Cover
Volume 1
1. About the Editors
2. List of Contributors
3. Preface
4. Section I Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense
  1. 1 Regulated Suicide for Survival
    1. 1.1 Introduction
    2. 1.2 PCD: Versatile But Programmed in Functional Plant Biology
    3. 1.3 PCD through ROS Network in Plant Cell
    4. 1.4 Mechanisms of ROS‐Mediated PCD in Plant Cell
    5. 1.5 ROS Signaling Network in Regulating Plant PCD
    6. 1.6 Future Prospects
    7. References
  2. 2 Iron and Its Catalytic Properties on Radical Generation
    1. 2.1 Introduction
    2. 2.2 Iron‐Dependent Oxidative Metabolism
    3. 2.3 Role of Chelators on Fe‐Dependent Oxidant Production
    4. 2.4 Cellular Fe Distribution in Plants and Animals
    5. 2.5 Experimental Alternatives Related to the Operational Definition of LIP
    6. 2.6 LIP Changes Under Stress Situations in Plants and Animals
    7. 2.7 Conclusions
    8. Acknowledgments
    9. References
  3. 3 Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) and Their Role in Regulating Abiotic Stress induced Oxidative Stress in Plants
    1. 3.1 Introduction
    2. 3.2 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Their Effects in Plants Experiencing Abiotic Stress
    3. 3.3 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Isoenzymes in Plants
    4. 3.4 Regulation, Expression and Interaction Network of Superoxide Dismutase Isozymes
    5. 3.5 SOD Mediated Improvement in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
    6. 3.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
    7. Acknowledgments
    8. References
  4. 4 The Role of Ascorbate‐Glutathione Pathway in Reactive Oxygen Species Balance Under Abiotic Stresses
    1. 4.1 Introduction
    2. 4.2 Water Availability
    3. 4.3 Salinity
    4. 4.4 Extreme Temperatures
    5. 4.5 Insolation
    6. 4.6 Metals (Metalloids)
    7. 4.7 Nanoparticles
    8. 4.8 Combination of Stresses
    9. 4.9 Conclusion
    10. Acknowledgment
    11. References
  5. 5 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense Under Combined Waterlogging and Salinity Stresses
    1. 5.1 Introduction
    2. 5.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Oxidative Stress
    3. 5.3 Effects of Oxidative Stress
    4. 5.4 Enzymatic Components
    5. 5.5 Non‐enzymatic Components
    6. 5.6 Aerenchyma Formation and Root Modifications
    7. 5.7 Conclusions and Future Projections
    8. References
  6. 6 Role of Polyamines in Protecting Plants from Oxidative Stress
    1. 6.1 Introduction
    2. 6.2 Discovery of Polyamines
    3. 6.3 Important Physiological Effects of Polyamines in Plants
    4. 6.4 Role of Polyamines in Combating Oxidative Stress
    5. 6.5 Polyamine and H₂O₂
    6. 6.6 Exogenous Polyamine
    7. 6.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective
    8. References
  7. 7 Role of Glutathione in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
    1. 7.1 Introduction
    2. 7.2 GSH Metabolism in Plants
    3. 7.3 GSH Confers Protection during Abiotic Stress
    4. 7.4 GSH Regulates Abiotic Stress Tolerance
    5. 7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
    6. Acknowledgments
    7. References
  8. 8 Molecular Approaches in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses
    3. 8.3 Approaches for Stress Tolerance
    4. 8.4 Genetic Engineering for Environmental Stresses
    5. 8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
    6. References
  9. 9 Omics in Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Crops
    1. 9.1 Introduction
    2. 9.2 Genomics
    3. 9.3 Transcriptomics
    4. 9.4 Proteomics
    5. 9.5 Metabolomics
    6. 9.6 Conclusions and Outlook
    7. References
  10. 10 Role of Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Plant Growth and Development
    1. 10.1 Introduction
    2. 10.2 ROS Generation
    3. 10.3 Deleterious Effects of Different Types of ROS on Plant Cells
    4. 10.4 ROS Detoxification
    5. 10.5 Regulation of Antioxidant Genes Expression by Different Types of ROS
    6. 10.6 ROS and Redox Signaling
    7. 10.7 ROS as Long Distance Signal and ROS Waves
    8. 10.8 ROS Signaling with Hormonal Signaling Networks
    9. 10.9 Processes Regulated by ROS
    10. 10.10 Conclusion and Perspectives
    11. References
  11. 11 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Germinating Seeds
    1. 11.1 Introduction
    2. 11.2 Where Are the ROS Production Sites in Seeds?
