Contents

Cover

Foreword

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Opening Statement
1.2 Summary
1.3 Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate
1.4 Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO₂
1.5 Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change
1.6 Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming
1.7 Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change
1.8 Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids
1.9 Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria
1.10 Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science
1.11 Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming
1.12 Chapter 11: Conclusions

Chapter 2: State-of-The-Art of the Climate Change Debate

2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC)
2.3 The Climate Change as a Natural Process
2.4 Conclusions

Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO₂

3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Science of Forest Fires
3.3 Climate Change and Forest Fire
3.4 Setting the Stage to Discover a CO₂ Effect
3.5 Conclusions

Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climate-Water-Food Nexus
4.3 Biofuel
4.4 Pathway Analysis of Biofuels
4.5 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming

5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Process of Biodiesel Manufacturing
5.3 Conclusions

Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change

6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Refining Process
6.3 Additives and Their Functions
6.4 Science of Nanoscale
6.5 Zeolite as a Refining Catalyst
6.6 Conclusions

Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies
7.3 Redefining Radiation and Energy
7.4 Role of Petroleum Sources
7.5 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum
7.6 Conclusions

Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Climate Change Hysteria
8.3 The Energy Crisis
8.4 Conclusions

Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science

9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Nobel Laureate Economist’s Claim
9.3 Historical Development
9.4 Petroleum in the Big Picture
9.5 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
9.6 Comments on the Copenhagen Summit
9.7 The Paris Agreement
9.8 Carbon Tax: The Ultimate Goal of Climate Change Hysteria
9.9 Conclusions

Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Current Status of Greenhouse
10.3 The Current Focus
10.4 Scientific Characterization of Greenhouse Gases
10.5 A New Approach to Material Characterization
10.6 Classification of CO₂
10.7 The Role of Water in Global Warming
10.8 Characterization of Energy Sources

Chapter 11: Conclusions

11.1 Concluding Remarks
11.2 Conclusions of Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate
11.3 Conclusions of Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO₂
11.4 Conclusions of Chapter 4: Role of Agricultureal practices on Climate Change
11.5 Conclusions of Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Gobal Warming
11.6 Conclusions of Chapetr 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change
11.7 Conclusions of Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids
11.8 Conclusions of Chapter 8: Delineraized History of Climate Change Hysteria
11.9 Conclusions of Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science
11.10 Conclusions of Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming

Chapter 12: References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Primary energy production (from EIA, 2018).
Picture 1.1 This big solar project in Arizona is just one of the large clean power plants...
Picture 1.2 Few realize wind turbines are inherently unsustainable and nowhere close to...
Picture 1.3 The Woolsey Fire raged near the Ventura-L.A. County line, burning about 2,000...
Picture 1.4 Bush fire burns near Rocketdyne complex Simi Hills, California (Nov. 8, 2018).
Figure 1.2 Heat is energy and when energy is added to any system, changes occur.
Figure 1.3 The propagandizing of consensus.
Figure 1.4 This is the inevitable outcome of the ‘original’ sin model that...
Figure 1.5 The Material Trinity (from Khan and Islam, 2016).

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Major greenhouse gases and their contributions (from IPCC, 2014).
Figure 2.2 Temperature variation (from Meehl et al., 2004).
Figure 2.3 crude oil production during the 20^th century and beyond (data from...
Figure 2.4 Global CO₂ emission during 1900–2010 (from Boden et al.,...
Figure 2.5 Carbon dioxide emissions far various countries in 2014 (from Boden et al.,...
Figure 2.6 Modus operandi of various parties of the ACC debate.
Figure 2.7 One-Layer model of greenhouse effects.
Figure 2.8 Characteristic speed (or frequency) can act as the unique function that defines...

