Glossary

Adelphophagy:
The behavior of certain individuals who eat their siblings.
Allomone:
A substance produced and secreted by an organism, inducing a particular behavior in an individual of another species (attraction or repulsion), and thus able to be used as a means of defense.
Anadromous:
Characterizing fish that migrate from the sea and ascend rivers upstream.
Androviviparous (androviviparity):
A male organism that takes charge of the incubation of eggs placed into his care by one or more females, in a corporal structure that facilitates respiratory and metabolic exchanges between the pregnant male, the eggs and the embryos (the brood pouch of seahorses and syngnatids).
Anoxia, anoxic:
The state of a system deprived of oxygen (anoxic waters).
Avifauna:
All the bird species living in a given area.
Biosphere:
All living beings and their living environments, thus the totality of the ecosystems in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Brood pouch:
See marsupium.
Chemoreception:
An organism’s capacity to be sensitive to the chemical components in the environment (sense of smell, taste).
Climax:
Optimal ecological balance defined by environmental conditions.
Confinement:
For Guelorget and Perthuisot, confinement is a complex notion, difficult to measure directly in situ. To simplify, it means the progressive exhaustion of the oligoelements of marine origin and the progressive reduction in potential nutrient input from water courses (nitrates, phosphates, etc.) according to the sea/land and land/sea gradients. The confinement parameter is therefore closely linked to hydrodynamics and particularly to the residence time of the water in the lagoon basin.
Detritivore:
An animal that feeds on organic debris.
Dystrophy:
An anomaly in water quality due to excessive production of organic matter, leading to increased mortality causing fermentations that produce anoxia, and production of toxic gases (H2S), conditions unfavorable for life (dystrophic crisis).
Ecotone:
Natural environment on the borders of two neighboring ecosystems.
Ecotype:
Individual characteristics (shape, color, etc.) of an organism in relation to its adaptation to a particular living environment.
Edaphic:
“Related to the soil”. Edaphic factors are abiotic factors specific to the nature of the ground (rock type, nature of sediment, etc.).
Endemic (endemism):
A species (or group of species) that exist only in a very clearly defined region and nowhere else. Endemism defines the natural presence of a species or biological group in a defined geographic region.
Epiphyte:
An organism that lives on plant matter using it only as a structural base, establishing no trophic relationship with it.
Euryvalent (euryvalence):
An organism’s capacity to support wide variations in environmental conditions (salinity, temperature, etc.).
Eutrophication:
From the Greek for “well nourished”, the enrichment of an environment in nutrient salts, leading to significant production of organic matter, the excess of which triggers dystrophic crises (see dystrophy).
Fry propagation:
Restocking the waters with very young fishes, usually sourced from aquaculture.
Genesic:
Pertaining to the establishment of a new generation.
Gonopod:
External appendage of the male to enable copulation (intromittent organ).
Grau:
An Occitanian word derived from the Latin word gradus, which means the natural or artificial channel linking a lagoon to the sea.
Gynogenesis:
Female genetic uniparental reproduction from one single active egg.
Gynoviviparity:
Female viviparity.
Herculean:
Pertaining to a plant or animal from the Atlantic entering the Mediterranean via Gibraltar (a reference to the Pillars of Hercules, the rocks of Gibraltar and Ceuta).
Hermaphrodism:
Characteristic of an organism capable of providing both male and female gametes.
Heterozygosity:
The state of a cell (or living being) possessing different alleles for a given gene on each homologous chromosome (opposite: homozygosity).
Homing:
An organism with the “homing instinct” has the capacity to find its way home, i.e. return to the place it lived previously. An example of this is salmon returning to the river where they were born after spending time in the sea.
Hypolimnion:
A deep part of a lake with little light and which is often poorly oxygenated.
Interspecific:
Between different species; between individuals belonging to different species.
Intraspecific:
Within one species; between individuals of the same species.
Iteroparity:
The condition of an animal that reproduces several times during its life. This is a different notion from “fragmented spawning” that describes, in teleosts, the action of a female emitting waves of ovocytes, at variable time intervals, during one single reproductive season (opposite: semelparity).
Kairomone:
A chemical molecule that acts interpecifically to the advantage of the recipient.
“Lagunotrophic” migration:
Marine animals paying regular visits to lagoons in order to feed.
Lentic:
A calm water environment that renews itself slowly (opposite: lotic).
Lessepsian:
A term used for Eritrean or Indo-Pacific plants and animals that reach the Mediterranean via the Suez canal (a reference to Ferdinand de Lesseps).
Lido:
The French term for a sandspit, the long, sandy geological formation that separates a lagoon from the sea (also called a barrier beach).
Limivore:
An organism that ingests mud to take nourishment from the dead or living organic matter contained in it. Often incorrectly spelled as “limnivore” (meaning “that eats calm waters”!).
Limnogenic:
Pertaining to spawning in lakes (limnogenic migrators are fishes that visit lakes to reproduce).
Malaigue:
An Occitanian word meaning “bad waters” used to denote anoxic or subanoxic waters rich in H2S, as a result of an overload of organic matter in a more or less advanced state of decomposition.
