Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sodium Storage Mechanism of Carbon Materials
1.3 Carbon Anode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries
1.4 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 2: Lithium Titanate-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Benefits of Lithium Titanate
2.3 Geometrical Structures and Fabrication of Lithium Titanate
2.4 Modification of Lithium Titanate
2.5 LTO Full Cells
2.6 Commercial LTO Batteries
2.7 Other Applications
2.8 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 3: Rational Material Design and Performance Optimization of Transition Metal Oxide-Based Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Anodes with Intercalation Mechanism
3.3 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Anodes with Conversion Mechanism
3.4 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Anodes with Alloying Mechanism
3.5 Summary and Outlook
References

Chapter 4: Effects of Graphene on the Electrochemical Properties of the Electrodes of Lithium Ion Batteries

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Effects of Graphene on the Electrochemical Properties of Cathode Materials
4.3 Effects of Graphene on the Electrochemical Properties of Anode Materials
4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References

Chapter 5: Practically Relevant Research on Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lifetime of Batteries
5.3 High Energy Density
5.4 Low Cost Silicon
5.5 Large-Sized Silicon
5.6 Industrial-Related Perspective
5.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 6: Mo-Based Anode Materials for Alkali Metal Ion Batteries

6.1 Mo-Based Anode Materials for Alkali Metal Ion Batteries
6.2 MoO₃
6.3 MoS₂
6.4 MoSe₂
6.5 Oxysalts (MMoO₄ (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Ca))
6.6 Summary and Lookout
References

Chapter 7: Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Current Status and Outlook

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamental Li-S Electrochemistry
7.3 Sulfur Cathodes
7.4 Anode
7.5 Separator
7.6 Electrolyte
7.7 Application and Prospects
7.8 Summary
References

Chapter 8: Graphene in Lithium-Ion/Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Graphene in Lithium-Ion Batteries
8.3 Graphene in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
8.4 Conclusions and Outlooks
References

Chapter 9: Graphene-Ionic Liquids Supercapacitors: Design, Fabrication and Applications

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Investigation of the Storage Mechanism of Graphene-ILs SCs
9.3 Development of Flexible Graphene-ILs SCs
9.4 Fabrication of Planar Graphene-ILs Micro-SCs
9.5 Challenges and Prospect
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 10: Development of Battery Electrodes Based on Carbon Species and Conducting Polymers

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Battery Operation
10.3 Cathode Materials for LIBs
10.4 Anode Materials for LIBs
10.5 Conducting Polymer-Based Anodes
10.6 Lithium Oxygen Batteries (LOBs)
10.7 Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Based Cathode Catalytic Materials for LOBs
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 11: Doped Graphene for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Properties of Graphene
11.3 Brief Introduction to Undoped Graphene for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems
11.4 Preparation Methods of Doped Graphene
11.5 Doped Graphene for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems
11.6 Prospective Outlook
Acknowledgement
References

Chapter 12: Processing of Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Electrical Properties

