Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Third Generation Biofuels: A Promising Alternate Energy Source

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biofuel Types
1.3 Advantages of Third Generation Biofuels
1.4 Technology of Third Generation Biofuel Production
1.5 Transformation Potential of Algae Into Third Generation Biofuels
1.6 Recent Developments in Biomass Transformation Into Third Generation Biofuels by Hydrothermal Conversion (HTC)
1.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 2: Recent Progress in Photocatalytic Water Splitting by Nanostructured TiO₂-Carbon Photocatalysts – Influence of Interfaces, Morphological Structures and Experimental Parameters

2.1 Photocatalysis
2.2 Carbon Nanotubes-TiO₂ and Other Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Water Splitting
2.3 Factors Influencing Liquid-Phase Hydrogen Production
2.4 Factors Influencing Gas-Phase Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
2.5 Future Prospects
References

Chapter 3: Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversion of Greenhouse Gas CO₂ to Fuels

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermodynamics of CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol, DME and Hydrocarbons
3.3 Catalytic Conversion of CO₂ to Methanol, DME, and Hydrocarbons
3.4 Mechanism of CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methanol, DME, and Hydrocarbons
3.5 Challenges and Opportunities in CO₂ Hydrogenation Process
References

Chapter 4: Energy Harvesting: Role of Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Energy Efficient Devices

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plasmonic Nanostructures
4.3 Plasmonic Nanocomposites
4.4 Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Energy Harvesting
4.5 Conclusions
References

Chapter 5: Catalytic Conversion of Biomass Derived Cellulose to 5-Hydromethyl Furfural

5.1 General Overview
5.2 Biomass Conversion Processes
5.3 HMF as a Platform Chemical
5.4 Hydrolysis of Cellulose to Glucose
5.5 Glucose Conversion to 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural
5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References

Chapter 6: Raman “Green” Spectroscopy for Ultrasensitive Analyte Detection

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine
6.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References

Chapter 7: Microwave Synthesized Conducting Polymer-Based Green Nanocomposites as Smart Promising Materials

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Brief Introduction of Conducting Polymers
7.3 Microwave Synthesis
7.4 Literature/Research Present
7.5 Application of MW synthesized CPs in Varying Arenas (Figure 7.5)
7.6 Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 8: Biobased Biodegradable Polymers for Ecological Applications: A Move Towards Manufacturing Sustainable Biodegradable Plastic Products

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biodegradable and Compostable Polymer Materials
8.3 Biopolymer From Microbial Synthesis and Its Applications
8.4 Chitin
8.5 Conventional Synthesis of Biopolymers and Its Application
8.6 End-of-Life of Biopolymer Based Materials and Composites and Its Applications
8.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 9: Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (Phenolic Lipid) Based Coatings: Polymers to Nanocomposites

9.1 Introduction
9.2 CNSL (Col)
9.3 CNSL (Col) Based Polymeric Coatings
9.4 CNSL (Col) Non Isocyanate Polyurethanes (NIPUs) or Green Coatings
9.5 CNSL (Col) Waterborne and UV Cured Coatings
9.6 CNSL(Col) Based Antifouling/Antibacterial Coatings
9.7 CNSL (Col) Based Nanostructured Coatings and Nanocomposites Coatings
9.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 10: Ionic Liquids as Potential Green Solvents Their Interactions with Surfactants and Antidepressant Drugs

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Properties of ILs
10.3 Applications of ILs
10.4 Antidepressant Drugs
10.5 Ionic Liquid – Surfactant and Ionic Liquid-Antidepressant Drug Interaction
10.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References

Chapter 11: Role of Green and Integrated Chemistry in Sustainable Metallurgy

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role of Green and Integrated Chemistry in Sustainbale Metallurgy of Primary Resources
11.3 Role of Green and Integrated Chemistry in Sustainable Metallurgy of Secondrey Resources
11.4 Perspectives on Integrated Chemical and Biological Routes for Mineral/Material Processing
References

Chapter 12: Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Biofertilizers as Ideal Potential Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Non-Symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation
12.3 Symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation
12.4 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
12.5 Conclusions and Future Research
References

Chapter 13: Natural Products in Adsorption Technology

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Adsorption and Surface Chemistry
13.3 Characteristics of Adsorbents and Selection of Adsorbent
13.4 Common Processes in Adsorption Technology
13.5 Adsorpbents Used in Adsorption Technology
References

Chapter 14: Role of Microbes in the Bioremediation of Toxic Dyes

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Dye
14.3 Classification of Dye
14.4 Dye Color
14.5 Techniques for the Removal of Dye
14.6 Decoloration Mechanisms of Microbial
14.7 Biosorption
14.8 Consortia of Microorganisms
14.9 Decolorization by Fungi
14.10 Dye Removal by Bacteria
14.11 Algae
14.12 Conclusion
References