Chapter 3

Picture 3.1 Smoke column rising from prairie fire. (Courtesy of National Park Service, n.d.)
Picture 3.2 Within 3 minutes of lightening strike, fire in Beaumont, British Columbia (July...
Figure 3.1 Global map of fire activity (from Pausas and Rebeiro, 2013).
Picture 3.3 Snow flakes are fundamental units of water (From Islam, 2014).
Picture 3.4 Diatoms as fundamental units of charcoal, petroleum (picture from Colorado State...
Picture 3.5 Sun picture taken at 9:19 a.m. EST on Nov. 10, 2004, by the SOHO (Solar and...
Figure 3.2 Natural light pathway.
Figure 3.3 Wavelength spectrum of sunlight (From Islam et al., 2015).
Figure 3.4 Colors and wave lengths of visible light.
Figure 3.5 Artificial and natural lights affect natural material differently.
Figure 3.6 Wavelength spectrum of visible part of sunlight (From Islam et al., 2015).
Figure 3.7 Visible natural colors as a function of various wavelengths and intensity of...
Figure 3.8 Wavelength and radiance for forest fire, grass and warm ground (From Li et al.,...
Figure 3.9 Blue flame radiance for butane (From Islam, 2014).
Figure 3.10 Artificial light spectrum (From Islam, 2014).
Figure 3.11 Comparison of various artificial light sources with sunlight (from Islam et al.,...
Figure 3.12 Comparing within the visible light zone will enable one to rank various...
Figure 3.13 Formation of a shield with dark and clear lenses (From Islam et al., 2010).
Figure 3.14 Natural materials are beneficial whereas unnatural materials are inherently...
Figure 3.15 Periodicity occurs in the movement of each natural object.
Figure 3.16 Forecast uncertaining in weather models (From Slingo and Palmer, 2011).
Figure 3.17 Modern fire deficit, from tree rings (Wallenius, 2011).
Figure 3.18 Fire frequency and extent between 1600 and 1900 for 20 sites in the General...
Figure 3.19 CHAR record for last 14 000 year at Lily Pond, including CHAR and background...
Picture 3.6 Scars from individual fires can be seen on the cross-section of a century-old...
Picture 3.7 Prescribed burn in a giant sequoia grove, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National...
Figure 3.20 Comparisons by pair of dates (1960–1980, 1980–1990 and...
Figure 3.21 All definitions are set in such a way the only possible outcome is the desired...
Figure 3.22 If the model were true, then the theory would be verified. So, what if the model...
Figure 3.23 Unless premises behind science and logical, science and modeling are but tools...
Figure 3.24 A phenomenal model (based on Islam et al., 2010).
Figure 3.25 Reconstruction of historical data. The black line shows total area burned...
Figure 3.26 (a) Annual frequency of large (>400 ha) western U.S. forest wildfires...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 The Water-Food-Energy Nexus (from Lal, 2013).
Figure 4.2 The water-Soil-Atmosphere nexus.
Figure 4.3 Biofuel production around the world during last decade.
Figure 4.4 Ethanol and biodiesel production during 2007 and 2017 around the world (Data...
Figure 4.5 US energy consumption and projection (from EIA, 2018).
Figure 4.6 Overall distribution of various energy sources in USA (from EIA, 2018).
Figure 4.7 Bioenergy evolution in USA (from NREL, 2017).
Figure 4.8 US renewable liquid fuels markets (from NREL, 2017).
Figure 4.9 Nesting of biofuel categories under the RFS (From NREL, 2017).
Figure 4.10 Food Price Index (FAO, 2018).
Figure 4.11 The carbon cycle with biofuel (From Interwildi and King, 2009).
Figure 4.12 General framework of the biofuel supply chain (National Bioenergy Center,...
Figure 4.13 Emission intensity of diesel fuel derived from different feedstock, in...
Figure 4.14 Amount of extra biomass accumulated for usage of fertilizer.
Figure 4.15 The world rise in millions of metric tons (Tg) of N in fertilizer, and plotted...
Figure 4.16 The world rise in millions of metric tons (Tg) of N in fertilizer, and plotted...
Figure 4.17 World fertilizer use for various types (data from FAO, n.d.).
Figure 4.18 Approximate composition of soil.
Figure 4.19 Schematic of amino acid metabolism in plants (Redrawn from Fagard et al., 2014).
Figure 4.20 Structures of certain amino acids with uncharged side chains.
Figure 4.21 Structures of certain amino acids with charged side chains.
Figure 4.22 Metabolomic analysis of Arabidopsis plants grown in limiting or non-limiting N...
Figure 4.23 Growth in global pesticide production and import during 1940–2000 (from...