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Processing of Graphene Oxide
12.3 Properties of Graphene Oxide
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Schematic illustrations of SIBs (a) and recent research progress in anode for SI...
Figure 1.2 (a) The graphite intercalation compounds of Li⁺ and Na⁺ io...
Figure 1.3 The charge-discharge (voltage vs. capacity) curves of glucose derived hard carbo...
Figure 1.4 Initial two charge-discharge curves of the HCNWs in (a) SIBs and (b) LIBs. (c) I...
Figure 1.5 (a) XRD patterns of the activated samples (CPM-A) obtained at different temperat...
Figure 1.6 (a) The evolution of characteristics of hard carbons, including V_micro...
Figure 1.7 (a) Sodiation (discharge) profiles of different carbons, the sucrose derived har...
Figure 1.8 TEM images of different carbon samples: (a) HC, (b) P-HC, (c) S-HC, and (d) B-HC...
Figure 1.9 (a,b,c) A series of charge-discharge curves of hard carbons carbonized at variou...
Figure 1.10 (a) The schematic illustration of Na+ ions storage in graphite-based materials, ...
Figure 1.11 (a) TEM image, (b) HRTEM image, (c) cycle performance, and (d) rate property of ...
Figure 1.12 (a,b) SEM) images, (c) TEM image, and (d) HRTEM image of the G@HPC. (e) The sche...
Figure 1.13 (a) SEM image, (b) TEM image, and (c) HRTEM image of the 3D PCFs. (d, f, g) Cycl...
Figure 1.14 (a) The SEM image of MoO₂@C nanofibers annealing at 850 °C. (b...
Figure 1.15 (a,b) SEM images, (c) TEM image, and (d) HRTEM image of the N-doped graphene foa...
Figure 1.16 (a,b) SEM images, (c) TEM image, (d) HRTEM image, (e) high-angle annular dark-fi...
Figure 1.17 (a) Raman spectra, (b) XPS spectra (N1s), (c) porosity distribution, (d, e, g) S...
Figure 1.18 (a) SEM image, (b) HRTEM image, and (c) high-resolution XPS spectra of S2p of th...
Figure 1.19 (a) TEM image, (b) HRTEM image, (c) SEM image, and (d) elemental mappings of the...
Figure 1.20 (a) The schematic illustration of the preparation process of GPC by annealing th...
Figure 1.21 (a) The schematic of synthetic process of S/N-codoped carbon (S-N/C). (b) SEM im...
Figure 1.22 (a) SEM and (b) TEM images of the N/O-codoped carbon (NOC) network. (c) The sche...
Figure 1.23 (a) The synthesis process of BN-CNFs. SEM images of (b) bacterial cellulose (BC)...
Figure 1.24 (a) The schematic illustration of the preparation process of oxygen-rich carbon ...
Figure 1.25 SEM images of (a) cotton and (b) carbonized cotton, the inset is the digital ima...
Figure 1.26 The typical synthetic process of hard carbon from biowaste apple. Reproduced wit...
Figure 1.27 Digital images of the leaf (a) before and (b) after carbonization. (c) The SEM i...
Figure 1.28 (a) The digital image of camphor tree. (b, c) SEM, d, e) TEM, and (f) HRTEM imag...
Figure 1.29 (a) SEM image of the cross-section of the raw apricot shell, (b) SEM and (c) TEM...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 (a) Hexagonal supercell of LTO in spinel phase with correct stoichiometry (Li...
Figure 2.2 The voltage of a spinel lithium titanium oxide anode and various cathode materia...
Figure 2.3 (a) 0D, (b) 1D, (c) 2D and (d) 3D nano-architectures.
Figure 2.4 (a) Schematic formation process of microemulsion-assisted ultrafine Li₄...
Figure 2.5 FESEM (a) and TEM (b) images of SiO₂@a-TiO₂. FESEM (c) and...
Figure 2.6 (a) Schematic illustration for the fabrication of H-LTO nanowires[64]; (b) Schem...
Figure 2.7 (a and b) SEM images of electrospun LTONFs before heat treatment at low and high...
Figure 2.8 (a) Schematic representation of the fabrication sequence of Na_x...
Figure 2.9 TEM images and scheme of single-layer (a) and overlapped LTO nanosheets (b); (c)...
Figure 2.10 TEM images of as-prepared samples: (a) precursor of LTO and (b) precursor of LTO...
Figure 2.11 Cross-sectional (a) and top-view (b) SEM images of Li₄Ti₅O...
Figure 2.12 (a) Scheme illustration of the preparation of LTO/G materials89; (b) The synthet...
Figure 2.13 Schematic illustration of the formation process of HLTOMs [92].
Figure 2.14 (a) Fabrication schematics of CC-CNTs/LTO core/shell arrays; SEM images of (b,c)...
Figure 2.15 SEM images of LTO/VACNT composites: (a) side view, (b) higher magnification SEM ...
Figure 2.16 Schematic of (a) aerosol spray drying process and (b) the prepared nanostructure...
Figure 2.17 Schematic illustration of the formation process of LTO-TO microspheres [100].
Figure 2.18 Schematic presentation of the conventional solid-state process for micron-size L...
Figure 2.19 Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of microscale spherical, carbon-...
Figure 2.20 Comparison of cycling performance for five Na_xLi_4-xTi...
Figure 2.21 (a) Illustration of the formation mechanism for Cr-modified Li₄Ti...
Figure 2.22 Schematic model of synthetic procedure: (a) mixed raw materials heated at 400 ...
Figure 2.23 Electrochemical performance of the all-fiber LIB device with gel electrolyte. (a...