Chapter 15: Valorization of Wastes for the Remediation of Toxicants from Industrial Wastewater

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Toxicants Present in Industrial Waste Water
15.3 Waste Valorization
15.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 16: Wound Healing Potential of Natural Polymer: Chitosan “A Wonder Molecule”

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Wound Healing
16.3 Need for Advance Dressing Material
16.4 Chitosan
16.5 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan
16.6 Wound Healing Applications of Chitosan
16.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References

Chapter 17: Nanobiotechnology: Applications of Nanomaterials in Biological Research

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Classification of Nanomaterials
17.3 Bio-Inspired Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
17.4 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials
17.5 Applications of Nanomaterials in Biological Research
17.6 Summary
References

Chapter 18: Biotechnology: Past-to-Future

18.1 Introduction
18.2 History
18.3 Global Forum
18.4 Functions of the Global Forum
18.5 Objectives of Biotechnology Development
18.6 Categorization of Biotechnology
18.7 Biotechnology Categories
18.8 Need of Biotechnology
18.9 Heal the World
18.10 Fuel The World
18.11 Feed the World
18.12 Health and Medicines
18.13 Future of Biotechnology
18.14 Advantages of Biotechnology
18.15 Opportunities and Risks
18.16 Biotechnology Industry
18.17 Innovation
18.18 Future of Biotechnology
18.19 Conclusion
References

Chapter 19: Biogenic Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agents: Prospects and Challenges

