Cover Page

5G for the ConnectedWorld

 

Edited by

Devaki Chandramouli

Nokia
Texas
USA

Rainer Liebhart

Nokia
Munich
Germany

Juho Pirskanen

Wirepas
Tampere
Finland

Wiley Logo

About the Editors

DEVAKI CHANDRAMOULI has over 18 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. She spent the early part of her career with Nortel Networks and is currently with Nokia. At Nortel, her focus was on the design and development of embedded software solutions for CDMA networks. Later, she represented Nortel on the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum with a focus on WiMAX architecture and protocol development. At Nokia, her focus areas include architecture and protocol development of 5G System and EPS related topics. She has been instrumental in developing Nokia's vision for 5G System Architecture and she has also been instrumental in developing Nokia's strategy for radio and architecture standardization (phased) approach in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). She leads 5G System Architecture specification in 3GPP SA2 and continues to focus on active contribution toward evolution of 5G System work in SA2. She is now Head of North American Standardization in Nokia. She has co‐authored IEEE papers on 5G, co‐authored a book on “LTE for Public Safety” published by Wiley in 2015. She has (co‐)authored over 100 patents in wireless communications. Devaki received her B.E. in Computer Science from Madras University (India) and M.S. in Computer Science from University of Texas at Arlington (USA).

RAINER LIEBHART has 25 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. He held several positions within the former Siemens Fixed and Mobile Networks divisions and now in Nokia Mobile Networks. He started his career as SW Engineer, worked later as standardization expert in 3GPP and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in the area of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), took over responsibilities as WiMAX and Mobile Packet Core System Architect and was head of the Mobile Core Network standardization team in Nokia Networks for more than eight years. He was also the Nokia Networks main delegate in 3GPP SA2 with the focus on Long‐Term Evolution/System Architecture Evolution (LTE/SAE). After working as Research Project Manager within Nokia Bell Labs with a focus on 5G, he is now Head of 5G Solution Architecture in the Mobile Networks Global Product Sales department of Nokia. He is (co‐)author of over 70 patents in the telecommunication area and co‐editor of the book “LTE for Public Safety” published at Wiley. Rainer Liebhart holds an M.S. in Mathematics from the Ludwig‐Maximilians University in Munich, Germany.

JUHO PIRSKANEN has 18 years of experience on technology development on wireless radio technologies such as 3G, HSPA, LTE and WLAN and most recently on 5G. He has held several positions in Nokia Networks, Nokia Wireless Modem, Renesas Mobile Corporation and Broadcom Corporation and then again at Nokia Networks for 5G research and standardization. He has participated actively for several years on different standardization forums such as 3GPP and IEEE802.11 by doing numerous technical presentations, being rapporteur of technical specifications and leading different delegations. His research work has resulted in more than 40 (co‐)authored patent families on different wireless technologies and several publications on radio interface solutions including 5G. On 5G his research focused on physical layer and radio protocol layer concepts and first implementations of the 5G radio solutions. In late 2017, he joined Wirepas having headquarters in Tampere, Finland. Wirepas develops de‐centralized wireless IoT mesh networks that can be used to connect, locate and identify lights, sensors, beacons, assets, machines and meters with unprecedented scale, density, flexibility and reliability. Juho Pirskanen holds a Master of Science in Engineering, from Tampere University of Technology, Finland.

List of Contributors

Subramanya Chandrashekar

Nokia

Bangalore

India

 

Betsy Covell

Nokia

Naperville

USA

 

Sami Hakola

Nokia

Oulu

Finland

 

Volker Held

Nokia

Munich

Germany

 

Hannu Hietalahti

Nokia

Oulu

Finland

 

Jürgen Hofmann

Nokia

Munich

Germany

 

Keeth Jayasinghe

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Toni Levanen

Tampere University

Tampere

Finland

 

Zexian Li

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Andreas Maeder

Nokia

Munich

Germany

 

Jarmo Makinen

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Tuomas Niemela

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Karri Ranta‐aho

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Rapeepat Ratasuk

Nokia

Naperville

USA

 

Rauno Ruismäki

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Peter Schneider

Nokia

Munich

Germany

 

Mikko Säily

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Thomas Theimer

Nokia

Munich

Germany

 

Laurent Thiebaut

Nokia

Paris‐Saclay

France

 

Samuli Turtinen

Nokia

Oulu

Finland

 

Mikko Uusitalo

Nokia

Espoo

Finland

 

Fred Vook

Nokia

Naperville

USA

 