Figure 2.24 LTO batteries can be used for multi-usages (SCIB^TM).
Figure 2.25 (a-b) The 1 MW model of the energy storage system (ESS) built by Altairnano Tech...
Figure 2.26 (a) Zhangbei flexible HVDC project converter station; (b) Shenzheng Baoqing batt...
Figure 2.27 Schematic illustration of the electrostatic and electrochemical charge and disch...
Figure 2.28 (a) Discharging-charging voltage profiles of the C-Gd-LTO nanosheets at differen...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 A schematic illustration of three typical reaction mechanisms between transition...
Figure 3.2 The TEM and HRTEM images of TiO₂ hollow (a) and mesoporous (b) nanosp...
Figure 3.3 (a) Schematic illustration of the coating of TiO₂ nanospheres with a-...
Figure 3.4 (a) Schematic illustration for the synthesis of mesopore MnO@N-C/rGO hybrids. SE...
Figure 3.5 SEM images (a-b) and cycling properties (c) at 1C rate of GF@Fe₃O...
Figure 3.6 SEM images of single-shelled (a), doulbe-shelled (b) and triple-shelled (c) Co...
Figure 3.7 (a-d) Typical SEM images of ZnCo₂O₄ nanowire arrays growin...
Figure 3.8 SEM and TEM images of (a,b) Ni(dmg)₂ and (c,d) porous NiO microtubes....
Figure 3.9 (a) Schematic illustration of the formation of CuO/Cu₂O-GPC. (b) Cycl...
Figure 3.10 SEM (a), TEM (b), HRTEM (c), STEM and the corresponding element mappings (d) of ...
Figure 3.11 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of sandwich like Ag-C@ ZnO-C@Ag-C ...
Figure 3.12 (a) Schematic illustration of the structure and phase evolution for common SnO...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 SEM images of (a) LiFePO₄-stacked graphene composites and (b) LiFePO...
Figure 4.2 STEM, TEM and mapping images of the LiFePO₄-graphene-carbon composite...
Figure 4.3 TEM images. High-resolution TEM images of the carbon-coated LiFePO₄ c...
Figure 4.4 Schematic flow-process diagram of the self-assembly process for LiFePO₄/RGO particles [61].
Figure 4.5 TEM images of the LiMn₂O₄ nanoparticles with low (a) and h...
Figure 4.6 (a) XRD patterns of bare Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, Li...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Summary of key features of different rechargeable batteries. Reprinted with perm...
Figure 5.2 Three failure mechanisms of Si electrodes: (a) Pulverization of Si particles; (b...
Figure 5.3 Relationship between different coulombic efficiency and capacity retention [13]....
Figure 5.4 Schematic process of preparing pomegranate-like silicon/carbon microparticles. R...
Figure 5.5 Relevance among energy density, press density, volume variation and specific cap...
Figure 5.6 Flow chart of typical synthesis methods of Si-based anodes [54–55].
Figure 5.7 Scheme of H₂O assisted ball milling. Reprinted with permission from R...
Figure 5.8 Scheme of synthesis for graphene caged micro-Si composites. Reprinted with permi...
Figure 5.9 Self-healing mechanism of SHP coated Si particles (a) and chemical structures of...
Figure 5.10 Schematic diagram of preparation for freestanding macro-porous Si/C composites. ...
Figure 5.11 SEM images of silicon produced by MACE method: nanowires (a), nano porous (b), h...
Figure 5.12 SEM figures and cycle performances of nest-like Si. Reprinted with permission fr...
Figure 5.13 Scheme of 3D-nanoporous Si from de-alloying (a); SEM and cycle performances. Rep...
Figure 5.14 Schematic diagram of synthetic process of mesoporous Si(a); TEM(b) and SEM (c) i...
Figure 5.15 Schematic illustration of preparation process of mesoporous Si/C nanocomposites....
Figure 5.16 Scheme of synthetic process for interconnected 3D macro-/mesoporous silicon. Rep...
Figure 5.17 Scheme of preparation and lithium storage mechanism of hierarchically porous Si ...
Figure 5.18 Synthetic process of silicon nano sheet from natural clay (a), cycle performance...
Figure 5.19 Scheme of porous Si/C composites from SiO. Reprinted with permission from Ref 17...
Figure 5.20 Schematic illustration of preparation (a) and SEM(b) of carbon coated porous Si;...
Figure 5.21 Research trend of silicon anodes.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Structure of MoO₂ shows the available empty sites for Li action. Repr...
Figure 6.2 FE-SEM image of the calcined product. Reproduced with permission from ref. 19, C...
Figure 6.3 (a) Cyclic voltammetry curves of MoO₂ electrode at a scan rate of 0.5...
Figure 6.4 (a) FE-SEM micrographs of MoO₂/GO;(b) Enlarged FESEM micrographs of t...
Figure 6.5 Continuous discharge and charge curves of (a) MoO₂/GO structures and ...
Figure 6.6 Structure of α-MoO₃ showing the available empty sites for Li i...
Figure 6.7 (a) The growth mechanism of h-MoO₃ nanorods. (b) Discharge-charge vol...
Figure 6.8 (a) Schematic representation of the synthesis of C-MoO₃ NRs. (b) Galv...
Figure 6.9 (a) Schematic representation of the syntheses of few-layer MoO₃ nanos...