    3. 11.3 Where Does ROS Act at a Molecular Level?
    4. 11.4 How Do Seeds Protect Themselves from ROS Overdose?
    5. 11.5 How Does ROS Influence Seed Dormancy?
    6. 11.6 How Does the Crosstalk Between ROS and Phytohormones Influences Seed Germination?
    7. 11.7 Which Are the Roles of ROS in Seed Priming and Seed Longevity?
    8. 11.8 Concluding Remarks
    9. References
  12. 12 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Salinity
    1. 12.1 Introduction
    2. 12.2 Types of ROS and Damages
    3. 12.3 Sites of ROS Production
    4. 12.4 Antioxidant Machinery
    5. 12.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
    6. References
  13. 13 ROS Modulation in Crop Plants Under Drought Stress
    1. 13.1 Introduction
    2. 13.2 ROS Generation: An Overview
    3. 13.3 Site of ROS Production in Plants
    4. 13.4 Enhanced ROS Production in Drought
    5. 13.5 ROS Scavenging Mechanism
    6. 13.6 ROS Scavenging Enzymes During Drought Stress
    7. 13.7 Non‐Enzymatic ROS Scavenging Under Drought Stress
    8. 13.8 Signaling Under Drought Stress
    9. 13.9 Concluding Remark and Future Perspective
    10. Acknowledgment
    11. References
  14. 14 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under High Temperature
    1. 14.1 Introduction
    2. 14.2 HT Stress Induced by Oxidative Stress in Major Food Crops
    3. 14.3 Antioxidant Defense System Under HT Stress
    4. 14.4 Transgenic Plants a New Approach to Induce Oxidative Stress Tolerance
    5. 14.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
    6. References
  15. 15 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Metal/Metalloid Toxicity
    1. 15.1 Introduction to Oxidative Stress in Plants
    2. 15.2 Metal and Metalloid Toxicity and Oxidative Stress
    3. 15.3 Production of Antioxidants Due to Metal Toxicity
    4. 15.4 Mechanism of Antioxidant Defense System in Plants
    5. References
  16. 16 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation
    1. 16.1 Introduction
    2. 16.2 Effects of UV Radiation on Plants
    3. 16.3 UV‐B Perception
    4. 16.4 UV‐B‐induced Signal Transduction and Photomorphogenesis
    5. 16.5 UV‐Induced Oxidative Stress
    6. 16.6 ROS Signaling in Plants Under Oxidative Stress
    7. 16.7 ROS Produced in Plants Under Oxidative Stress
    8. 16.8 Lipid Peroxidation (LPO)
    9. 16.9 Effect of UV on DNA
    10. 16.10 ROS and Proteins
    11. 16.11 Effect of UV on Photosynthesis
    12. 16.12 Localization of the Oxidative Scavenging Pathways in Plants Cells
    13. 16.13 Metabolism of ROS
    14. 16.14 Enzymatic Defense
    15. 16.15 Non‐enzymatic Antioxidants
    16. 16.16 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
    17. Acknowledgements
    18. Conflict of Interest
    19. References
  17. 17 Methods/Protocols for Determination of Oxidative Stress in Crop Plants
    1. 17.1 Introduction
    2. 17.2 ROS Determination in Plants
    3. 17.3 Estimation of Biochemical Components
    4. 17.4 Assays for Measurement of Total Antioxidants in Plants
    5. 17.5 Direct Methods
    6. 17.6 Role of Plants Hormones During Biotic and Abiotic Stress
    7. 17.7 Estimation of Phytohormones by HPLC‐MS/MS
    8. 17.8 Concluding Perspectives
    9. Acknowledgments
    10. Conflict of Interest
    11. References
  18. 18 Does Seed Priming Play a Role in Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species Under Saline Conditions?
    1. 18.1 Introduction
    2. 18.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
    3. 18.3 Seed Priming
    4. 18.4 Changes Induced During Seed Priming
    5. 18.5 How Seed Priming Regulates Salt Tolerance?