Figure 4.24 Growth in pesticide use in various countries (data from FAO, 2017).
Figure 4.25 Percentage residual of pesticide (from Agrios, 2005).
Figure 4.26 Synthesis of salvarsan (a) initial route of Ehrlich and Bertheim (simultaneous...
Figure 4.27 Recently developed composition of salvarsan: cyclic species (RAs)nwith n...
Figure 4.28 Molecular structure of Atoxyl.
Figure 4.29 Pathways followed by natural and artificial matters.
Figure 4.30 Schematic representation of geometrical isomers of ML and ML₂ metal...
Figure 4.31 Molecular structures of coordination polymers 1 p (left) and 2 p (right)...
Figure 4.32 Molecular structures of meridional metal complexes 1b (top left), 2 n (top...
Figure 4.33 Schematic representation of structures of polymeric ML complexes of divalent...
Figure 4.34 Schematic representation of structures of complexes relevant for neutral...
Figure 4.35 The two-step reaction catalyzed by nitric oxide synthases. In the first step...
Figure 4.36 Cadmium metabolic circuit in humans (Redrawn from Coman and Draghici, 2011).
Figure 4.37 Cadmium-metallothionein interaction (Redrawn from Coman and Draghici, 2011).
Figure 4.38 Cadmium acculation in humans for various ages (Redrawn from Coman and Draghici,...
Figure 4.39 Lead metabolic circuit in children.
Figure 4.40 Interactions of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with ROS and hydroperoxid...
Figure 4.41 Plants absorb carbon dioxide through small openings called stomata that are on...
Figure 4.42 Structure of stomata.
Picture 4.1 With the galaxy model, it is postulated that the characteristic movement of...
Figure 4.43 Orbital speed vs size (not to scale).
Figure 4.44 Water: a source of life when processed naturally but a potent toxin when...
Picture 4.2a Over Ontario [Canada] (23 May 2014).
Picture 4.2b Over Potter, NE (20 May 2014). The role of natural processing in rejuvenating...
Figure 4.45 The bio-cycle of the ecosystem.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Pathway of mineral diesel and conventional bio-diesel (Chhetri and Islam 2008).
Figure 5.2 Biodiesel production (Sharma et al., 2008).
Figure 5.3 General equation for transesterification of triglycerides (Ma and Hanna, 1999).
Figure 5.4 Mechanism of base catalyzed transesterification (Ma and Hanna, 1999).
Figure 5.5 First stage transesterification. Effect of the mass ratio of...
Figure 5.6 First stage transesterification. Effect of the molar ratio of ethanol to...
Figure 5.7 First stage transesterification. Effect of reaction temperature on ethyl esters...
Figure 5.8 Co-solvent effect on reaction rate and product yield at 120 °C 20:1 MAOMR...
Figure 5.9 Reaction yield with varying amounts of FAME co-solvent at 120 °C, 20:1...
Figure 5.10 Mechanism of base-catalyzed transesterification reaction (from Sayed, 2006).
Figure 5.11 FAME content on KOH catalyst with various reaction conditions: (a) FAME content...
Figure 5.12 Effect of microwave irradiation exposure time on yield (Refaat et al., 2008).
Figure 5.13 Ethanolysis of oleic catalyzed by Brønsted (H₂SO₄)...
Figure 5.14 Effect of nano-MgO content on methyl ester yield of the transesterification of...
Figure 5.15 Effect of mass ratio of CaO to oil on biodiesel yield. Methanol/oil molar ratio:...
Figure 5.16 Share of energy at different stages of biodiesel production (From Chhetri and...
Figure 5.17 A simplified block flow diagram for a typical base-catalyzed process for the...
Figure 5.18 A simplified block flow diagram of the acid-catalyzed process for the production...
Figure 5.19 Production of methanol from methane by microbial conversion.
Figure 5.20 Flow process for production of ethyl alcohol (from Helwani et al., 2009).
Figure 5.21 Schematic diagram of a green biodiesel production process (from Helwani et al.,...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 The pathway followed by the refining process.
Figure 6.2 Major steps involved in a refining process.
Figure 6.3 Pictorial view of fractional column.
Figure 6.4 (a) Coordination environment of Cd in complex 1; Symmetry code: A: x, 1 + y, z;...
Figure 6.5 Structure of H₄ dcpa.
Figure 6.6 (a) Emission spectra H4 dpca and 1; (b) CIE chromaticity diagram of H4 dpca (A)...
Figure 6.7 (a) The N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms of 1 at 273 K (Zhao et al.,...
Figure 6.7 (b) CO₂ adsorption isotherms of 1 at 273 K. (Zhao et al., 2018).
