Cover
Preface
1. Overview of the Book
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction to Optical Networks
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Optical Networks: A Brief Picture
3. 1.3 Optical Network Layered Architecture
4. 1.4 Organization of the Book
5. 1.5 Summary
6. References
2 Network Elements
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Optical Fiber
3. 2.3 Laser Transmitters
4. 2.4 Optical Receivers
5. 2.5 Optical Amplifiers
6. 2.6 Optical Network Components
7. 2.7 Optical Multiplexer and De‐Multiplexer
8. 2.8 Routers
9. 2.9 Optical Switching Fabrics
10. 2.10 Wavelength Converter
11. 2.11 Optical Network Functional Blocks
12. 2.12 Summary
13. References
3 Broadcast‐and‐Select Local Area Networks
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Physical Topologies of Single‐Hop Networks
3. 3.3 Multiplexing and Multiple Access in B&S Networks
4. 3.4 Network Traffic
5. 3.5 Network Resource Sharing in Optical Networks
6. 3.6 Capacity of the B&S Network
7. 3.7 Packet Switching in the Optical Layer in B&S Networks
8. 3.8 Medium Access Protocols
9. 3.9 Summary
10. References
4 Optical Access Networks
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Available Access Technologies
3. 4.3 Optical Fiber Access Networks
4. 4.4 PON Architectures in Access Networks
5. 4.5 TDM/TDMA EPON Operation
6. 4.6 WDM PON Network Architecture
7. 4.7 Next‐Generation PONs
8. 4.8 Free Space Optical Access and WOBAN
9. 4.9 Summary
10. References
5 Optical Metropolitan Area Networks
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
3. 5.3 Optical Transport Network
4. 5.4 Summary
5. References
6 Wavelength Routed Wide Area Networks
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 The Hybrid Wavelength Routed Network Architecture
3. 6.3 The Optical Layer in Wavelength Routing Networks
4. 6.4 Design of Wavelength Routed Network with Logical Routing Network Overlay
5. 6.5 Analysis of WDM Wavelength Routing Networks
6. 6.6 Heuristic Solutions for WDM Wavelength Routing Networks
7. 6.7 Logical Topology Design Heuristics
8. 6.8 Summary
9. References
7 Network Control and Management
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 NMS Architecture of Optical Transport Network
3. 7.3 Logical Architecture of Automatic Switched Optical Network
4. 7.4 Functions of Management and Control Plane
5. 7.5 Generalized Multi‐Protocol Label Switching
6. 7.6 Summary
7. References
8 Impairment Management and Survivability
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Impairments in Optical Networks
3. 8.3 Survivability in Optical Networks
4. 8.4 Protection and Restoration
5. 8.5 Survivability in Multilayer WDM Optical Networks
6. 8.6 Summary
7. References
9 Flexible Optical Networks
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Coherent Modulation Schemes
3. 9.3 Multi‐Carrier Modulation Schemes
4. 9.4 Elastic Optical Network
5. 9.5 Elastic Optical Network Elements
6. 9.6 Routing and Spectrum Assignment Algorithms
7. 9.7 Network Control and Management
8. 9.8 Summary
9. References
10 Software‐Defined Optical Networks
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Software‐Defined Networking
3. 10.3 Software‐Defined Optical Networking
4. 10.4 Summary
5. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 ITU‐T G.694.1 selected DWDM grid with 100‐GHz and 50‐GHz spacing in th...
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Fixed assignment with W (number of wavelength channels) = 2, N (nodes)...
2. Table 3.2 Allocation free with W = 2, N = 2, andS = 2.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 SONET/SDH signal rates.
2. Table 5.2 Standard ODU line rates.
3. Table 5.3 Standard OTU line rates.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Nodes in the queue with hop distance from source.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Efficiency improvement for flexible spectrum assuming a 50 GHz grid fo...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Classification of the communication network on the basis of reach.