    6. 18.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
    7. References
  19. 19 Computer‐Assisted Image Analysis of the Distribution and Intensity of Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation in Plant Leaves
    1. 19.1 Introduction
    2. 19.2 Plant Material and Histochemical ROS Detection
    3. 19.3 Image Measurement System Framework
    4. 19.4 Image Segmentation
    5. 19.5 Classification of ROS Regions
    6. 19.6 The Detection of ROS with WRF Classifier
    7. 19.7 Comparison of ROS Regions Segmentation Results and Accuracy
    8. 19.8 Conclusions
    9. References
5. Section II Reactive Nitrogen Species Metabolism and Signaling
  1. 20 Role of Nitric Oxide in Physiological and Stress Responses of Plants Under Darkness
    1. 20.1 Introduction
    2. 20.2 NO Synthesis and Regulation by Dark
    3. 20.3 Seedling Growth and Development in the Dark
    4. 20.4 Dark‐Induced Senescence
    5. 20.5 Dark‐Induced Stomatal Closure and Stress Responses
    6. 20.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
    7. Acknowledgments
    8. References
  2. 21 Nitric Oxide and Phytohormones Cross‐Talk During Abiotic Stresses Responses in Plants
    1. 21.1 Introduction
    2. 21.2 NO‐Phytohormone Cross Talk Under Drought Stress
    3. 21.3 NO‐phytohormone Cross Talk Under Heavy Metals Stress
    4. 21.4 NO‐phytohormone Cross Talk Under Salinity Stress
    5. 21.5 NO‐phytohormone Cross Talk Under Temperature Stress
    6. 21.6 NO‐phytohormone Cross Talk Under Other Abiotic Stresses
    7. 21.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
    8. References
  3. 22 The Role of Nitric Oxide in the Antioxidant Defense of Plants Exposed to UV‐B Radiation
    1. 22.1 Introduction: What Is UV‐B and How Much UV‐B Is Reaching the Earth?
    2. 22.2 UV‐B Is a Stressor and a Signal
    3. 22.3 How Does UV‐B Produce ROS?
    4. 22.4 Endogenous Nitric Oxide Is a Component of the UV‐B Response in Plants
    5. 22.5 Genes Participating on the UV‐B Response Are Regulated by NO
    6. 22.6 Are the Nitric Oxide and the UV‐B Receptor UVR8 Work Coordinately in the Response of Arabidopsis to UV‐B?
    7. 22.7 Nitric Oxide Positively Influences the Stability of UVR8
    8. 22.8 A Comprehensive Model of NO Role in the Antioxidant Response of Plants to UV‐B
    9. 22.9 Other Components of the Aantioxidant System: GSH as a Redox Buffer. GSNO as NO Reservoir. SNO and S‐Nitrosylation
    10. 22.10 Different Effects of NO in the Regulation of the Antioxidant System
    11. 22.11 Conclusion and Perspectives
    12. Acknowledgments
    13. References
  4. 23 Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Production, Regulation and Function During Defense Response
    1. 23.1 Introduction
    2. 23.2 ROS and NO Metabolism in Plants
    3. 23.3 ROS and NO Production and Regulation During Basal Resistance: PTI Response
    4. 23.4 ROS and NO Production and Regulation During Incompatible Interaction: Hypersensitive Response (HR)
    5. 23.5 ROS and NO Function During Plant Immunity
    6. 23.6 Conclusions
    7. Acknowledgments
    8. References
  5. 24 Role of Nitric Oxide in Growth Regulation and Re‐orientation of Pollen Tubes
    1. 24.1 Introduction
    2. 24.2 Role of NO in Sexual Reproduction
    3. 24.3 NO Signaling: Multitasking in Plants
    4. 24.4 NO; an Effective Weapon for Plant Defense
    5. 24.5 Search for NO‐Sensing Molecules in Plants
    6. 24.6 Conclusions
    7. References
  6. 25 Nitric Oxide (NO)‐Mediated Plant Stress Signaling
    1. 25.1 Introduction
    2. 25.2 Molecular Mechanisms of NO Signaling
    3. 25.3 NO and Abiotic/Biotic Stress Signaling
    4. 25.4 Conclusion
    5. References
  7. 26 S‐Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and Plant Stress Responses
    1. 26.1 Introduction
    2. 26.2 Synthesis of S‐Nitrosoglutathione
    3. 26.3 Catabolism of GSNO
    4. 26.4 Role of GSNO in Plants
    5. 26.5 Cross‐Stalk with Other Molecules
    6. 26.6 GSNO During Stress in Plants
    7. 26.7 Conclusion
    8. References
Volume 2
1. About the Editors
2. List of Contributors
3. Preface
4. Section III Reactive Sulfur Species Metabolism and Signaling