Figure 6.8 CO₂ reduction routes commonly proposed for an acid system (From...
Figure 6.9 SPAIR spectra on a Pb electrode after bubbling CO₂ in 0.1 M NaOH...
Figure 6.10 SPAIR spectra on a Pb electrode after bubbling CO₂ in 0.1 M NaOH...
Figure 6.11 Estimates of revenues from nanotechnology applications in USA (updated from...
Picture 6.1 Laboratory name is branded on nanomaterials with focused ion beam.
Figure 6.12 Electronic energy levels depending on the number of bound atoms. By binding more...
Figure 6.13 Electrons in a three-dimensional bulk solid (From Ashcroft and Mermin, 1976).
Figure 6.14 Size dependence of the energy gap for colloidal CdSe quantum dots with diameter...
Figure 6.15 Generalized trend for size-dependent reactivity change of a material as the...
Figure 6.16 Variation in nano viscosity as a function of length ratio (probe size/particle...
Figure 6.17 Effect of particles type on sample viscosity at a fixed temperature (25 C) and...
Figure 6.18 Orbital speed vs size (not to scale) (from Islam 2014).
Figure 6.19 Natural artificial both act the same way, except for the time function.
Figure 6.20 Historically, natural objects were synonymous with sustainability (from Khan and...
Figure 6.21 Lubricity of various artificial fluids as a function of viscosity (From Islam...
Figure 6.22 Chemical composition of zeolites and possibilities for its control. Key...
Figure 6.23 Synergy between Lewis acid sites (AlO+) and Brönsted OH site leading to...
Figure 6.24 Schematic of the shape selectivity for the formation of p-xylene in toluene...
Figure 6.25 Streams contributing to gasoline pools.
Figure 6.26 Simplified mechanism for isobutene–butene alkylation and competing...
Figure 6.27 Elementary processes taking place in FCC.
Figure 6.28 Elementary steps assumed to take place in catalytic cracking on zeolites.
Figure 6.29 Components present in general formulations of a FCC catalyst.
Figure 6.30 Main parameters that influence the catalytic activity of zeolites in FCC...
Figure 6.31 Desulfuration based on catalytic oxidation of sulfur compounds present in heavy...
Figure 6.32 Elementary reactions occurring simultaneously in the reforming of naphtha.
Figure 6.33 Co-processing of benzene in naphtha isomerization.
Figure 6.34 Elementary steps occurring simultaneously during hydrocracking.
Figure 6.35 Diagram of a single-stage (top) and a two-stage (bottom) hydrocracking process.
Figure 6.36 Molecular traffic of gas oil through the 18 membered ring channels reaching acid...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 New Science description of the ‘known universe.’ (data from...
Figure 7.2 Depiction of matter with the galaxy model.
Figure 7.3 Number of particles vs. particle size (not to scale, modified from Khan and...
Figure 7.4 Characteristic speed (or frequency) can act as the unique function that defines...
Figure 7.5 Orbital speed vs size (not to scale) (From Islam, 2014).
Picture 7.1 Burning vehicles are examples of artificial flame.
Picture 7.2 Depiction of a flame.
Figure 7.6 Natural flame colors and temperature.
Picture 7.3 Fire from wood (top left) is part of the organic cycle whereas smoke from a...
Picture 7.4 It is reported that two galaxies are on a collision course (Cowan, 2012).
Figure 7.7 Oxygen cycle in nature involving the Earth.
Figure 7.8 Hydrogen cycle in nature involving the Earth.
Figure 7.9 Water cycle, involving energy and mass.
Figure 7.10 The distribution of hydrocarbons in and around igneous rocks according to...
Figure 7.11 Even in the short term, the modern age is synonymous with decoupling of economic...
Figure 7.12 Water plays a more significant role in material production than previously...
Figure 7.13 Current estimate of conventional and unconventional gas reserve.
Figure 7.14 Abundance of natural resources as a function of time.
Figure 7.15 ‘Proven’ reserve is miniscule compared to total potential of oil.
Figure 7.16 Crude oil characteristics vary widely, making it difficult to characterize it...
Figure 7.17 Whole rock Rb-Sr isochron diagram, basement samples (From Islam et al., 2018).
Figure 7.18 Natural processing time differs for different types of oils (From Islam et al.,...
Figure 7.19 Natural processing enhances intrinsic values of natural products (From Islam et...
Figure 7.20 The volume of petroleum resources increases as one moves from conventional to...