Sung Hwan Won

Nokia

Seoul

South Korea

Foreword by Tommi Uitto

It has been said that hyper‐successes often happen in business when three distinct and major inflection points or disruptions coincide. Not just one, not two, but three. With that theory, we can explain the hyper‐success of GSM. First, there was a new global and open standard for mobile communication technology, driving up volumes and allowing for an ecosystem to emerge. Second, deregulation took place, allowing for competition with the incumbent, previously monopolistic operators. Third, electronics had evolved to a point, where mobile devices have become affordable for a bigger mass of the population. And sure enough, mobile telephony proliferated throughout the world and made people's lives more enjoyable, secure, efficient and effective. Obviously, businesses also benefited from the ability of their employees to stay connected with one another and Internet regardless of their location. With the advent of 5G, we have the ingredients for something equally profound to happen. You see, the introduction of 5G as a wireless technology is more or less coinciding with adoption of both cloud computing and Artificial Intelligence (AI)/Machine Learning (ML) by operators. Looking back, we can certainly be satisfied with the improvements that 3G and 4G brought as mobile communication technologies, as well as the new device paradigms, pricing models and business models that were introduced in parallel with them. But 5G can become a much bigger step for the humankind, relatively speaking, than 3G and 4G did at their time of introduction and adoption. With the extreme mobile broadband aspects of 5G, we have so much speed and capacity that it is difficult to see how we could run out of it with applications and use cases known today. With design criterion of one million connected objects per square kilometer, we can say that 5G has been designed for the Internet of Things (IoT) from the outset. It will be more affordable and technically feasible than ever before to embed radio sensors and transceivers in physical objects. With ultra‐reliable low‐latency communication (URLLC) performance criteria and functionalities in 5G, we open a host of new use cases and business potential as we can be certain enough about a reliable and robust connection to a physical object accurately in space and time. In addition to such superior wireless connectivity and capacity, we then have virtually infinite computing capacity thanks to cloud computing. And not just any computing, not linear or simplistically deterministic computing, but rather computing that learns with AI, ML, including deep learning. A self‐improving machine that can collect data and command objects in a wireless manner. Furthermore, a technology called network slicing will allow us to logically segregate different performance sets by using the common cloud infrastructure end‐to‐end, rather than building separate physical networks for separate use cases. It is difficult to see why just about any physical or physical/digital business process could not be automated with such technology. Therefore, we can expect 5G, together with Cloud and AI/ML, to have, relatively speaking, a bigger, more profound impact on enterprise than previous generations of mobile communications have had. For consumers, we are lifting and eradicating many barriers to use mobile technology to its full potential. To put it another way, we are creating ubiquitous embedded computing, not just islands of computing, not just communication networks. We are seamlessly interweaving physical and digital worlds. We will have a perfect, programmable model of the physical world in digital space. Welcome to the 5G future. The authors are deeply involved in the work on 5G – network slicing technology as an example – and are in a prime position to provide valuable first‐hand insights on 5G‐related 3GPP activities and all relevant technical details.

Tommi Uitto

President

Mobile Networks

Nokia

Foreword by Karri Kuoppamaki

Wireless connectivity touches almost every aspect of our daily lives, and LTE has delivered the ubiquitous high‐speed wireless broadband experience for us. This has unlocked the potential of mobile video and the mobile innovation that rides on those networks that we interact with every day. Lyft, Uber, Snapchat, Venmo, Square, Instagram … these are companies that simply would not exist without LTE. In addition to new innovations, global leaders such as Facebook, Alphabet, Amazon, and Netflix adapted their businesses to benefit from mobile broadband and their growth exploded!

As a result, mobile data use keeps growing, and there seems to be no end for consumer demand for more. Additionally, the need for more sophisticated mobile broadband services as well as new industries and users adopting the power of mobile broadband will push the limit on LTE technology creating a need for the next generation of mobile technology – 5G.

The next‐generation of wireless technology, 5G, will not only enhance and improve the services we enjoy today, but will also transform entire industries, from agriculture to transportation and manufacturing to become more capable, efficient, and intelligent. In other words, the evolution toward 5G is a key component in the digital transformation of almost every industry as well as of society. As such, 5G is an integral component of our continued Un‐Carrier journey into the future.

Although the promise and vision of 5G is well described, the 5G system behind it is somewhat covered in a veil of mystery. This book explaining the new 5G system from an end‐to‐end perspective, from vision and business motivation to spectrum considerations and then the technology from Radio to Core Network and service architecture demystifies what the 5G system is about. I would like to thank the authors for doing an excellent job in translating this complex topic into a book, and I hope it will serve as a useful tool for anyone wanting to understand what 5G really is all about.