  1. 27 Hydrogen Sulfide in Guard Cell Signaling
    1. 27.1 Introduction
    2. 27.2 Hydrogen Sulfide
    3. 27.3 Conclusion and Perspectives
    4. Acknowledgments
    5. References
  2. 28 Hydrogen Sulfide
    1. 28.1 Introduction
    2. 28.2 H₂S Biosynthesis
    3. 28.3 The Physiological Functions of H₂S
    4. 28.4 Drought and Salt Stress
    5. 28.5 Extreme Temperature Stress
    6. 28.6 Heavy Metal and Metalloid Stress
    7. 28.7 Pathogen Stress
    8. 28.8 Interactions Between H₂S and Other Signal Molecules
    9. 28.9 H₂S and Other Phytohormones
    10. 28.10 H₂S and ROS
    11. 28.11 Cross‐Talk Between H₂S and Other Gasotransmitters
    12. 28.12 Conclusion and Prospective
    13. References
  3. 29 Interplay Between Hydrogen Sulfide and Calcium Signaling in Plant Abiotic Stress Response and Adaptation
    1. 29.1 Introduction
    2. 29.2 Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling
    3. 29.3 Calcium Signaling
    4. 29.4 Interplay Between Hydrogen Sulfide and Calcium Signaling
    5. 29.5 Heat Stress and Heat Tolerance
    6. 29.6 Heavy Metal Stress and Adaptation
    7. 29.7 Drought Stress and Stomatal Movement
    8. 29.8 Conclusion and Perspective
    9. References
  4. 30 Reactive Sulfur Species‐Key Regulators of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
    1. 30.1 Introduction
    2. 30.2 Sulfate Uptake, Transport and Assimilation
    3. 30.3 Physiological Functions of S Metabolites
    4. 30.4 Sulfur Metabolism: Regulation and Role in Stress Tolerance
    5. 30.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
    6. References
  5. 31 Reactive Sulfur Species
    1. 31.1 Introduction
    2. 31.2 Reactive Sulfur Species Generation and Its Interplay with ROS
    3. 31.3 Hydrogen Sulfide as Non‐Radical Reducing RSS
    4. 31.4 Role for RSS in Plant Development: Allicin as RSS Affects Root Growth
    5. 31.5 Reactive Sulfur Species: From Fertilization to Induction of the Plant's Resistance
    6. 31.6 Reactive Sulfur Species as Defense Molecules in Plants and Its Mode of Action in Microbes
    7. 31.7 Conclusion and Outlook
    8. Acknowledgment
    9. References
  6. 32 Role of Reactive Sulfur Species in the Oxidative Metabolism in Plants
    1. 32.1 Introduction
    2. 32.2 Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS)
    3. 32.3 Sources/Production of Reactive Sulfur Species
    4. 32.4 Mechanism Involved in the Production of RSS
    5. 32.5 Role of Reactive Sulfur Species in Plant Metabolism
    6. 32.6 Conclusion
    7. References
  7. 33 Hydrogen Sulfide in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
    1. 33.1 Introduction
    2. 33.2 H₂S in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
    3. 33.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects
    4. Acknowledgments
    5. References
5. Section IV Crosstalk Among Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species
  1. 34 Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species and Oxidative Metabolism Under Waterlogging Stress
    1. 34.1 Introduction
    2. 34.2 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
    3. 34.3 Site of ROS Production
    4. 34.4 ROS Metabolism and Oxidative Damage Under Waterlogging Stress
    5. 34.5 Antioxidative Metabolism Under Waterlogging Stress
    6. 34.6 Antioxidant Metabolites
    7. 34.7 Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Nitrosative Stress
    8. 34.8 RNS Metabolism Under Waterlogging Stress
    9. 34.9 Interaction of NO with Plant Hemoglobins
    10. 34.10 RNS and Antioxidant Metabolism
    11. 34.11 Aerenchyma Formation Under Waterlogging
    12. 34.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
    13. References
  2. 35 Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Stress‐Induced Programmed Death of Plant Cultured Cells
    1. 35.1 Introduction
    2. 35.2 Reactive Oxygen Species in PCD of Plant Cultured Cells
    3. 35.3 Reactive Nitrogen Species in PCD of Plant Cultured Cells
    4. 35.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
    5. References
  3. 36 Finding a Place for NO in Everyday Plant Life
    1. 36.1 Introduction