Marker:
A natural or artificial substance present in an organism that shows a physiological or behavioral activity in a given environment.
Marsupium:
A pouch located on the ventral side of the male in certain syngnathids into which females deposit their eggs which, after fertilization, continue to develop and emerge at a very advanced postlarval stage (subjuvenile).
Messinian:
The final age of the Miocene epoch, during which the Mediterranean dried up, between 5.96 and 5.33 million years ago (Messinian crisis).
Micropyle:
In teleosts and myxines, an orifice through which spermatozoa can reach the ovocyte (ovule) in order to fertilize it.
Monogamous:
Describes an animal that forms a stable pair bond lasting for at least one sexual cycle.
Monogyne or monogamous male:
A male that mates with only one female.
Neonate:
Synonym of newborn.
Neuston:
All the organisms that float on the water’s surface, between air and water.
Nidification:
Modifying a cavity or building a structure from plant or mineral matter for the purpose of reproduction or simply for protection.
Ontogenesis:
The development of an individual, from egg to adulthood.
Ontogenic, ontogenetic:
Pertaining to ontogenesis.
Otolith:
From the Greek term otos lithos, meaning “stone of the ear”, a piece of mineralized calcareous material located in the inner ear (fish have three pairs of otoliths, called asteriscus, lapillus and sagitta).
Oviparous:
An oviparous female lays eggs (i.e. ovocytes, ovules fertilized by spermatozoa in the genital passages of the female or hermaphrodite) that develop outside the “maternal” organism.
Ovuliparous:
An ovuliparous female emits her ovocytes or ovules into the water (external fertilization) or (in syngnatids) into the brood pouch of the male, where they are fertilized and become eggs.
Panmictia, panmictic:
See panmixia, panmixic.
Panmixia:
Random mating of individuals of a population (absence of barriers to genetic exchanges).
Panmixic:
Pertaining to panmixia.
Paralic:
A paralic environment denotes a coastal area in contact with the sea via a narrow communication channel, as is the case for lagoons. Synonym: “marginal continental system”.
Paraviviparity:
Incubating eggs in a way that has affinities with the viviparity practiced in the female genital passages. Male seahorses and syngnatids that incubate eggs in their “marsupium” are sometimes described as “paraviviparous”.
Pheromone:
A chemical message produced by an organism and picked up by the olfactory system of its fellows.
Phylogeography:
The study of the principles and processes governing the geographic distribution of genealogical lineages, especially at the intraspecific level.
Phylogeographic:
Studies and findings pertaining to phylogeography.
Physoclist:
A teleost that has no “pneumatic duct” connecting the air bladder to the oesophagus.
Physostome:
A teleost with a duct (“pneumatic duct”) connecting the air bladder to the oesophagus.
Pleistocene:
The geological epoch of the quaternary period lasting from around 2.6 million years ago to 12,000 years ago.
Polyandric:
Denotes a female that mates with a number of males during a single spawning season.
Polyandry:
The condition of females that mate with a number of males.
Polygynandry:
A method of reproduction where one female mates with a number of males, and one male with a number of females.
Polygyny:
A method of reproduction where the male reproduces with a number of females.
Potamotoc:
It denotes a fish that can live in the sea or in brackish lagoons, but that has to return to fresh water to reproduce.
Protandrous or proterandric hermaphrodism:
An animal that functions as a male in the early part of its sexual life, then as a female until its death (sexual inversion).
Protogynous or proterogynous hermaphrodism:
An animal that functions as a female in the early part of its sexual life, then as a male until its death (sexual inversion).
Relict:
Plants or animals whose existence in a given location can be explained by former climatic conditions (glacial relicts in the present-day Mediterranean: cold water species that have survived in the Mediterranean since the last ice age).
“Rhapie”:
Synonym of “ionic relationship”, relative ionic concentration (rhapic factor according to Por, 1980).
Rock-dwelling:
Denotes organisms that naturally live close to or in contact with rocks
Semelparous:
Denotes a fish that achieves just one sexual cycle during its life, but whose spawning can be fragmented throughout the duration of this single reproductive season (a separate notion from “fragmented spawning” which denotes the behavior of a female who emits waves of ovocytes at variable time intervals over one reproductive season).
Sneaker:
A furtive male that effects fertilizations to the detriment of males who have taken a mate (fertilization theft).
Synomone:
An allelochemical substance of value to the animals or plants that release it and receive it.
Thalassogenic:
A term relating to sea spawning (thalassogenic migration is the action of animals who migrate from a river or lagoon to the sea to spawn).
Thalassogenic or thalassogenesic migration:
Animals going to the sea in order to reproduce.
Thalassotoc:
Amphidromous animals capable of living in fresh and brackish water but which go to the sea to reproduce.
Tidal range:
The difference in water level between successive high and low tides. In the Mediterranean, the tidal range is low except in the Adriatic and the Gulf of Gabes.
Trophic:
Relating to feeding.
Turbidity:
The state of water that is clouded due to its content of suspended particles (sand, mud, humic acids).
Valliculture:
One of the most ancient forms of semi-intensive aquaculture in the Mediterranean, still used in the Po Delta.
Viviparous (viviparity):
Term used to denote an animal that practices internal fertilization and gives birth to living offspring (neonates).