Karri Kuoppamaki

Vice President

Network Technology

Development and Strategy

T‐Mobile USA

Preface

After the considerable success of LTE, why do we need a new system with a new radio and a new core? First, 5G will boost some of the LTE key performance indicators to a new horizon: capacity, latency, energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, and reliability. We will describe the relevant radio and core features to enable optimizations (5G to be 10, 100, or 1000 times better than LTE) in these areas in respective chapters of the book. But this is only half of the 5G story. With the service‐based architecture 5G Core supports natively a cloud‐based architecture, the higher layer split of the radio protocol as specified by 3GPP paves the path for a cloud‐based implementation of the radio network or parts of it and network slicing will open totally new revenue streams for operators by offering their network as a service to vertical industries. Slicing will enable operators implementing logical networks for diverse use cases (e.g. industrial applications) in an optimal way on their physical hardware. The 5G System also supports compute and storage separation natively, and introduces enablers to support the ability to perform dynamic run time load (re‐)balancing with no impact to user's services. In addition, open interfaces and the possibility to expose data from network functions to third parties via open APIs enables operators to monetize these contextual real‐time and non‐real‐time data or simply use the data to optimize network deployment and configuration. Operators can broker information to different industries like providers of augmented reality services, traffic steering systems, factories, logistical systems, and utilities. Real‐time big data analytics will play a crucial role for this brokering model.

In a nutshell, the main intention of this book is to explain what 5G is from a technical point of view (considering 3GPP Release 15 content), how it can be used to enable new services, and how it differs from LTE. The book covers potential 5G use cases, radio and core aspects, and deals also with spectrum considerations and new services seen as drivers for 5G. Although 5G will not support IoT and massive machine‐type‐communication from the very beginning in 3GPP Rel‐15, we felt that this topic is extremely important and thus we provided a detailed description about IoT, M2M, and technical enablers like LTE‐M, NB‐IoT, GSM, 5G in this book.

Some familiarity of the reader with the basics of 3GPP networks, especially with LTE/EPC, would be helpful, but this is not a pre‐requisite to understand the main parts of this book. The reader can find a more detailed description of the book's content in the introduction section.

This book is intended for a variety of readers such as telecommunication professionals, standardization experts, network operators, analysts, and students. It is also intended for infrastructure and device vendors planning to implement 5G in their products, and regulators who want to learn more about 5G and its future applicability for a large variety of use cases. We hope everyone interested in the subject of this book benefits from the content provided.

The race towards 5G has already begun in major markets round the world like North America, China, Japan, and South Korea. To be first on the market with 5G is a key differentiator between operators and vertical industries. The year 2018 will be the first where 5G commercial networks are deployed in some key markets, even on a medium or large scale. People will start benefitting from the huge and broad step forward 5G is bringing to them individually with faster traffic downloads, faster setup times, lower latency, higher connection reliability and to the whole society with smarter cities, factories and traffic control coping with the challenges of the future. This brings us close to the vision of a truly connected world where everyone and everything are potentially connected with each other.

The Editors

December 2018

Acknowledgements

The book has benefited from the extensive contribution and review of many subject matter experts and their proposals for improvements. The editors would like to thank in particular the following people for their extensive contribution and review that helped to complete this book:

Subramanya Chandrashekar, Betsy Covell, Sami Hakola, Volker Held, Hannu Hietalahti, Jürgen Hofmann, Günther Horn, Keeth Jayasinghe, Toni Levanen, Zexian Li, Andreas Maeder, Jarmo Makinen, Tuomas Niemela, Karri Ranta‐aho, Rapeepat Ratasuk, Rauno Ruismäki, Mikko Säily, Peter Schneider, Thomas Theimer, Laurent Thiebaut, Samuli Turtinen, Mikko Uusitalo, Fred Vook, Sung Hwan Won.

We would also like to thank Sandra Grayson, Louis Vasanth Manoharan, Rajitha Selvarajan and Mary Malin from Wiley for their continuous support during the editing process.

Finally, we thank our families for their patience and cooperation during the writing of the book.

The editors appreciate any comments and proposals for enhancements and corrections in future editions of the book. Feedback can be sent directly to devaki.chandramouli@nokia.com, rainer.liebhart@nokia.com, juho.pirskanen@gmail.com.