    2. 36.2 Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Modes of Action in Higher Plants
    3. 36.3 NO Effects on Photosynthesis
    4. 36.4 NO and NO₃⁻ Signaling
    5. 36.5 The Influence of NO on Photoassimilate Partitioning and Sink‐Source Relations
    6. 36.6 Role of NO in Plant Sensing of its C to N Balance and Switching between Primary and Secondary Metabolism
    7. 36.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
    8. References
  4. 37 H₂O₂, NO, and H₂S
    1. 37.1 Introduction
    2. 37.2 Interplay Between Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide
    3. 37.3 Interplay Between Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrogen Sulfide
    4. 37.4 Interplay Between Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide
    5. 37.5 Interplay Among Hydrogen Peroxide, Nitric Oxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide
    6. Acknowledgments
    7. References
  5. 38 Cross Talk Among Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur During Abiotic Stress in Plants
    1. 38.1 Introduction
    2. 38.2 Cellular Generation of Free Radicals
    3. 38.3 Role of Free Radicals in Plant Defense Under Abiotic Stress
    4. 38.4 Crosstalk Among ROS, RNS and RSS Under Abiotic Stress
    5. 38.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
    6. References
  6. 39 Emerging Technologies for Enhancing ROS/RNS Homeostasis
    1. 39.1 Introduction
    2. 39.2 ROS/RNS Homeostasis in Plants
    3. 39.3 Application of Nitric Oxide Donors for Induction of Abiotic Stress Resistance
    4. 39.4 Perspectives for Nitric Oxide Donors in Agriculture
    5. 39.5 The Ways for Improvement of NO Donor Application
    6. 39.6 Transgenic Approaches and Genome Editing for Regulation of ROS/NOS Homeostasis
    7. References
  7. 40 Compartmentalization of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Production in Plant Cells
    1. 40.1 Introduction
    2. 40.2 Subcellular Localization of ROS and NO Production in Plant Cells
    3. 40.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
    4. References
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Chloroplastic events en route to PCD in plant cell.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Effect of the Fe chelator on Fe reduction rate.
2. Table 2.2 Effect of chelated Fe on Fe‐dependent oxidative processes.
3. Table 2.3 Effects of stress conditions on total Fe and LIP in photosynthetic ...
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Effect of abiotic stresses on expression of superoxide dismutases (...
2. Table 3.2 Common regulatory motifs present in the cis‐regulating sequences of...
3. Table 3.3 Effect of abiotic stresses on activity of superoxide dismutase in p...
4. Table 3.4 A selected list of abiotic stress tolerant transgenic plants develo...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Effect of exogenous application of GSH in different plants during v...
2. Table 7.2 An update on the recent GSH‐associated transgenic approaches to gen...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Summary of proteomic analysis of plants under abiotic stresses.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Enzymatic antioxidant activity in plants species under salt stress...
2. Table 12.2 Non‐enzymatic antioxidant activity in plants species under salt st...
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Maximum permissible limits of various metals/metalloids.
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Morphological, biochemical, physiological, and molecular changes i...
2. Table 16.2 Genes involved in UV‐B perception, signaling, and stress pathway.
3. Table 16.3 Damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) to proteins, DNA, a...
4. Table 16.4 Different members of the ROS family and their attributes.
5. Table 16.5 Details about the studied genes in the co‐expression network analy...
6. Table 16.6 Enzymatic antioxidants and their functions along with their cellul...
7. Table 16.7 Non‐enzymatic antioxidants, their functions, and cellular localiza...
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Improving plant salt tolerance by various seed priming methods. On...