Figure 7.21 Cost of production increases as efficiency, environmental benefits and real...
Picture 7.5 Images of burning crude oil from shale oil (left) and refined oil (right).
Figure 7.22 Overall refining efficiency for various crude oils (modified from Han et al.,...
Figure 7.23 Crude API gravity and heavy product yield of the studied US and EU refineries...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Public perception toward energy sources (Ipsos, 2011).
Figure 8.2 Energy outlook for 2040 as compared to 2016 under various scenarios (*Renewables...
Figure 8.3 There are different trends in population growth depending on the state of the...
Figure 8.4 Per capita energy consumption growth for certain countries.
Figure 8.5 A strong correlation between a tangible index and per capita energy consumption...
Figure 8.6 While population growth has been tagged as the source of economic crisis,...
Figure 8.7 Population and energy paradox for China (From Speight and Islam, 2016).
Figure 8.8 Energy content of different fuels (MJ/kg) (from Spight and Islam, 2016).
Figure 8.9 Fossil fuel reserves and exploration activities.
Figure 8.10 Discovery of natural gas reserves with exploration activities (From Islam,...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 A policy that changes one of the above aspects changes all aspects and how they...
Figure 9.2 Projection of global temperature change as per Nordhaus (1993).
Figure 9.3 Labour price of light (After Nordhaus, 1998).
Figure 9.4 Energy pricing as seen by Nordhaus.
Picture 9.1 New Science has introduced a version of science that includes fundamental false...
Figure 9.5 Predicted CO₂ emissions tweeted by the The Royal Swedish Academy of...
Figure 9.6 Illustration of how an absurd conclusion cannot be avoided unless true science...
Screenshort 9.1 Twitter feeds in response to the announcement of Universal carbon tax.
Figure 9.7 Reserve production ratio by regions (courtesy BP, 2018).
Figure 9.8 Three is a lot more oil and gas reserve than the ‘proven’ reserve...
Figure 9.9 Major investment in oil sands in Canada (From Islam et al., 2018)
Figure 9.10 Last few decades have seen an increase in efficiency of refineries. (Islam et...
Figure 9.11 As natural processing time increases so does reserve of natural resources (from...
Figure 9.12 ‘Proven’ reserves are miniscule compared to total potential of oil...
Figure 9.13 Declared reserve for various countries (From Islam et al., 2018).
Figure 9.14 Production/reserve ratio for various countries (From BP, 2018).
Figure 9.15 Crude oil production continues to rise overall (From EIA, 2017).
Figure 9.16 USA reserve variation in recent history (From EIA, 2018).
Figure 9.17 Technically recoverable oil and gas reserve in USA (From Islamet al., 2018).
Figure 9.18 Sulfur content of USA crude over last few decades (from EIA, 2018).
Figure 9.19 Declining API gravity of USA crude oil.
Figure 9.20 World-wide crude oil quality (From Islam et al., 2018).
Figure 9.21 Human-induced warming reached approximately 1 °C above pre-industrial...
Figure 9.22 Variation in atmospheric CO₂ concentration (NASA, 2018).
Figure 9.23 Temperature fluctuations since 1880.
Figure 9.24 Historical concentration of CO₂.
Figure 9.25 Past performance and future projections of greenhouse gases by sector. (million...
Figure 9.26 Carbon dioxide emission by sectors (EIA, 2018).
Figure 9.27 Carbon dioxide emission for various fossil fuels (EIA, 2018).
Figure 9.28 Projection relies on technology (From EIA Report, 2018).
Figure 9.29 Greenhouse emissions of gas (Source: IPCC 2014).
Figure 9.30 Source: IPCC (2014) on global emissions from 2010.
Figure 9.31 Trends in Global Emissions (From Boden et al., 2017).
Figure 9.32 Emissions by Country (Source: Boden et al., 2017).
Figure 9.33 Global CO₂ emissions per region from fossil-fuel use and cement...
Figure 9.34 Coal consumption in 2017 by regions (BP, 2018).
Figure 9.35 Coal production by regions (BP, 2018a).
Figure 9.36 Regional energy demand (From BP, 2018).
Figure 9.37 CO₂ emissions from fossil-fuel use and cement production in the top...
Figure 9.38 Fuel economy of new cars (BP, 2018).
Figure 9.39 CO₂ emissions from fossil-fuel use and cement production in the top 6...
Figure 9.40 Shares of greenhouse gas emissions, 2010 (IEA, 2016f). Source: CO₂...
Picture 9.2. locations of various international big events regarding Climate Change.
Figure 9.41 The feedbacks of Paris.