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Phytochemicals Stabilized Biogenic Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agents
19.3 Biosurfactants Stabilized Biogenic Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agent
19.4 Applications of Nanoparticles in Tissue Engineering
19.5 Toxicological Effects of Nanoparticles
19.6 Prospects and Challenges
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of a hydrothermal conversion reactor.
Figure 1.2 Biodiesel and bioethanol production processes from microalgae.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of major hydrogen production methods and their...
Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of mechanism of photocatalytic water splitting;...
Figure 2.3 Hydrogen production mechanism of FCNT-TiNT composite; FCNT acts as a...
Figure 2.4 High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy images of CNT-TNT composite...
Figure 2.5 CdS nanosheets and hollow nanorods: (c1) TEM image of typical Pt-loaded CdS...
Figure 2.6 (a) UV-vis spectra and (b) Tauc plots of TiO₂ NPs...
Figure 2.7 XPS spectra of Cu/Ag quantum dots - TiO₂ nanotubes survey spectrum...
Figure 2.8 Pictorial representation of clean energy generation through photocatalytic water...
Figure 2.9 Different photoreactors (a) Cylindrical inner irradiated; (b) Cylindrical outer...
Figure 2.10 (a) Comparison of photocatalytic hydrogen production activity under natural and...
Figure 2.11 Hybridization method for photo-catalytic hydrogen production; zinc sulphide...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Increase in CO₂ concentration from preindustrial era to present...
Figure 3.2 Effect of temperature on (a) CO₂ conversion and (b) selectivity of DME...
Figure 3.3 Effect of pressure on (a) CO₂ conversion and (b) selectivity of DME...
Figure 3.4 Comparison of thermodynamic parameters for the three reactions.
Figure 3.5 Various reaction pathways for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation...
Figure 3.6 Schematic diagram of DME synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation.
Figure 3.7 Different routes for hydrocarbons synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Schematic revealing the surface plasmon resonance effect in noble metal nanoparticles...
Figure 4.2 (a-b) Images of Ag nanoparticles solution showing the variation in the optical...
Figure 4.3 Scheme for the preparation of nanostructured Au/TiO₂ thin film...
Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram reveal the strategy for the preparation of Au decorated...
Figure 4.5 Schematic diagram reveals the (a) Incident light trapping and scattering of...
Figure 4.6 (a) Schematic representation of fabrication of Ag and Au modified PEDOT:PSS...
Figure 4.7 (a) N-TiO2 and (b) N-TiO2–Ag (10 wt% Ag) (c) Corresponding SAED pattern...
Figure 4.8 (a) HRTEM images of g-C₃N₄/Ag/TiO₂ plasmonic...
Figure 4.9 Schematic representation of photocatalytic activity of Ag modified mixed phase...
Figure 4.10 (a-b) TEM images of g Ag/Bi₃TaO₇ plasmonic nanocomposites...
Figure 4.11 TEM images of sample (A-C) sample ZA2, (D-F) sample ZG2, (G-I) sample AZG, (J)...
Figure 4.12 TEM image along (a)100 plane (b) 110 plane of Au-TiO₂ (0.05% mol Au)...
Figure 4.13 (a) Top view of the TiO2 nanorods, (b) Top view of the TiO2-MoS2 (c-d) Au modified...
Figure 4.14 (a) Schematic depiction of Au/g-C3N4 nanocomposite used as aphotocatalyst for...
Figure 4.15 (a) Bright TEM image of Au-graphene-TiO2 plasmonic nanocomposites with 0.25 wt%...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Global reserves and reserves to production ratio.
Figure 5.2 Energy statistics for various countries.
Figure 5.3 Share of different renewable resources in primary energy supply.
Figure 5.4 Comparison of conventional feedstock with 1st and 2nd generation biofuel...
Figure 5.5 Alcoholic components as building blocks of Lignin.
Figure 5.6 (a) Hexoses and pentoses found in Hemicellulose. (b) Galactoglucomannan, a...
Figure 5.7 Structure of cellulose depicting H-bonding.
Figure 5.8 Different biomass conversion routes.
Figure 5.9 HMF as a platform chemical.
Figure 5.10 Ionic liquids with Bronsted acidity.
Figure 5.11 Ionic liquids with Lewis acidity.
Figure 5.12 Ionic liquids with Bronsted-Lewis acidity.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Energy diagram describing the scattering processes.
Figure 6.2 Analysis of Raman peak intensity for control and P. berghei-infected tissue...
Figure 6.3 Diagram showing the cross-sectional view of a bacterium on a Van-coated substrate...
Figure 6.4 Detection of dead or alive microorganisms with the help of nanotechnology and...
Figure 6.5 Recycling behavior of the Au-SiNWA SERS substrate. (Reprinted with Copyright...
Figure 6.6 Fabrication and monitoring of R6G degradation using ZnO-RGO-Au bi-functional...
Figure 6.7 Utilization of MNP and GNP based SERS for microRNA biomarkers for cancer diagnosis...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 For reproduction of material from ACS-JPC-C: [17] – Reproduced by permission...
Figure 7.2 Various conducting polymers with their structures.
Figure 7.3 Various properties and applications of MW synthesized CPs and nanocomposites...
Figure 7.4 Classification of CPs.
Figure 7.5 MW synthesized PTh, reported for first time and their epoxy based coatings, for...
Figure 7.6 showing frequency bands for various electromagnetic waves.
Figure 7.7 SEM micrographs of 2ABA-PANI after 20 min under MW (a) 2:1, (b) 1:1, (c) 1:2;...
Figure 7.8 Showing MW synthesized PDA and corrosion protection studies, permission for...
Figure 7.9 Showing mechanism how MW and conventional methods varies and advantage of MW...
Figure 7.10 TEM images of PANI synthesized with microwave assistance in HCl solutions with...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Biodegradable polymer classification and biopolymer synthesis.
Figure 8.2 Polymer biodegradation process summary.
Figure 8.3 Bacterial polymer biosynthesis pathways Adapted from reference [12].
Figure 8.4 Various applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).
Figure 8.5 Chitin (%) present in different organisms. (superscript: ^aweight of...
Figure 8.6 PLA schematic diagram of polylactic acid hydrolytic degradation pathway...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 The main constituents and chemical structure of CNSL.
Figure 9.2 Typical chemical reactions of CNSL with some acidic and basic moieties [20].
Figure 9.3 Coatings based on CNSL and its derivatives, obtained through two or three step...
Figure 9.4 Synthesis of Col/Cardol-epoxy and episulfide by [26].
Figure 9.5 Tafel plot of modified system and DGEBA (a), Bode plots of EIS measurement...
Figure 9.6 Synthesis of Epoxy-Col based benzoxazine surfactant (BOX). The unsaturated long...
Figure 9.7 Functionalization of Col to make it a versatile starting material [32].
Figure 9.8 Synthesis of reactive polyamide from functionalized Col [32].
Figure 9.9 Coatings cured with polyamide (a) acid (5% HCl) resistance after 48 hr, (b)...
Figure 9.10 Reactions involved during the synthesis of Col-Fur novolac resin by [34].
Figure 9.11 Synthesis of epoxy (CNE) resin (a) and amine (CPA) hardener (b) from Col for...
Figure 9.12 Salt spray test results of cured epoxy blank and CNE/CPA film having different...
Figure 9.13 Synthesis of benxoxazine resin by [38].
Figure 9.14 Curing reaction of amine functional benzoxazine and epoxy resin by [38].
Figure 9.15 Salt spray test (a) coating surface before salt spray test in 3.5% NaCl solution...
Figure 9.16 The reaction involved in the formation of CC followed by the formation of NIPU...
Figure 9.17 Synthesis of EC and Col based polyol [43].
Figure 9.18 Synthesis of UV/oxidative dual waterborne polyurethane dispersion coatings [43].
Figure 9.19 Synthesis of CAMA [44].
Figure 9.20 Cryo-TEM micrographs of CAMA copolymer latex (50:50 wt%), Image J software was...
Figure 9.21 Synthesis of star-shaped polymers (SPCs) for antifouling coatings. Where OBPS:...
Figure 9.22 Antibacterial test resultsof blank and PHM100 film against E.coli (a)...
Figure 9.23 Nanocomposite films by [48].