2. Figure 1.2 (a) First‐generation optical network. (b) First‐generation 3 degree...
3. Figure 1.3 Optical bypass second‐generation network node with add‐drop ports.
4. Figure 1.4 (a) Time division multiplexing. (b) Wavelength division multiplexin...
5. Figure 1.5 Functional architecture of optical network.
6. Figure 1.6 All‐optical wavelength routing network architecture.
7. Figure 1.7 The multilayer optical network model.
8. Figure 1.8 Schematic of an optical network.
9. Figure 1.9 Layer/sub‐layer structure of optical network connection.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Network modules in a long link between a source‐destination pair.
2. Figure 2.2 Attenuation characteristics of silica fiber with low dispersion win...
3. Figure 2.3 Typical laser transmitter.
4. Figure 2.4 Optical direct‐detection receiver structure.
5. Figure 2.5 (a) Semiconductor optical amplifier. (b) Erbium‐doped fiber amplifi...
6. Figure 2.6 Fused‐fiber coupler.
7. Figure 2.7 Functional block diagram of a 2 × 2 coupler.
8. Figure 2.8 2 × 2 cross‐connection switch: (a) bar state, with α₁₁ and α₂₂ as t...
9. Figure 2.9 Schematic of optical directive switches. (a) Controllable direction...
10. Figure 2.10 2 × 2 amplifier gate switch.
11. Figure 2.11 3D MEMS configuration.
12. Figure 2.12 (a) Broadcast star. (b) Broadcast star using 2 × 2 couplers.
13. Figure 2.13 Reflective grating.
14. Figure 2.14 The arrayed waveguide grating router.
15. Figure 2.15 Free spectral range of a tunable filter.
16. Figure 2.16 (a) Fabry‐Perot filter. (b) Multilayer dielectric thin‐film filter...
17. Figure 2.17 Layout of 2 × 2 Mach‐Zehnder interferometer multiplexer.
18. Figure 2.18 4 × 4 Fixed wavelength router.
19. Figure 2.19 N × N reconfigurable wavelength‐routing switch with N wavelengths...
20. Figure 2.20 (a) 4 × 4 permutation switch connection matrix. (b) Generalized sw...
21. Figure 2.21 (a) Cross‐bar (4 × 4) switch. (b) Cross‐bar (4 × 4) switch.
22. Figure 2.22 Clos switch fabric.
23. Figure 2.23 Spanke switch fabric.
24. Figure 2.24 (8 × 8) Benes switch.
25. Figure 2.25 Spanke‐Benes switching fabric.
26. Figure 2.26 Opto‐electronic wavelength converter.
27. Figure 2.27 (a) SOA wavelength converter based on XGM. (b) SOA wavelength conv...
28. Figure 2.28 Schematic of network access terminal.
29. Figure 2.29 Fixed OADM architecture: (a) parallel, (b) serial.
30. Figure 2.30 Partially flexible OADM in parallel architecture.
31. Figure 2.31 Fully reconfigurable OADM architectures.
32. Figure 2.32 (a) OXC with OE‐E‐EO opaque configuration with electronic switchin...
33. Figure 2.33 A typical OXC network node with 4° of port connections.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 (a) Single‐hop broadcast and select star coupler. (b) Broadcast‐and...
2. Figure 3.2 Transmission channel model of slotted‐line fixed‐frame structure.
3. Figure 3.3 Markov chain model: (a) two‐state single source model, (b) birth‐de...
4. Figure 3.4 The SA/SA tell and go protocol.
5. Figure 3.5 DT‐WDMA algorithm.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Architecture of access network.
2. Figure 4.2 Possible configuration of optical fiber access networks: (a) a sepa...
3. Figure 4.3 Architecture of TDM/TDMA PON.
4. Figure 4.4 Discovery‐phase message exchanges.
5. Figure 4.5 Clock synchronization and calculation of round‐trip time.
6. Figure 4.6 Signaling with MPCP protocol for intra‐ONU upstream transmission ar...
7. Figure 4.7 Optical spectrum including the GPON, NG‐PON1, NG‐PON2 wavelengths.
8. Figure 4.8 XG‐PON1 architecture with GPON and XG‐PON1 coexistence using WDM st...
9. Figure 4.9 Proposed architecture of NG‐PON2.
10. Figure 4.10 Free‐space optical link.
11. Figure 4.11 Hybrid wireless‐optical broadband access network (WOBAN).