Figure 6.10 (a) Schematic illustration of the growth mechanism of α-MoO₃/I...
Figure 6.11 (a) The illustration of formation process for 3D-OHP-a-VO_x/MoO...
Figure 6.12 The refined structural model of the MoS₂. Reproduced with permission ...
Figure 6.13 (a) XRD patterns of the MoS₂ samples and HRTEM images of (b) FG-MoS...
Figure 6.14 (a) Charge and discharge curves of the as-prepared FG-MoS₂, CG-MoS...
Figure 6.15 Schematic of MoSe₂ structure. Reproduced with permission from ref. 74...
Figure 6.16 (a) SEM image and (b) TEM image of the hybrids, revealing that MoSe₂ ...
Figure 6.17 Structure of CoMoO₄ showing the chains of close-packed octahedral par...
Figure 6.18 (a) SEM and (b) TEM images of CoMoO₄ nanosheets constructed hollow na...
Figure 6.19 The structure of the FeMoO₄. Reproduced with permission from ref. 90,...
Figure 6.20 (a) The schematic illustration of the formation of FeMoO₄ cubes; (b) ...
Figure 6.21 The crystal structure of NiMoO₄. Reproduced with permission from ref....
Figure 6.22 Cyclicvoltammograms (a) and galvanostatic charge-discharge voltageprofile at 200...
Figure 6.23 Crystal structure of CaMoO₄. Reproduced with permission from ref. 88,...
Figure 6.24 TEM images (a, b) and HRTEM (c) of CaMoO₄ sample. Cyclic voltammogram...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Schematic configuration of a typical Li-S battery in organic electrolyte. Reprin...
Figure 7.2 Voltage profiles of a typical Li-S battery in organic electrolyte. Reprinted wit...
Figure 7.3 Sketch of hierarchical porous carbon network with in-situ formed graphene...
Figure 7.4 (a) High resolution TEM images of HCSs/S-LBL. (b) Prolonged cycle performance an...
Figure 7.5 Schematic formation of shell protected graphene–Li₂S–C ...
Figure 7.6 FESEM images of Si/SiO_x electrode: cross-sectional view (a) before pr...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Comparison of volumetric and gravimetric energy density of different types of ba...
Figure 8.2 Scheme of charge carrier’s diffusion on the cathode side of a Lithium Bat...
Figure 8.3 Discharging (a) and charging (b) of a lithium battery.
Figure 8.4 Comparison of typical voltage profiles of lithium-ion battery anode materials: (...
Figure 8.5 (a) Schematic of Li⁺ transport on cathode with a) carbon black partic...
Figure 8.6 Graphical representation of the polysulfide formation and shuttle effect affecti...
Figure 8.7 Schematic of the different structures of graphene composite electrode materials....
Figure 8.8 Scheme of the synthesized nanocomposite based on Wang et al., [158].
Figure 8.9 A scheme of a GO membrane inside a Li-S battery. The GO membrane is sandwiched b...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Molecular structures and abbreviations of the typical anions of ILs.
Figure 9.2 (Left) Electrostatic potential profiles for a range of surface charge densities ...
Figure 9.3 SEM of curved graphene sheets (scale bar 10 µm) prepared by the chemical ...
Figure 9.4 (a) TEM images of porous graphene nanofibers. (b) enlarged magnification of whit...
Figure 9.5 (a) Optical images of a suspension of a graphene oxide in propylene carbonate an...
Figure 9.6 SEM images of platelet CMK-5 (a) and the graphene-CMK-5 composite (b-d) with dif...
Figure 9.7 (a) SEM, (b,c) TEM, and (d) EDAX analysis of F-MWCNT/graphene/BMIM-TFSI ternary ...
Figure 9.8 Electrochemical characteristics of as-made asymmetric SCs: (a) schematic of the ...
Figure 9.9 (a) Digital photograph of the as-fabricated ternary hybrid film transferred onto...
Figure 9.10 (a) CV curves of the GQDs//MnO₂ asymmetric MSC at different scan rate...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Energy densities (Whkg⁻¹) for several types of rechargeable ba...
Figure 10.2 LIB operation illustration [2]. (Reprint with permission from [2] copyright (201...
Figure 10.3 LIBs Cathode and anode materials voltage versus capacity [3]. (Reprint with perm...
Figure 10.4 (a) Reversible capacity during the first cycle (b) Reversible capacity of gas an...
Figure 10.5 Demonstrated dependent of adsorption of Li ions on CNTs diameters, top view from...
Figure 10.6 Illustrated variation of Li/C ratio versus tube diameter, white balls represents...
Figure 10.7 SEM images for various diameters of tubes (a) 10–20 nm (b) 20–40 n...
Figure 10.8 High resolution TEM images for different lengths of tubes (c, d) long (a, b) mor...
Figure 10.9 Reversible capacity stability at 25 mAg⁻¹ for 30 cycles [39]. ...
Figure 10.10 Electrochemical measurements for various lengths and diameters of CNTs [40]. (Re...
Figure 10.11 The electrochemical measurements for freestanding paper CNTs [43]. (Reprint with...
Figure 10.12 Schematic illustration of LOBs operation [53]. (Reprint with permission from [53...
Figure 10.13 SEM images for (a) pure SWCNT paper (b) Ge/SWCNT-2 paper (c) cross-sectional vie...
Figure 10.14 (a) SEM image of the Ge/SWCNT-2 paper (b) EDS spectrum (c) EDS mapping of carbon...