Index

A, B, C

  • asymmetric flatfish, 76
  • annular gilthead, see also Sparus annularis, 135, 140
  • bar, 30
  • Charax puntazzo, 148
  • Chelon labrosus, 173
  • Chrysophrys aurata, 218

D

  • Dicentrarchus labrax, 242, 247, 251, 272
  • Diplodus, 130, 132–135, 148, 151, 152, 155, 161–163, 173, 180, 182, 187, 193
    • annularis, 133, 135
    • puntazzo, 133, 148, 163
    • sargus sargus, 133, 161, 240, 244, 249, 253, 263
    • vulgaris, 133, 180, 187, 193, 214

F

  • flesus, 59–66, 68, 70, 95
    • vulgaris, 60
  • flounder, see also pleuronec flesus, 60–62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 112, 113, 124, 127

G, L

  • gilthead seab ream, see also, Sparus aurata, 45, 193, 218, 220, 222–224, 230, 232–237, 239
  • gobies, 90
  • Lithognathus, 194
    • mormyrus, 194

M

  • Mugil cephalus, 173
  • mullet, 173
  • Mullidae, 1
  • Mullus, 1–5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27, 32
    • barbatus barbatus, 4, 5, 13, 27
    • barbatus surmuletus, 23
    • ruber, 5
    • surmuletus, 1, 4, 23, 26, 32

P, R

  • Pagellus
    • lithognathus, 194
    • mormyrus, 194
  • Pegusa, 76–78, 79
  • Platichthys, 59, 60, 62, 63
    • rugosus, 59
  • Pleuronectidae, 59
  • pleuronectes, 59, 64
    • flesus, 60, 70
    • italicus, 60
    • luscus, 60
    • passer, 60
    • solea, 92
  • Puntazzo puntazzo, 148
  • right eyed flounder see also asymmetric flatfish, 59

S

  • Salpa salpa, 206
  • Sargus, 130, 132–135, 137, 151, 153, 155, 161–180, 182, 187
    • annularis, 135
    • rondelettii, 161
    • salviani, 180
    • vetula, 161
    • vulgaris, 180
  • Sarpa, 206
    • salpa, 206, 210
  • salema, see also Sarpa salpa, 206, 209–211, 213–216
  • sea bass, 160
  • sole, 74, 75–82, 84–86, 91–110
  • Solea, 45, 75–82, 84–86, 91–110
    • aegyptiaca, 79, 81, 82, 84, 86, 97
    • melanochira, 85
    • senegalensis, 76, 81, 84–86, 109
    • solea, 78, 80, 86, 91, 92, 99
    • vulgaris aegyptiaca, 79
    • vulgaris typica, 92, 97
    • vulgaris, 77, 79, 80, 86, 92, 97
  • Soleidae, 75–77, 81
  • Sparidae, 129, 130
  • Sparus, 130, 135, 148, 161, 163, 179, 193, 194, 206, 217, 218, 233, 234
    • annularis, 130, 135
    • aurata, 163, 179, 193, 217, 218, 233, 234, 241, 242, 244–260, 262, 264, 265, 267–270, 272
    • mormyrus, 194
    • puntazzo, 148
    • salpa, 206
    • sargus, 161
  • surmullet, 1, 4, 24
  • Synapturichthys, 77
image

2019

KARA Mohamed Hichem, QUIGNARD Jean-Pierre
Fishes in Lagoons and Estuaries in the Mediterranean 2: Sedentary Fish
Fishes in Lagoons and Estuaries in the Mediterranean 3A: Migratory Fish

OUVRARD Benjamin, STENGE Anne
Incentives and Environmental Policies: From Theory to Empirical Novelties

2018

AMIARD Jean-Claude
Military Nuclear Accidents: Environmental, Ecological, Health and Socioeconomic Consequences
(Radioactive Risk SET – Volume 1)

FLIPO Fabrice
The Coming Authoritarian Ecology

GUILLOUX Bleuenn
Marine Genetic Resources, R&D and the Law 1: Complex Objects of Use

KARA Mohamed Hichem, QUIGNARD Jean-Pierre
Fishes in Lagoons and Estuaries in the Mediterranean 1: Diversity, Bioecology and Exploitation

2016

BAGNÈRES Anne-Geneviève, HOSSAERT-MCKEY Martine
Chemical Ecology

2014

DE LARMINAT Philippe
Climate Change: Identification and Projections

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