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Connectivity of a metro network with the core wide area network and...
2. Figure 5.2 SONET metro ring network architecture.
3. Figure 5.3 STS‐1 frame.
4. Figure 5.4 Frame for STS‐N.
5. Figure 5.5 The protocol hierarchy.
6. Figure 5.6 (a) A SONET network operating over the fiber link. (b) Trace of the...
7. Figure 5.7 Self‐healing SONET rings; (a) two fibers and (b) four fibers.
8. Figure 5.8 (a) Two‐fiber unidirectional path switched ring. (b) Two‐fiber bidi...
9. Figure 5.9 (a) Layers within OTN, and (b) layers in the OTN link.
10. Figure 5.10 OTN frame.
11. Figure 5.11 OTN layered hierarchy for optical multiplexed channels.
12. Figure 5.12 OTN switch interfacing with different user protocols on the client...
13. Figure 5.13 Deployment of OTN switch in the DWDM network.
14. Figure 5.14 Tandem connection monitoring.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Wavelength routing and assignment.
2. Figure 6.2 Wavelength routing and assignment with multi‐hop connectivity.
3. Figure 6.3 Layered structure of WRN.
4. Figure 6.4 (a) Example of the BFS algorithm and (b) example of the Dijkstra al...
5. Figure 6.5 Example of routing and wavelength algorithms.
6. Figure 6.6 Four‐node network: (a) physical topology; (b) virtual topology.
7. Figure 6.7 Physical topology of a six‐node network.
8. Figure 6.8 A five‐node topology.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Architecture of distributed network management system.
2. Figure 7.2 Management and functional architecture.
3. Figure 7.3 (a) Peer model, and (b) overlay model.
4. Figure 7.4 Example of optical signaling and the BDI and FDI generated in the l...
5. Figure 7.5 The hierarchy of LSPs in GMPLS.
6. Figure 7.6 LSP establishment in GMPLS.
7. Figure 7.7 LSP setup with PCE.
8. Figure 7.8 Six‐node network topology.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Examples of (a) inter‐channel cross‐talk, and (b) intra‐channel cro...
2. Figure 8.2 (a) Equal channel spaced, and (b) unequal spaced FWM.
3. Figure 8.3 Dynamic performance monitoring system.
4. Figure 8.4 Example of (a) link protection, and (b) path protection.
5. Figure 8.5 Self‐healing rings: (a) UPSR, (b) 2F‐BLSR, and (c) 4F‐BLSR.
6. Figure 8.6 Example of protection in optical mesh networks: (a) ring cycles, (b...
7. Figure 8.7 A four‐node network topology.
8. Figure 8.8 A nine‐node network topology.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 (a) Optical transmitter with DP‐QPSK modulation. (b) Optical receiv...
2. Figure 9.2 Optical 16‐QAM. (a) Transmitter. (b) Receiver.
3. Figure 9.3 (a) OFDM signal spectrum. (b) OFDM signal time variation.
4. Figure 9.4 Cyclic prefix in OFDM.
5. Figure 9.5 OFDM. (a) Transmitter. (b) Receiver.
6. Figure 9.6 DDO‐OFDM. (a) Transmitter. (b) Receiver.
7. Figure 9.7 (a) Block diagram of the all‐optical OFDM transmitter configuration...
8. Figure 9.8 Fixed and flex‐grid spectrum. (a) Fixed spectral widths of 50 GHz a...
9. Figure 9.9 Flex‐grid optical spectrum.
10. Figure 9.10 Total spectrum utilization for five demands of mixed bit rates of ...
11. Figure 9.11 Concept of sliceable bandwidth variable transponder.
12. Figure 9.12 Architecture of sliceable bandwidth variable transponder.
13. Figure 9.13 Bandwidth variable wavelength selective switch.
14. Figure 9.14 Architecture of CDCG (colorless, directionless, contentionless, an...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Layered architecture of software‐defined networks.
2. Figure 10.2 SDN architecture and its fundamental abstractions.
3. Figure 10.3 OpenFlow architecture.
4. Figure 10.4 Flow table of OpenFlow.
5. Figure 10.5 SDN controller logical design.
6. Figure 10.6 Virtualizable multi‐flow bandwidth variable transceiver.
7. Figure 10.7 Data layer abstractions of SDON control plane based on OpenFlow.
8. Figure 10.8 Common‐flow abstraction in optical networks.
9. Figure 10.9 Common‐map abstraction of SDON control.