Figure 10.15 Galvano static Charge-discharge curves for SWCNT paper and Ge/SWCNT-2 paper [66]...
Figure 10.16 Cyclic stability of SWCNT and Ge/SWCNT composite paper [66]. (Reprint with permi...
Figure 10.17 EIS for SWCNT and Ge/SWCNT-2 paper anode [66]. (Reprint with permission from [66...
Figure 10.18 EIS for PbGeO₃and PbGeO₃-GNS₂(20 wt.%) anode be...
Figure 10.19 Comparison of CV curves of pure PNCNFs and Pd/PNCNF-2 composite O₂-sa...
Figure 10.20 The discharge/charge capacities of LOBs from 2.35 to 4.35 V for PNCNF, and the P...
Figure 10.21 (a) XRD patterns for various charge discharge cycles (b) SEM images of Pd/PNCNF-...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Energy and power densities of graphene-based SCs compared with commercially avai...
Figure 11.2 (a) Schematic formation of N-G by CVD. (b) CVD precursors with different functio...
Figure 11.3 (a) Schematic representation of optimized experimental parameters (temperature p...
Figure 11.4 Synthesis of N-GRW. Synthesis steps: (1) polymerization at 600 °C for 2 h...
Figure 11.5 The formation of NG by ball milling graphite with melamine. [113]
Figure 11.6 (a) Several possible SG clusters shown from left to right; S atoms adsorbed on t...
Figure 11.7 Fabrication of sulfur-doped graphene by thermal exfoliation of graphite oxide pr...
Figure 11.8 Preparation of PG. (a) Addition of H₂PO₄−...
Figure 11.9 Molecular model of S-, N-dual doped graphene [205].
Figure 11.10 Schematic illustration of the procedures for the synthesis of SNG [206].
Figure 11.11 Schematic diagrams of (a) an EDLC and (b) a PCs [229].
Figure 11.12 (a) Bonding configurations of nitrogen atoms in NG.7 Scanning electron microscop...
Figure 11.13 (a) SEM morphology of GO; (b) SEM morphology of the NG. (c) XPS spectra of the N...
Figure 11.14 (a) Photograph of an as-prepared superlight graphene framework (GF). (b) SEM ima...
Figure 11.15 (a) BH₃-THF adduct and reaction scheme for the reduction of GO and pr...
Figure 11.16 (a) CV curves at a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹, (b) specific capaci...
Figure 11.17 (a) CV of EGO, REGO, PEGO and PREGO at scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹ w...
Figure 11.18 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of S-doped porous rGO hollow frame...
Figure 11.19 (a) Illustration of asymmetric solid-state SCs (ASCs) based on BN-doped graphene...
Figure 11.20 (a) Schematic of preparation BCN graphene; (b) CV curves of BCN graphene anneale...
Figure 11.21 A typical lithium-ion battery.
Figure 11.22 The calculated spin electronic density of states (DOS) of (a) graphitic, (b) pyr...
Figure 11.23 (a) Schematic representation of optimized experimental parameters for the growth...
Figure 11.24 (a) SEM image of the NG. (b) N1 s XPS spectrum of the NG. Inset schematic struct...
Figure 11.25 Schematic illustration for the preparation of N-doped MnO (N-MnO)/N-doped graphe...
Figure 11.26 (a) STEM image of BG and (b) C- and (c) B-elemental mapping of the square region...
Figure 11.27 (a) Schematic illustration of synthesis procedures of 3D N,S co-doped graphene h...
Figure 11.28 Comparison between different rechargeable battery chemistries in terms of gravim...
Figure 11.29 Diagram of a typical LSB (left), illustrating the movement of Li ions from the a...
Figure 11.30 (a) Schematic illustration of GO anchoring S. Yellow, red, and white balls denot...
Figure 11.31 Schematic illustration of the preparation process of graphene/sulfur electrode [...
Figure 11.32 NEXAFS spectra of the S K-edge (a) and C K-edge (b) of the S-GO cathode material...
Figure 11.33 (a) N 1 s XPS spectrum of the NG sheets. (b) The absorption of Li₂S...
Figure 11.34 Schematic illustration of preparing S@NG nanocomposite and these soluble Li...
Figure 11.35 Electrochemical performance of the S@NG electrode at 0.5C (a), 1C (b) and 2C (c)...
Figure 11.36 S 2p XPS spectra of S/CMK-3, S/NPC and S/BPC [304]....
Figure 11.37 Photographs of graphene sponges and schematic model of the assembled cell. (a) P...
Figure 11.38 Theoretical capacities, energy densities, and cell voltages of various metal ele...
Figure 11.39 Schematic operation principle of (a) ZABs and (b) LABs [308]....
Figure 11.40 (a) UPS spectra collected using an HeI (21.2 eV) radiation. (b) and (c) Carbon a...
Figure 11.41 (a) Schematic of a ZAB at charging and discharging conditions. (b) GCD profiles ...
Figure 11.42 The optical images of electrodes (a) before and (b) after water splitting powere...
Figure 11.43 (a, b) Optical images showing the utilization of a centimeter-sized freestanding...
Figure 11.44 Representative voltage profiles of the LABs with (a) NS-G300, (b) NS-G500 and (c...
Figure 11.45 Electrode materials and corresponding electrochemical performances in current NI...
Figure 11.46 (a) Initial charge–discharge curves of the NG, rGF, and N–GF at 0....