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 The fivefold cross‐validation results of leaf region classificatio...
2. Table 19.2 The fivefold cross‐validation results of leaf region classificatio...
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Summary of representative reports on the interaction of nitric oxi...
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Brief summary and description of data supporting the existence of ...
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Induction of NO synthesis in plants under abiotic stress factors.
Chapter 30
1. Table 30.1 Summary of representative reports on the role of sulfur species in...
Chapter 33
1. Table 33.1 List of selected mutants and over expression lines used in elucida...
2. Table 33.2 Various studies describing the involvement of hydrogen sulphide (H
Chapter 35
1. Table 35.1 Reactive oxygen species in PCD of plant cultured cells.
2. Table 35.2 Reactive nitrogen species in PCD of plant cultured cells.
Chapter 38
1. Table 38.1 Different enzymatic components and genes involved in regulation of...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 The LIP was detected using CA fluorescence technique. Samples wer...
2. Figure 2.2 LIP detected employing EPR. (a) Representative spectra of: trace ...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Electron leakage from electron transport chain associated with mi...
2. Figure 3.2 Localization of SOD isozymes in different cellular compartments....
3. Figure 3.3 Molecular identification and phylogenetic tree construction of Ic...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Effect of waterlogging, salinity, and their combination on oxidat...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Biosynthesis, catabolism, and biosynthetic inhibitor of polyamine...
2. Figure 6.2 Different roles of polyamines.
3. Figure 6.3 Physiological roles of polyamines in stress tolerance.
4. Figure 6.4 Overview of the oxidative stress.
5. Figure 6.5 Oxidative effect of ROS under different conditions.
6. Figure 6.6 Cellular defense mechanism of polyamines under oxidative stress....
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 The ascorbate‐glutathione (AsA‐GSH) cycle.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Omics strategies to study abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
2. Figure 8.2 Plant responses to various environmental stresses.
3. Figure 8.3 Genome and gene sequencing approaches to study plant responses to...
4. Figure 8.4 Genes, identified by genomics, to be involved in stress responses...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Sites of production of various ROS (hydrogen peroxide, superoxid...
2. Figure 10.2 A schematic model shows a central role of ROS in the mechanisms ...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Timing and mechanisms of ROS production in seeds and their main ...
2. Figure 11.2 Crosstalk between ROS and hormones. ABA inhibits hydroxyl radica...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 A schematic model showing crosstalk among ROS and hormonal signa...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Cellular localization and functions of enzymatic antioxidants.
2. Figure 14.2 Cellular localization and functions of nonenzymatic antioxidants.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Factor affecting ROS production in plant cell (Sewelam et al. 20...
2. Figure 15.2 ROS production sites in plants. ROS production sites include apo...
3. Figure 15.3 Possible pathways of ROS dependent programmed cell death.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 3D structures of ascorbate peroxidase (a); Glutathione Peroxidas...
2. Figure 16.2 3D structures of ascorbate (a); Jasmonic acid (b); Sialic acid (...
3. Figure 16.3 3D structures of Salicylic acid (a); Tocopherols (b).
4. Figure 16.4 Major sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in plant...
5. Figure 16.5 Diagrammatic representation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) act...
6. Figure 16.6 Various biomolecules involved in perception of UV‐B radiation in...
7. Figure 16.7 (a) UVR8 dependent photomorphogenesis by low‐fluence UV radiatio...
8. Figure 16.8 Multiple signaling pathways and signal transduction in plants in...
9. Figure 16.9 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in DNA oxidation.
10. Figure 16.10 Major target sites of UV‐B in electron transport chain in chlor...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Methods for the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) gener...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Model illustrating oxidative stress induced by salinity stress, ...
2. Figure 18.2 Sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis in plant cells....
3. Figure 18.3 Graphical model of the key processes evolved during priming and ...
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 The measurement system of reactive‐oxygen species in plant leave...