Figure 9.42 GDP trends for various presidents (From Islam et al., 2018a).
Figure 9.43 Projected gross revenue from a carbon tax (billions of $2012) (From Goulder and...
Figure 9.44 Projected impacts of carbon tax shifts on GDP (% change), selected results...
Figure 9.45 Falsehood is turned into truth and ensuing disinformation makes sure that truth...
Figure 9.46 A new paradigm is invoked after denominating spurious value as real and...
Picture 9.4 Robotization is embedded into the fundamental assumptions.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 IPCC FAR BAU global surfacetemperature projection adjusted to reflectobserved...
Figure 10.2 Evolution of global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the period...
Figure 10.3 Greenhouse gasemission in 2016 (EPA, 2018).
Figure 10.4 Nitrousoxide in the atmosphere (from EPA, 2018).
Figure 10.5 Simplifiedschematic representations of the major microbial pathways and microbes...
Figure 10.6 CFC concentration in atmosphere as monitored by NORA (2018).
Figure 10.7 FluorinatedGreenhouse Gas Emissions from HCFC-22 Production (from EPA, 2014).
Figure 10.8 It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 0%, compared to the baseline,...
Figure 10.9 Nitrousoxide in the atmosphere (from EPA, 2018).
Figure 10.10 Distribution of greenhouse gas among various sectors in USA (EPA, 2017).
Figure 10.11 Various atmosphericlayers and their principal features (from NOAA, 2018a).
Figure 10.12 Spectrum of variousemissions from a black body (Wm² per 10...
Figure 10.13 Top panel: Strong lineintensities (in red) and schematic representation of the...
Figure 10.14 Overall energy balanceof the Earth (From NASA, as reported in Rosen and Egger,...
Figure 10.15 Comparison of (from LC-DFT) with Pauling electronegativity forthe four first...
Figure 10.16 Natural relativeabundance of the elements as a function of their atomic number...
Figure 10.17 Average bindingenergy per nucleon as a function of mass number for nuclides with...
Figure 10.18 Average binding energyper nucleon as a function of mass number for nuclides with...
Figure 10.19 Optimum around iron.
Figure 10.20 Periodic table with selectedelemental properties relevant for stable isotope...
Figure 10.21 Schematic illustrationof fractionation mechanisms for the Hg isotope system...
Figure 10.22 Schematicillustration of the principles of mixing models used for source tracing...
Figure 10.23 Average isotopicanomalies plotted as ∆¹⁹⁹Hg vs...
Figure 10.24 The global productionand consumption of selected toxic metals during...
Figure 10.25 Global N₂Oemissions from various sources in 1995, 2005 and 2030...
Figure 10.26 A proposedmethodological framework proposed by Hu et al. (2015).
Figure 10.27 Conventional Mass Balanceequation incorporating only tangibles.
Figure 10.28 Mass-balance equationincorporating tangibles and intangibles.
Figure 10.29 Sustainable pathwayfor material substance in the environment.
Figure 10.30 Synthetic non-biomassthat cannot be converted into biomass will accumulate far...
Figure 10.31 Results from Carboncombustion in a natural reactor and an artificial.
Figure 10.32 The effect of pCO₂ on C₃land plant carbon isotope...
Figure 10.33 Plot of the isotopic signatures of δ¹³C_VPDB...
Figure 10.34 Plot of the isotopic signatures of δ¹⁸O_VPDB...
Figure 10.35 Plot of δ¹⁸O_VSMOW _SLAP...
Figure 10.36 A simplified version of the C3 Calvin cycle (From Grocke, 2002).
Figure 10.37 The CO₂ rejects due to contaminants.
Figure 10.38 Light spectrum for Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b.
Figure 10.39 Absorption spectrum and quantum yield vs. wavelength (From Gale and Wandel).
Figure 10.40 Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b (molecular structure)Chlorophyll a: Magnesium...
Figure 10.41 (a) Comparison of atmospheric CO₂ and d¹³C to Cariaco...
Figure 10.41 (b) Comparison of atmospheric CO₂ and d¹³C to Cariaco...
Figure 10.42 Planktonic foraminifera d¹³C over the last three centuries compared...
Figure 10.43 Historical atmospheric forcing datasets for D¹⁴C in CO₂...
Figure 10.44 Historical atmospheric forcing datasets for δ¹³C in...
Figure 10.45 Global oil production during 1965-2010 (from Rapier, 2012).
Figure 10.46 Transition mechanism in plants for metal accumulation (From Singh et al., 2011).
Figure 10.47 Natural transport phenomenon (Modified from Islam et al., 2010).
Figure 10.48 Global and local efficiency of different energy sources.

