply been upgrades mostly in terms of SE and Energy Efficiency (EE), the fifth‐generation mobile communication network (5G) seeks to bring about a revolution in the way mobile systems are perceived. It is envisioned that augmented reality, virtual reality, tele‐robotics, remote surgery and haptic communication will be the revolutionary applications of 5G. Accordingly, 5G promises to stretch the limits of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of current systems by taking into account several criteria such as latency, resilience, connection density and coverage area, alongside the traditional SE and EE criteria. 5G has design targets of sub‐millisecond end‐to‐end latency, 100‐fold increase in typical user data rates, 100 times increase in connection density and 10 times increase in EE, compared to current systems. This makes 5G the prime candidate to support a wide range of vertical industries.

Given that each vertical industry has its specific requirements for optimal service delivery, the 5G communication system will have to provide tailor‐made solutions for each industry against the “one size fits all anywhere, anytime” approach of current systems. In order to achieve this, novel techniques such as Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), new waveforms, carrier aggregation and network slicing would form the basis of 5G.

This book evaluates advances in the current state‐of‐the‐art and provides readers with insights on how 5G can seamlessly support vertical industries. It explores the recent advances in theory and practice of 5G and beyond communication systems that provide support for specific industrial sectors such as smart transportation, connected industries, e‐healthcare, smart grid, media and entertainment and disaster management. Furthermore, this book highlights how 5G and beyond communication systems can accommodate the unique frameworks and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of vertical industries for efficient and cost‐effective service delivery. Each chapter in the book is designed to focus on how 5G would enable a specific vertical industry.

Chapter presents 5G network architecture, design and service optimization. The author introduces the latest Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) release of 5G (Release 15), which contains specifications of a new radio interface that connects to an enhanced evolved packet core, referred to as EPC+. The author also sheds light on the expected specifications of 3GPP Release 16, which will fully exploit 5G for vertical industries. Furthermore, the author describes 5G use cases families as identified by the Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), which are broadband access in dense areas, broadband accessibility everywhere, higher user mobility, massive Internet of Things (IoT), extreme real‐time communications, lifeline communications, ultra‐reliable communications and broadcast‐like services. These use cases enable support for various vertical industries. 5G network architecture is also introduced, with the author describing the new functional blocks, interfaces, control and user plane splitting, radio access network, as well as the integration of NFV and SDN to form a virtualized architecture. The chapter also covers the process of deploying a 5G network overlaid on current networks. The author concludes the chapter by proclaiming, “There is not an industry or business sector that will not be impacted by the introduction of 5G in support of an increasingly connected and automated digital workplace.”

In Chapter , the authors provide a comprehensive description of technology improvements, industrial processes and control requirements for the fourth industrial revolution. The authors make a case for and provide insights into how wireless sensor networks of the future can benefit from novel 5G technologies to improve efficiency in industrial processes. The chapter compares the typical QoS requirements of industrial applications based on battery life, security and update frequency, and then presents a detailed overview of the Industrial Wireless Sensor Network (IWSN) architecture, including node specifications, network topologies and channel access strategies. After highlighting the importance of Ultra‐Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) for IWSNs, the chapter proposes a hybrid multi‐channel scheme for performance and throughput enhancement of IWSNs whereby multiple frequency channels are used to implement URLLC in IWSNs. The scheme utilizes a novel priority‐based scheduler for retransmission of failed packets on a special frequency channel, and frequency polling to mitigate collisions. This approach brings about a reduction in frame error rate, and improvement in reliability.

Chapter presents the concept of haptic communication and examine the requirements for Tactile Internet to support haptic communication in terms of QoS, QoE and KPIs. Given that haptic teleoperation deals with a human operator controlling an actuator via a communication channel, the authors provide a classification of teleoperation systems based on the type of control system employed. Furthermore, they review the methodologies for teleoperation stability control and haptic data reduction, and then examine the necessary components of the haptic communication infrastructure by taking into account the 5G architecture, 3GPP components as well as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) NFV management and orchestration capabilities.

In Chapter , the authors examine how novel 5G concepts such as network slicing, cloud computing, SDN and NFV provide revolutionary features that perfectly fit the communication requirements of smart grid services. The authors provide an overview of future smart grid architecture and the services it is expected to support by categorizing them into data collection and management services. These services support enhanced grid monitoring, as well as control and operation services.