2. Figure 19.2 The main steps of preprocessing phase of the algorithm for ROS d...
3. Figure 19.3 Cucumber leaf image with a contour overlapped on the edge of a l...
4. Figure 19.4 Images of pumpkin leaves varied in terms of the intensity of the...
5. Figure 19.5 The common flow of training (a) and prediction (classification) ...
6. Figure 19.6 Structure of Hecht‐Nielsen, Learning Vector Quantisation and Fuz...
7. Figure 19.7 A dialog window with an image pane and checkboxes for interactiv...
8. Figure 19.8 Structure of the confusion matrix during classification into two...
9. Figure 19.9 Illustration of the processing method developed in Fiji environm...
10. Figure 19.10 Exemplary H₂O₂ and O₂• − quantification results obtained with t...
11. Figure 19.11 Quantification of ROS production in pumpkin leaves after NBT an...
12. Figure 19.12 Quantification of ROS production in cucumber leaves after DAB s...
13. Figure 19.13 Quantification of ROS production in exemplary common ice plant ...
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 Stress‐induced changes in the production of nitric oxide (NO) un...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Endogenous NO increases anthocyanin and prevents dell damage and...
2. Figure 22.2 NO is required for the expression of some UV‐B responsive genes ...
3. Figure 22.3 NO positively influences UVR8 stability. (a) Effect of endogenou...
4. Figure 22.4 Simplified scheme on the role of NO in the plant UV‐B response. ...
5. Figure 22.5 Molecules and mechanisms involved in NO‐mediated redox balance. ...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Schematic overview of the ROS and RNS sources, regulation and si...
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 NO perform as negative chemotropic agent of pollen tube growth. ...
2. Figure 24.2 Semi‐vivo assays with isolated Ovules and pollen of Lilium long...
3. Figure 24.3 Identification and classification Arabidopsis H‐NOX GC candidate...
4. Figure 24.4 Model representing a putative feedback‐model of the NO/H₂O₂/Ca²⁺
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 Scheme of linear H₂O₂‐induced signal transduction pathway mediat...
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Routes for the synthesis of S‐Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) from Nit...
2. Figure 26.2 Catabolism of GSNO. GSNHOH, N‐hydroxysulfinamide; GSSG, oxidized...
3. Figure 26.3 Interactions between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive ...
4. Figure 26.4 Model depicting a cross‐talk of NO with other signaling molecule...
5. Figure 26.5 Hypothetical overview for NO generation with other molecules and...
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 Simplified diagram on the participation of H₂S in the signaling ...