Introduction

This book explains the new 5G system from an end‐to‐end perspective, starting from the 5G vision and business drivers, deployment and spectrum options going to the radio and core network architectures and fundamental features including topics like QoS, mobility and session management, network slicing and 5G security. The book also contains an extensive discussion of IoT‐related features in GSM, LTE, and 5G. As indicated in the preface, some familiarity of the reader with basic concepts of mobile networks and especially with LTE/EPC is beneficial, although not a must for all chapters.

Chapter 1 will address the drivers and motivation for 5G. It will also provide insights into 5G use cases, requirements from various sources, like NGMN, ITU‐R and 5GPPP, and its ability to support new services. In addition, it will touch on the business models enabled by the new radio and core architecture, and on possible deployment strategies. Furthermore, it will provide insights into organizations involved in defining use cases, requirements and developing the 5G eco system. It also provides an overview of the 3GPP timeline and content of Release 15 and Release 16. This chapter does not require detailed technical knowledge about mobile networks.

Chapter 2 provides insights into spectrum considerations for the new 5G radio regarding all possible bands. Additionally, readers will get a good understanding of the characteristics of available new spectrum for 5G that sets fundamental requirements for radio design deployment and how spectrum is used, based on available channel models and measurements. It will also provide information about regional demands for licensed and unlicensed spectrum and about new regulatory approaches for spectrum licensing in the 5G era.

Chapter 3 describes the new 5G radio access technology. It includes the evolution of LTE access towards 5G, description of new waveforms, massive MIMO, and beamforming technologies, which are key features of the new 5G radio. This chapter will also explain the physical layer frame structure with its necessary features and functionalities. Furthermore, the chapter will explain the complete physical layer design and procedures in both downlink and uplink. Finally, the chapter explains the radio protocols operating on top of the 5G physical layer and procedures required to build the complete 5G radio access system. This chapter will also discuss solutions on how 5G caters to the extreme bandwidth challenge, considering challenges providing broadband access in indoor, rural, sub‐urban, and urban areas.

Chapter 4 provides detailed insights into the drivers and motivations for the new 5G system. It gives an overview of the System Architecture, RAN architecture, architectural requirements, basic principles for the new architecture, and the role of technology enablers in developing this new architecture. It provides a comparison with EPS, describes the essence of the 5G system, newly introduced features, and explains how interworking between EPS and the 5G system will work in detail. This chapter details the key features including network slicing, data storage principles for improved network resiliency and information exposure, generic exposure framework, architectural enablers for mobile edge computing, support for non‐3GPP access, fixed‐mobile convergence, support for IMS, SMS, location services, public warning system, and charging. It also includes a summary of control and user plane protocol stacks.

Chapter 5 describes the 5G mobility management principles followed in radio and core network. It will also provide a comparison of 5G mobility management with existing mobility management in LTE/EPC. This will include a description of 5G mobility states, connected and idle mode mobility for standalone and non‐standalone deployments. It will also include procedures for interworking towards LTE/EPC. Furthermore, it will provide insights into how mobility support for ultra‐high reliability applications or highly mobile devices is achieved in 5G, considering single connectivity and multi‐connectivity features.

Chapter 6 provides an overview of Session Management and QoS principles in 5G. It defines the data connectivity provided by the 5GS (PDU sessions, PDU session continuity modes, traffic offloading, etc.). It describes the 5GS QoS framework (QoS Flows, parameters of 5GS QoS, reflective QoS, etc.). Finally, it gives an overview of how applications can influence traffic routing and policy control for PDU sessions.

Chapter 7 provides insights into the 5G security vision and architecture. It explains device and network domain security principles and procedures based on 3GPP standards. This also includes a description of the key hierarchy used within the 5G security framework. In addition, this chapter provides an overview of NFV, SDN, and network slicing security challenges and corresponding solutions.

Chapter 8 provides an overview of ultra‐low latency and high reliability use cases, their challenges and requirements, e.g. remote control, industrial automation, public safety, and V2X communication. It also provides an overview of radio and core network related solutions enabling low latency and high reliability from an end‐to‐end perspective.

Chapter 9 provides a description of 5G solutions and features supporting massive machine type communication and IoT devices. The chapter outlines the requirements and challenges imposed by a massive number of devices connected to cellular networks. In addition, the chapter also gives a detailed overview of how M2M and IoT communication is supported with technologies like LTE‐M, NB‐IoT, and GSM along with System Architecture enhancements supported for M2M and IoT devices.

Chapter 10 is meant as a summary and wrap‐up of the whole book, highlighting the most important facts about 5G and providing an outlook of new features that can be expected in future 3GPP releases.