List of Tables

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Various sources of water on earth (From Islam, 2014).
Table 3.2 Contrasting features of water and petroleum (From Hutchinson, 1957; Attwood,...
Table 3.3 Fundamental properties of oxygen and hydrogen.
Table 3.4 Common and contrasting features of oxygen and hydrogen.
Table 3.5 Fundamental characteristics of carbon.
Table 3.6 Contrasting and unifying features of oxygen and carbon (From Islam, 2014).
Table 3.7 Sun composition (Chaisson and Mcmillan, 1997).
Table 3.8 Wavelengths of various visible colors (From Islam, 2014).
Table 3.9 Wavelengths of known waves (From Islam et al., 2015).
Table 3.10 Artificial sources of various waves (From Islam et al., 2016).
Table 3.11 Various elements in earth crust and lithosphere (From Islam, 2014).
Table 3.12 Table of elements in the human body by mass (From Emsley, 1998).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Synergies between water and sustainable growth (modified from UN water, 2013).
Table 4.2 Similarities in biofuel generation (from awudu and zhang, 2012).
Table 4.3 Differences in biofuel generation (from awudu and zhang, 2012).
Table 4.4 Sustainability in biofuel generation (from awudu and zhang, 2012).
Table 4.5 Effect of fertilizer on forage production (from holt and wilson, 1961).
Table 4.6 Major users of nitrogen fertilizer (from fao, n.d.).
Table 4.8 Nutrients present in a typical fertile soil (from holt and wilson, 1961 and...
Table 4.9 Characteristic frequency of “Natural” Objects (from islam, 2014).
Table 4.10 Various products from photosynthesis (from foyer, 1984).

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Values of FFAs content of different vegetable oils (from atadashi et al., 2013).
Table 5.2 Ffas levels in feedstocks (from atadashi et al., 2013).
Table 5.3 Effect of the catalyst on the biodiesel purity and yield (from vincente et al.,...
Table 5.4 Reaction yield as function of the homogeneous catalyst weight (from cardoso et...
Table 5.5 Different heterogeneous catalysts used for transesterification of vegetable...
Table 5.6 Summarization of the activity of metal oxides and supported catalysts as...
Table 5.7 Different heterogeneous catalysts used for transesterification of vegetable oils...
Table 5.8 Biodiesel feedstocks and economic feasibility.
Table 5.9 List of homogeneous catalyst used for transesterification reaction.
Table 5.10 List of heterogeneous catalyst commonly used for biodiesel production.
Table 5.11 Difference in average toxic effects at two biodiesel blend levels (from chhetri...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Details of oil refining process and various types of catalyst used.
Table 6.2 Various processes and products in oil refining process.
Table 6.3 Emissions from refinery.
Table 6.4 Primary wasters from oil refinery.
Table 6.5 Chemicals used in refining.
Table 6.6 Pollution prevention options for different activities in material transfer and...
Table 6.7 Catalysts and materials used to produce catalysts base metals and compounds.
Table 6.8 Equilibrium potentials for various co₂ electroreduction reactions...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Various colors vs. Temperature for an organic flame (from islam, 2014).
Table 7.2 Colors and sources of artificial flames.
Table 7.3 Chemical composition (wt%) of minerals from plagiogneis (from ivanov et al.,...
Table 7.4 Published isotopic mineral ages for precambrian basement in southwestern...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Per Capita energy consumption (In TOE) for certain countries.
Table 8.2 US Crude oil and natural gas reserve (Million barrels).