Chapter 28
1. Figure 28.1 Generation of H₂S in higher plants. ATPS, ATP sulfurylase; APS, ...
2. Figure 28.2 Enzymes and genes generating H₂S in Arabidopsis. At: Arabidopsis...
3. Figure 28.3 Functions of H₂S in response to abiotic stresses in plants. Soli...
Chapter 29
1. Figure 29.1 Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and calcium signaling crosstalk regulates...
2. Figure 29.2 Interplay of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and calcium signaling allevi...
3. Figure 29.3 Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and calcium signaling interaction modifie...
Chapter 30
1. Figure 30.1 Schematic overview of S‐related mechanisms of abiotic stress tol...
Chapter 31
1. Figure 31.1 Generation of different Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS). The most ...
2. Figure 31.2 Bleaching of Arabidopsis Col‐0 leaf discs as consequence of oxid...
3. Figure 31.3 Arabidopsis seeds were grown in the presence of allicin on Hoagl...
4. Figure 31.4 Arabidopsis plants were grown on soil under short day conditions...
5. Figure 31.5 Comparison of the formation of allicin as thiosulfinate in garli...
Chapter 33
1. Figure 33.1 Schematic Illustration giving an overview of the H₂S generation ...
Chapter 34
1. Figure 34.1 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in plant cell. Excitatio...
2. Figure 34.2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating pathways in different c...
3. Figure 34.3 Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation in different cell org...
4. Figure 34.4 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS...
Chapter 37
1. Figure 37.1 Examples of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic formation of H₂O₂ in pla...
2. Figure 37.2 Example of enzymatic formation of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen...
Chapter 38
1. Figure 38.1 Reduction of ground state triplet oxygen to generate different R...
2. Figure 38.2 Generation of ROS in chloroplast and its quenching process.
Chapter 39
1. Figure 39.1 Possible pathways of synthesis and elimination of nitric oxide i...
2. Figure 39.2 Examples of influence of nitric oxide on components of redox hom...
3. Figure 39.3 Possible mechanisms of influence of nitric oxide on seeds germin...
Chapter 40
1. Figure 40.1 Schematic overview of ROS and NO sources in plant cell compartme...

About the Editors

Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is Professor of Agronomy at Sher‐e‐Bangla Agricultural University in Dhaka. He received his PhD on “Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism” from Ehime University, Japan with a scholarship from the Japanese government. Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government's Endeavor Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an Adjunct Senior Researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman's current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance (salinity, drought, flood, and heavy metals/metalloids). Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published over 100 articles in peer‐reviewed journals. He has edited six books and written 30 book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus^®, Dr. Hasanuzzaman's publications have received over 3000 citations with an h‐index of 30 and an i10‐index of 55. He is an editor and reviewer for more than 50 peer‐reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award 2017 and 2018.” He has been honored by different authorities for to his outstanding performance in different fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014). He has presented 25 papers, abstracts, and posters at international conferences in several countries (USA, UK, Germany, Australia, Japan, Austria, Sweden, Russia, etc.). Dr. Hasanuzzaman is a member of 40 professional societies and is the acting Publication Secretary of the Bangladesh Society of Agronomy and the Bangladesh JSPS Alumni Association. He is a fellow of The Linnean Society of London.

Dr. Vasileios Fotopoulos is Associate Professor in Structural and Functional Plant Biology and head of the CUT Plant Stress Physiology Group established in 2008 (HYPERLINK “http://www.plant-stress.weebly.com”www.plant-stress.weebly.com). His main scientific research focuses on the study of nitro‐oxidative signaling cascades involved in the plant’s response to stress factors, while emphasis is being given in the development of chemical treatment technologies towards the amelioration of abiotic stress factors and promotion of plant growth. To date, Dr. Fotopoulos is the author of 62 scientific papers published in peer‐reviewed journals (h‐index=23; Source: Scopus), as well as 7 book chapters. He currently serves as Associate Editor in BMC Plant Biology, Gene and five other journals. He has also been assigned to evaluate competitive research proposals from different countries (France, Belgium, Poland, Chile, Latvia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Israel, Qatar, Austria, Cyprus, Denmark), EU proposals (EUROSTARS), while he is an active Review Panel Member for COST Actions (EU) in the field of ‘Natural Sciences’. Finally, he has acted as examiner of MSc theses/PhD dissertations from Italy, South Africa and The Netherlands.

Dr. Kamrun Nahar is Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Botany at Sher‐e‐Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. She obtained BSc Ag (Hons.) and MS in Agricultural Botany from Sher‐e‐Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. She persued her second MS degree in 2013 from Kagawa University, Japan. She also received her PhD Degree on “Environmental Stress Physiology of Plants” in 2016 from the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, Japan with a Japanese Government (MEXT) Scholarship. She started her career as a Lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher‐e‐Bangla Agricultural University in February 2010, was promoted to Assistant Professor in 2012 and to Associate Professor in 2017. Dr. Nahar has been involved in research with field crops emphasizing stress physiology since 2006. She has completed several research works and is also continuing a research project funded by Sher‐e‐Bangla Agricultural University Research System and Ministry of Science and Technology (Bangladesh). She is supervising MS students. Dr. Nahar published number of articles in peer‐reviewed journals and books of reputed publishers. She has published 50 articles and chapters related to plant physiology and environmental stresses with Springer, Elsevier, CRC Press, Wiley, etc. Her publications reached about 2000 citations with h‐index: 22 (according to Scopus). She is involved in editorial activities and reviewer of international journals. She is an active member of about 20 professional societies.

Dr. Masayuki Fujita is Professor in the Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan. He received his BSc in Chemistry from Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, and M Ag and PhD in plant biochemistry from Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. His research interests include physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological responses based on secondary metabolism in plants under various abiotic and biotic stresses; phytoalexin, cytochrome P450, glutathione S‐transferase, and phytochelatin; and redox reaction and antioxidants. In the last decade his works have focused on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plants under environmental stress. His group investigates the role of different exogenous protectants in enhancing antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems in plants. He has supervised 4 MS students and 13 PhD students as main supervisor. He has about 150 publications in journal and books and has edited 10 books.

Volume 1

Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur Species in Plants

Production, Metabolism, Signaling and Defense Mechanisms

About the Editors