Chapter provides an overview of the evolution of vehicular communication systems towards 5G and show how vehicular applications and services have changed over the years. The authors present a detailed description of the 3GPP specifications for cellular‐based vehicle‐to‐everything (C‐V2X) systems from Release 14 through the full standalone 5G system specifications in Release 16 on one hand, and the Dedicated Short‐Range Communication (DSRC) on the other hand. Furthermore, a comparison is made between C‐V2X and DSRC in terms of channel access, coverage, deployment cost and security among others. The authors also dwell on key 5G technologies that are enablers for V2X services and data dissemination for vehicular communication platforms that could support efficient cloud‐based Intelligent Transportation Services (ITS) services through the use of middlewares. Additionally, the chapter analyses the evolution of V2X communication technologies alongside the services they support. The authors assert that there is still lack of insight on the required rollout investments, business models and expected profit for future ITS.

Chapter assesses how the Sparse Code Multiple Access (SCMA) can be used to support high Quality of Experience (QoE) for drivers and passengers of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs). The authors describe the fundamental principle of SCMA and provide a comprehensive literature review of the advances made in the direction of SCMA as a candidate for 5G air interface, specifically in the case of CAVs. Moreover, the chapter identifies the gaps in the adoption of SCMA in vehicular communication systems.

In Chapter , the authors evaluate how URLLC would enhance healthcare delivery and examine two notable use cases – Wireless Tele Surgery (WTS) and Wireless Service Robot (WSR). WTS involves using robotic platforms with audio, video and haptic feedback to perform surgery in remote locations, while WSR deals with robots taking on the role of social caregivers for the sick and elderly in care homes. The authors describe the technical requirements for the implementation of these use cases and 5G key enabling technologies to meet the performance, dependability and security targets for Tele‐healthcare. Included in the chapter is a detailed business model and cost analysis that a Tele‐healthcare provider would encounter when delivering the corresponding services on a 5G system.

In Chapter , the authors elucidate how 5G would disrupt the media and entertainment industry by enabling trends in audio‐visual and immersive media. The authors identify the key challenges of this industry, which are capacity, latency and traffic prioritization, and show how 5G would support the services envisioned for the media industry. They start by providing a comprehensive overview of audio‐video systems covering wireless audio use case in live production, video compression algorithms, streaming protocols and the requirements for video streaming over mobile networks by considering both practical and theoretical speeds of current mobile networks as well as 5G. With immersive media – augmented reality, virtual reality and 360‐degree videos – being considered as the killer applications for 5G, the authors identify numerous use cases as well as the specific QoS requirements for each application and then show how these requirements are within the purview of 5G. In concluding the chapter, the authors posit, “the proliferation of 5G networks will spearhead the adoption of 360°/VR technology in various sectors of the (media) industry and everyday life, and become the catalyst for the expansion of the relevant market”.

Chapter presents a realistic mathematical model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)‐based cellular coverage that considers a practical directional 3D antenna. The chapter derives analytical expressions for coverage as function of UAV height, beamwidth and coverage radius, and analyses the trade‐offs among these factors. Based on in‐depth analysis on the effect of altitude and beamwidth on UAV coverage, the authors assert that antenna beamwidth is a more practical design parameter to control coverage, contrary to UAV altitude that is commonly used by researchers. Finally, the authors propose a novel hexagonal packing theory to determine the number of UAVs required to cover a given area.

In Chapter , the authors make a case for the use of UAVs to complement cellular systems in order to increase network capacity at certain locations or provide coverage in areas where the existing network cannot. They further present applications of UAVs in cellular networks such as communication in rural areas, data gathering from large‐scale wireless sensor deployments, pop‐up networks and emergency communications, among others. They then propose an intelligent UAV positioning framework for 5G networks, which leverages on reinforcement learning to determine the best location to deploy the swarm of UAV base stations in an emergency communication scenario.

Chapter provides a comprehensive survey of public safety networks and their historical transition from analogue systems towards 5G. The authors describe the standardization efforts made to support the inevitable convergence of different public safety communication networks to incorporate narrowband and wideband systems as well as the recent trends in communication technologies by pointing out the activities of various standardization bodies such as 3GPP, Open Mobile Alliance, Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Solutions, APCO Global Alliance and Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA). They further identify connectivity, interoperability and security, among others, as the challenges faced by public safety networks and highlight key 5G technologies to mitigate these challenges.

Finally, in Chapter , we make a case for rural mobile data connectivity and the role of government in fast‐tracking rural network deployment. Furthermore, we identify and provide insights into some key technologies that would further the gains of 5G in terms of expanding the scope of 5G use cases and applications to new productivity spheres. These technologies include blockchain, terahertz communication, light fidelity (LiFi) and wireless power transfer and energy harvesting and are worth considering in the design of beyond 5G mobile communication systems.