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Reserve recovery ratio for different countries (from islam, 2014)
Table 9.2 Summary of proven reserve data as of (Dec) 2016 And related reserve/production...
Table 9.3 The paris agreement process (from Kemp, 2018).

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Atomic absorption data for certain elements (From Sansonettia and Martin, 2005).
Table 10.2 Direct radiative effects and indirect trace gas chemical-climate Interactions...
Table 10.3 B/A Ratio for a Optimum Elements (From Wapstra and Bo, 1985).
Table 10.4 Most Abundant Metals and Their Concentration.
Table 10.6 Isotopic Composition of Selected Isotopes (From Vanhaecke, and Kyser, 2010 and...
Table 10.7 Mercury Isotopes.
Table 10.8 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Compositions in Bulk Coal and Gases Collected From...
Table 10.9 The Minimum and Maximum Concentrations of a Selected Isotope in Naturally...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Major conclusions from the ‘97% consensus’ camp.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-0-470-62612-2

Foreword

In the name of ‘science’, there has been a growing trend of dogmatic solutions forced on the world by the ruling elite. Upon the election of President Donald Trump to the most powerful office on the planet, this modus operandi has reached an unprecedented hype. Among the vast majority of the ‘scientific’ world, there is a natural tendency to mock President Trump, much like they do in liberal states, such as California, New York, etc. For them, anyone advancing any argument against the so-called ‘97% consensus’ is immediately identified as a suspect and climate change denier, and, therefore, is worthy of being intellectually lynched by categorizing him/her as a Trump supporting, MAGA hat-wearing hillbilly. At this point, anything the ‘scientist’ would say, no matter how egregious, be it manufacturing cow-free burgers and milk or dimming the sun with toxic chemicals, would pass for ‘science’ while anyone advancing ‘alternate’ explanation would be ridiculed. This is not a scholarly forum, where real science can survive¹. As such, this book, titled, “The Science of Global Warming” is a remarkably courageous undertaking. It is no surprise that this book starts with the deconstruction of existing ‘settled’ science. It exposes the hollowness of New Science in general and climate change hysteria in particular. The book reminds the readership, that it is New Science that has made the following transition in the past and is poised to continue along the same path.

In the 70s, there was this coming of second ice age;
In the 80s, acid rain was considered the villain that was ruining the planet earth;
In the 90s, global warming was said to bring the earth at the brink of the tipping point;
In the 2000s, climate change was declared real and carbon designated the enemy;
In the 2010s, engineering the earth began, and the natural ecosystem, carbon, water, sunlight were designated the enemy;
In 2019, we prepare for the 2020s, in which an apology to acid rain is being offered and the plans are underway with billions of dollars of funding to “dim” the sun with acid and let the entire world wear toxic sunglasses - all funded by universal carbon taxes.

This is the much-dreaded environmental scheme propped up by institutions such as the United Nations. Yet, the science that others have been working with have no avenue to evaluate, let alone critique, the only ‘scientific’ recourse being promoted. It is as if the world has gone insane and cannot fathom the fundamental question as to what is wrong with carbon, water, or sunlight. This book not only asks those questions, but it goes beyond giving satisfactory answers to each of these questions, showing the lunacy of the schemes that promote ‘new wave’ nuclear energy as the panacea while vilifying natural resources as ‘evil’. In a society in which Judges and lawyers cringe at the thought of asking the ‘why’ questions, medical doctors are utterly clueless about why diseases occur, and scientists are engineers would not touch those questions in fear of losing funding, this book is as revolutionary as it gets. At the end, this book leaves no question regarding the global climate unanswered and recommends fundamental changes that can offer hope for the future. The solutions will not make more money for to do the corporations or tax-happy big governments, but who said those things have anything with proper science? The book lives up to the expectation of the name the ‘Science of Climate Change’. You have to read the book to appreciate how real science is different from dogmatic nonsense that we have been indoctrinated to believe as ‘science’.

G.V. Chilingarian

University of Southern California

The Science of Climate Change

Dedication

Foreword