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This edition first published 2019

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Name: Chadha, Devi, author.
Title: Optical WDM networks : From Static to Elastic Networks / Devi Chadha, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India.
Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018061450 (print) | LCCN 2019000068 (ebook) | ISBN9781119393375 (AdobePDF) | ISBN 9781119393344 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119393269(hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Wavelength division multiplexing.
Classification: LCC TK5103.592.W38 (ebook) | LCC TK5103.592.W38 C53 2019 (print) | DDC 621.39/81–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018061450

Cover Design: Wiley

Preface

The last decade has seen significantly increased use of high bandwidth emerging dynamic applications, such as real‐time multimedia streaming, cloud computing, data center networking, etc. These rapid advances require the next‐generation optical communication networks to adapt to these changes by becoming more agile and programmable, and to meet the demands of high bandwidth and flexibility with much higher efficiency and reduced cost. It therefore becomes necessary to bring out a comprehensive and up‐to‐date book of optical networks. This was the driver for this text.

Writing a book on optical networking entails covering materials that span several disciplines, ranging from physics to electrical engineering to computer science and operations research. The treatment of the material requires uncovering the unique strengths and limitations of the appropriate technologies, and then determining how those are exploited in pragmatic network architectures, while compensating for the limitations. The paradigm shift in optical networking which we are seeing with software defined networking requires clear basic concepts to conduct research and development in these newer optical technologies. It is difficult to develop newer sophisticated technology for different applications without understanding its evolutionary process. Thus, the task of writing such a book becomes quite challenging.

Overview of the Book

This book attempts to cover components and networking issues related to second‐generation optical networks. The second generation of fiber optic networks exploits the capacity of fiber to achieve hundreds of gigabits per second to terabits per second with dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) by using routing and switching of signals in the optical domain. There is now a matured large bandwidth underlying optical technology available with new tools for network control and management. There is also a recognition of the latest directions of optical network deployment and research. These new directions include cost‐effective network architectures tailored to the strengths of current optical transmission and switching equipment, passive optical networks to bring high‐speed access to the end user, hybrid optical/electronic architectures supporting the merging of multi‐wavelength and Internet technologies, and networks of the future based on all‐optical packet switching and software programming. Keeping this view in mind, the book covers the fiber optic wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks in ten chapters as detailed below.

Chapter 1 offers an introduction to optical networks with an overview of the fundamentals of network architecture and services provided by it. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the different components needed to build a network, such as transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, multiplexers, switches, optical cross‐connects, etc. The next couple of chapters then focus on the different types of networks. The broadcast and select basic static multipoint networks are given in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes passive optical network solutions for fiber‐to‐the‐x access network applications, while Chapter 5 covers the metropolitan area networks, basically the ring structures. Chapter 6 describes the wavelength routed wide area networks and how to overlay virtual networks, for example IP or OTN networks over an underlying second‐generation optical network. Chapter 7 covers the control plane architecture as it has developed through the recent activities of several standards organizations describing the latest developments in optical network control. It gives detailed discussion of generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) as it applies to optical networks. Going ahead, Chapters 8–10 are devoted to the advanced techniques used for the design of the upcoming technologies for bringing the expanding capability of the present‐day requirements. Chapter 8 covers the effects of signal impairments, survivability, protection, and restoration in optical networks, consistent with the growing importance of optical layer fault management in current networks. As there have been fundamental changes in many aspects of optical networking, Chapters 9 and 10 cover the upcoming technologies of flex‐grid and software‐defined optical networking.

Exercises are provided for most of the chapters, and many of them suggest avenues for future study. The book is meant to offer several different alternatives for study depending on the interest of the reader, be it understanding the current state of the field, acquiring the analytical tools for network performance evaluation, optimization, and design, or performing research on next‐generation networks.

This book has been written primarily as a graduate‐level textbook in the field of optical fiber networks. For this reason, the emphasis is on concepts and methodologies that will stand the test of time. Along with this, the advances in the technology are also discussed throughout the text. An attempt is made to include as much recent material as possible so that students are exposed to the many advances in this exciting field. The book can also serve as a reference text for researchers and industry practitioners engaged in the field of optical networks because of the exposure to much of the advancement in the emerging area. Exhaustive reference lists at the end of chapters are provided for finding any further details which could not be included in the book. The listing of recent research papers should be useful for researchers using this book as a reference.