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Structure of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cation.
Figure 10.2 Imidazolium derivatives of ILs.
Figure 10.3 Pyridinium derivatives of ILs.
Figure 10.4 Applications of Ionic Liquids.
Figure 10.5 Structures of some tricyclic antidepressant drugs.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Role of green and integrated chemistry in sustainable metallurgy. Adapted from...
Figure 11.2 Biological mechanisms (thiosulphate and polysulphide) of bacteria integrated...
Figure 11.3 Integrated bio-chemical processing of smelter slag for metal recovery. Adapted...
Figure 11.4 Schematic sketch for processing of various minerals/material by integrated bio-chemical...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Chemical fertilizer consumed from 2015 to 2019 estimated by thousand tones [8].
Figure 12.2 Regional nitrogen fertilizer consumed in the world from 2015 to 2019 estimated...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Schematic presentation of the main technological processes used in adsorption...
Figure 13.2 Schematic representation of a practical classification of adsorbents used in...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Relationship between absorbed radiation and Color (a) Absorbed and (b) Observed.
Figure 14.2 Classification of Dye.
Figure 14.3 Removal technique for Dye.
Figure 14.4 Classification of gram-positive bacteria by the shape.
Figure 14.5 Classification of gram-positive bacteria by the shape.
Figure 14.6 The principle of photosynthetic oxygenation.

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 General mechanism of Bio-sorption.
Figure 15.2 Adsorption of pollutants by egg shell membranes.
Figure 15.3 Removal of heavy metals by microbes.
Figure 15.4 Interaction of Heavy metals with Bacterial cell.
Figure 15.5 Removal of Pollutants using Fungi.
Figure 15.6 Schematic diagram showing functioning of Natural wastes as bio-sorbents.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Pictorial illustration of the essential properties of a versatile wound dressing...
Figure 16.2 Chemical structures of chitosan and its derivatives.
Figure 16.3 Phases and events of chitosan mediated wound healing process. ↑ shows increase...
Figure 16.4 Different types of chitosan-based novel formulations for wound healing.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Schematic diagram of green synthesis of nanoparticles and their medical applications...
Figure 17.2 Schematic representation of the synthesis of C-dots through the hydrothermal...
Figure 17.3 Schematic representation of Au_QC@gluten synthesis [18].
Figure 17.4 Schematic diagram of NCL overexpressed cancer cells by targeted DFM imaging...
Figure 17.5 Schematic diagram of multilevel labeling potential of synthesized CDP in prokaryotes...
Figure 17.6 (a) Schematic diagram of on strip modified bielectrode, (b) spatial position of...
Figure 17.7 Ex vivo expansion of marrow-derived skeletal stem cells and their attachment...
Figure 17.8 Remineralization of enamel layer on tooth using peptide [45].
Figure 17.9 Antibacterial activity of biochemically capped iron oxide nanoparticles...
Figure 17.10 Schematic diagram of synthesis procedures on Ag nanoparticle growth in situ...
Figure 17.11 Schematic illustration of NIR enhanced DOX delivery. Reproduced from [52].
Figure 17.12 Cancer targeting with polymeric nanocarriers can be achieved by targeting...
Figure 17.13 Nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery must overcome multiple barriers before gene...
Figure 17.14 Schematic illustration of preparation of FA-protocells and the targeted delivery...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Categories and Branches of Biotechnology. If we are talking about the progress...
Figure 18.2 Colour indication of biotechnology.
Figure 18.3 Areas of agricultural biotechnology.
Figure 18.4 Various applications of white biotechnology.
Figure 18.5 Workflow of Blue Biotechnology.
Figure 18.6 Various application of red biotechnology.
Figure 18.7 Health diagnosis by medical biotechnology.
Figure 18.8 Various application of environmental biotechnology.
Figure 18.9 Recombinant DNA molecule.
Figure 18.10 The various sector in the biotechnology industry.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Schematic diagram showing the mechanisms of biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles.
Figure 19.2 Schematic diagram showing the biomedical applications of biogenic nanoparticles.
Figure 19.3 The cellular uptake of biogenic AgNPs and their mechanism of toxicity...
Figure 19.4 Mechanism of biogenic AuNPs acting as potential antineoplastic agents...
Figure 19.5 Schematic diagram of cellular events occurring during wound healing process...