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 The US Naval Research Laboratory’s large area plasma processing system (L...
Figure 12.2 XRD pattern for drop-cast graphene oxide film deposited on a glass substrate, a ...
Figure 12.3 Raman spectrum for the sample, (a) untreated (broken line) and (b) plasma treate...
Figure 12.4 Current-voltage curves for plasma plasma reduced graphene oxide sample at room t...
Figure 12.5 (a) Raman spectra of GO and PTGO monolayers and (b) the de-convoluted G-mode pea...
Figure 12.6 I–V plots for GO and PTGO monolayers. The plasma treatment durations (at ...
Figure 12.7 Raman spectra and XPS spectra of GO and r-GO. (a) Raman spectra and correspondin...
Figure 12.8 Electrical properties of r-GO sheet. (a) Schematic diagram (top) and a typical A...
Figure 12.9 The characteristics of plasma-fluorinated graphene [148] Shown are the C 1 s hig...
Figure 12.10 The concentration of functional groups added to graphene versus the operating pr...
Figure 12.11 Typical changes in the properties of graphene after exposure to beamdriven plasm...

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Summary of the sodium storage performances of reported carbon materials.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Single crystal data of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ Was obtained by a flux method [34].
Table 2.2 Different features of commercial anodes.
Table 2.3 The methods and performance of 0d lto based materials.
Table 2.4 The methods and performance of 1d lto based materials.
Table 2.5 The methods and performance of 2d lto based materials.
Table 2.6 Effect of different coating layers on the li₄Ti₅O₁₂.
Table 2.7 The performance of doped lto materials.
Table 2.8 The electrochemical behaviors of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ Full...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Summary of lifepo₄/Graphene composites synthesized by doping modification.
Table 4.2 Summary of lifepo₄/Graphene composites synthesized by surface modification.
Table 4.3 Summary of LiMn₂O₄/Graphene composites synthesized by different methods.
Table 4.4 Summary of li[ni_1-x-_yCo_XMn_Y]O...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1. Price of Graphite and Common Si Sources [11, 56–60].

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Electrochemical performances of carbon-based moo₃ Composites prepared...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Summary of trials to improve the anode performance of li-s batteries.
Table 7.2 Description of different electrolytes for li-s batteries.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Summary of experimental data for different cathode materials.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Summary of N-doping methods and N concentration on graphene.
Table 11.2 Summary of B-doping methods and B concentration on graphene.
Table 11.3 Summary of S-doped graphene and its applications.
Table 11.4 Summarizes the main methods for the synthesis of PG.
Table 11.5 Charge density of atoms in graphene model [205].

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-40755-3

Preface

Electrochemical energy storage has played important roles in energy storage technologies for portable electronics and electric vehicle applications. During the past three decades, great progress has been made in research and development of various batteries, in terms of energy density increase and cost reduction. However, the energy density has to be further increased to achieve long endurance time. In this book, recent research and development in advanced electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices are showcased, including lithium ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries, sodium ion batteries and supercapacitors. The materials involve transition metal oxides, sulfides, Si-based material as well as graphene and graphene composites.

The contributors to the volume are battery scientists and engineers with excellent academic records and expertise. Each chapter is relatively independent of the others, with a structure which is easy for readers quickly find topics of interest. I hope that this book will be helpful for scientists and engineers working in the field of energy storage, especially the graduate students.

This book mainly addresses a primary discussion, latest research & developments, industry and the future of battery materials. The book begins with the discussion on the recent progress of the carbonaceous anode materials including the sodium storage performances of amormphous carbons, graphite/graphene-based carbons, heteroatoms-doped carbons, biomass derived carbons, and the corresponding sodium storage mechanism. In addition, the current critical issues, challenges and perspectives of carbon anode materials for sodium ion batteries are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 summarizes the performance of lithium titanate-based lithium-ion batteries with three classified themes including organic half Li-ion cells, organic full Li-ion cells and Na-ion batteries. The outlook and perspective on lithium titanate-based lithium-ion batteries have also been concisely provided in this chapter. Recent research advance in the controllable fabrication and the future of various transition metal oxide-based electrode materials and their lithium storage properties are presented in chapter 3. In chapter 4, there is a discussion on the recent progresses on the effects of the graphene on the electrochemical performances of cathode materials. Additionally, the preparation and applications of the composites of carbonaceous materials with graphene in the anodes of lithium ion batteries has also been incorporated in this chapter. Chapter 5 summarizes the practically relevant studies on silicon anodes for Li-ion batteries. Chapter 6 provides a systematic summary of the synthesis techniques, modification methods, as well as electrochemical property and performance of Mo-based compounds in lithium/sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performances and the related charge/discharge mechanism is also discussed in this chapter. The current application situations have been described to introduce the state-of-art of Li-S battery in chapter 7.

Chapter 8 presents a critical overview of the state-of-art in the optimization and application of graphene derived materials for anodes, cathodes and separators in lithium batteries. In chapter 9, the recent achievements in the design and fabrication of flexible graphene-ionic liquids supercapacitors, and their application in portable electronics has been discussed. Chapter 10 provides an overview on composites of conducting polymers and activated carbon. Along with a detailed perspective on the reported experimental techniques and theoretical strategies to tune the properties of carbon and conducting copolymers composites based electrode materials. The preparation and application of doped graphene in the electrochemical energy storage systems has been summarized in chapter 11. Chapter 12 emphasizes the techniques of low temperature plasma processing and electron beam irradiation techniques to enhance the electrical properties of graphene oxide.

I would like to express my gratitude to all the contributors for their collective and fruitful work. It is their efforts and expertise that have made this book comprehensive, valuable and unique. Grateful thanks to Sachin Mishra, S. Patra and Anshuman Mishra for managing the chapters and their help and useful suggestions in preparing Advanced Battery Materials.

Finally, I would like to thank the International Association of Advanced Materials for all their help and direction.

Chunwen Sun
Beijing November 2018