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Biodiesel and bioethanol production processes from microalgae.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Effect of sulphide and sulphite ions on photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Table 2.2 Effect of catalyst dosage on liquid-phase photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Table 2.3 Effect of pH on liquid-phase photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Table 2.4 Effect of photolyte recycling on photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Various possible reactions for the synthesis of methanol, DME and hydrocarbons...
Table 3.2 Various catalyst supports based on surface chemical properties [18].

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Hydrolysis of cellulose using mineral acid.
Table 5.2 Cellulose hydrolysis using solid acids.
Table 5.3 Cellulose hydrolysis using IL as solvent and mineral acid as catalyst.
Table 5.4 Cellulose hydrolysis using IL as solvent and metal salt as catalyst.
Table 5.5 Cellulose hydrolysis using IL as a solvent and solid acid as catalyst.
Table 5.6 Cellulose hydrolysis using IL as solvent as well as a catalyst.
Table 5.7 Dehydration of glucose to HMF.
Table 5.8 Table of comparison for homogenous and heterogeneous methods.
Table 5.9 Table of comparison between different methods.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 CPs and heir properties including prominent works in varying field [9]...
Table 7.2 CPs and Their Synthesis Methods and their Fields of Application.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 α-Chitin solubility, at room temperature using different solvents and...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Physical and mechanical properties of all the cured coating systems.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Examples of Commonly Used ILs.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Genera and Some Species of the Rhizobium [62].

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Natural and Processed Adsorbents and Application Areas Commonly Used in Adsorption...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Dye Decolorisation by the Use of Live Fungi [30].
Table 14.2 Dye Decolorisation by the Use of Dead Fungi [30].
Table 14.3 Decolorization of Dyes by Immobilised Fungi.
Table 14.4 Role of Bacteria in Dye with Degradation Percentage (%).

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Types of Wastes involved in environmental remediation.
Table 15.2 Chemical Composition of Egg Shells.
Table 15.3 Chemical composition of fish scales.
Table 15.4 Composition of peat.
Table 15.5 Chemical composition of coal [77].
Table 15.6 Chemical composition of coffee.
Table 15.7 Chemical composition of rice husk [147].
Table 15.8 Chemical composition of fly ash.
Table 15.9 Chemical composition of red mud.
Table 15.10 Chemical composition of dust.
Table 15.11 Advantages of using waste material to remove toxicants from wastewater.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Time with Major Changes in Biotechnology.
Table 18.2 Various Sources of Antibiotics.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Antimicrobial potential of biogenic nanoparticles.
Table 19.2 Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications of biogenic nanoparticles.
Table 19.3 Antineoplastic applications of biogenic nanoparticles.
Table 19.4 Catalytical applications of biogenic nanoparticles.

Integrating Green Chemistry and Sustainable Engineering

Shahid-ul-Islam

Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India

This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-50983-7

Preface

Green chemistry and engineering plays a growing role in the chemical processing industries. Green chemistry and engineering are relatively new areas focused on minimizing generations of pollution by utilizing alternative feedstocks, developing, selecting, and using less environmentally harmful solvents, finding new synthesis pathways, improving selectivity in reactions, generating less waste, avoiding the use of highly toxic compounds, and much more. In an effort to advance the discussion of green chemistry and engineering, this book contains 19 chapters describing greener approaches to the design and development of processes and products. The contributors describe the production of third generation biofuels, sustainable and economic production of hydrogen by water splitting using solar energy, efficient energy harvesting, mechanisms involved in the conversion of biomass, green nanocomposites, bio-based polymers, ionic liquids as green solvents, sustainable nitrogen fixation, bioremediation, and much more. The book aims at motivating chemists and engineers, and also undergraduate, postgraduate, Ph.D students and postdocs to pay attention to an accute need for the implementation of green chemistry principles in the field of chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, agriculture, enviromental enginnering, chemical processing and material sciences.

In conclusion, it is my pleasant duty to thank all the authors for contributing their time and expertise in preparing the informative and in-depth chapters related to areas of green chemistry and engineering which has made this book a reality. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Martin Scrivener (Scrivener Publishing) for inviting me to put together a textbook on integrating green chemistry and engineering.

Shahid-ul-Islam
Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi
(IITD), Hauz Khas,
New Delhi, India
November 14, 2018