Cover
List of Contributors
Foreword by ICF President
Foreword by IOC President
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1. Introduction
2. Internationalia Reprasentantskapet for Kanotidrott (IRK)
3. Canoeing as an olympic sport
4. Bibliography
Chapter 2: Biomechanics and equipment (sprint and slalom):
1. CANOE SPRINT
2. CANOE SLALOM
3. Bibliography
Chapter 3: The canoe/kayak athlete
1. Body composition: a performance variable
2. Energy metabolism and measurements
3. Body composition, carbohydrate intake, and rapid weight loss
4. Relative energy deficiency
5. Calcium and vitamin D
6. Iron and performance in female paddlers
7. Menstrual dysfunction
8. Effect of the menstrual cycle on performance
9. The pregnant athlete
10. Postpartum
11. The male paddler
12. Bibliography
Chapter 4: Physiology of canoeing
1. Introduction
2. World best performance times
3. Bioenergetic contributions to different racing distances
4. Maximal aerobic power of kayakers and canoeists
5. Methodological aspects of maximal aerobic power
6. Determinants of aerobic capacity
7. Pulmonary ventilation
8. The circulation
9. Primary muscles and fiber characteristics
10. Lactate threshold and criticalpower
11. Efficiency
12. Areas for future research
13. Bibliography
Chapter 5: Sport psychology for canoe and kayak
1. Introduction
2. The elements of high‐performance sport
3. Psychological resilience and sport‐specific psychological skills
4. Bibliography
Chapter 6: Training for canoeing
1. SECTION 1: SPRINT
2. SECTION 2: SLALOM
3. Bibliography
Chapter 7: Medical problems in canoeing and kayaking
1. Environmental factors
2. Some diseases responsible for turn‐overs
3. Exercise‐induced asthma
4. Medical problems associated with sympathetic nervous activity and adaptation to intense training in elite athletes
5. Specific medical problems for female paddlers
6. Preparticipation screening
7. Anti‐doping
8. Bibliography
Chapter 8: Orthopaedic injuries in canoeing
1. Introduction
2. General characteristics of canoeing and kayaking
3. Clinical biomechanics
4. Common orthopedic injuries
5. Prevention and therapy
6. Bibliography
Chapter 9: Paracanoe
1. Introduction and history
2. Principles
3. Goals (for the International Paralympic Committee)
4. EVIDENCE‐BASED CLASSIFICATION FOR PARAKAYAK
5. Bibliography
Chapter 10: Exercise performance in masters canoeing athletes
1. Decline in performance with age
2. Endurance versus sprinting performance decline
3. Physiological aspects of decline in endurance exercise performance with age
4. Physiological aspects of decline of sprint exercise performance with age
5. Aspects of training in master athletes
6. Lifestyle aspects of decline in endurance performance with age
7. Medical risks
8. Bibliography
Chapter 11: Diversity in canoe sport
1. Introduction
2. Women in canoe
3. Marathon
4. Canoe freestyle
5. Canoe polo
6. Wildwater
7. Dragon boat
8. Ocean racing
9. Canoe sailing
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Slalom Olympic program.
2. Table 1.2 Sprint Olympic program.
3. Table 1.3 Past and present ICF Presidents.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 The major events in the development of equipment in canoe sprint (Figu...
2. Table 2.2 Values for the components of drag (N) and their relative contribution ...
3. Table 2.3 Boat movements and their causes.
4. Table 2.4 Key events in the paddle stroke.
5. Table 2.5 Average values for equipment measures in sprint kayakers (in centimete...
6. Table 2.6 Major events in the development of equipment in canoe slalom.
7. Table 2.7 Average values for equipment measures in slalom kayakers (in centimete...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 World best times of winners until 2013 from ICF world top athletes lis...
2. Table 4.2 Aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions at different canoeing racin...
3. Table 4.3 VO₂ max for kayakers and canoeists reported in the literature between ...
4. Table 4.4 VO₂ max for kayakers and canoeists reported in the literature between ...
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Speed comparisons for training purposes based on 500 m times.
2. Table 6.2 Training intensities.
3. Table 6.3 Strength demands: kayak.
4. Table 6.4 Sets, reps, and intensity.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Changes in Olympic champions' performances between 1964–1984 and 1984–...
2. Table 8.2 Incidence of injuries in different sports (no. per 1000 hours).
3. Table 8.3 Incidence of injuries suffered during kayaking and canoeing and during...
4. Table 8.4 Ratios of injuries.
5. Table 8.5 Canoeists' spine disorders: starting date and duration of career.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Oxygen consumption and its determinants at maximal exercise in endura...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 A canot du maître, the large canoes used in the North American ...
2. Figure 1.2 The packed docks and deck of the Rideau Canoe Club on Regatta Day 19...
3. Figure 1.3 Although dominated by men, the earliest stages of organized, competi...
4. Figure 1.4 John MacGregor, founder of the British Royal Canoe Club, in the Rob ...
5. Figure 1.5 Announcement of the first ICF Flatwater Championship in Sweden, 1938...
6. Figure 1.7 Tent accommodation near the regatta venue.
7. Figure 1.8 Competitors in the 1936 Olympic Games. This is a 10 000 m kayak fold...
8. Figure 1.9 Start of the 10 000 m two‐person canoe (C2) event at the 1936 Olympi...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Gert Fredriksson (no. 6) making the amazing spurt that gave him vict...
2. Figure 2.3 Fischer, Mucke, Wagner, and Schuck (representing Germany) won gold i...
3. Figure 2.4 Men's K1 1000 m winning race times at Olympics (filled markers) and ...
4. Figure 2.6 Women's K1 500 m winning race times at Olympics (filled markers) and...
5. Figure 2.7 The Nelo Cinco with the “inverted bow” in use in the men's kayak 200...
6. Figure 2.8 Contemporary racing kayak single (K1).
7. Figure 2.9 Contemporary racing canoe single (C1).
8. Figure 2.10 Factors that determine total drag.
9. Figure 2.11 Drag (D) is plotted as a function of kayaking velocity (v). The das...
10. Figure 2.12 The movements of a boat. These are the same for a canoe.
11. Figure 2.13 The path of the “flat” paddle (a) and “wing” paddle (b) in the wate...
12. Figure 2.14 A sagittal plane view of the path of the paddle in the water during...
13. Figure 2.15 Plane view of the right blade tip path during the “pull phase” of t...
14. Figure 2.16 Images of Olympic champion Ed McKeever racing in the 200 m final at...
15. Figure 2.17 Components of generated force showing the resultant force (F_R), hor...
16. Figure 2.18 Typical average resultant, horizontal, and vertical paddle force, a...
17. Figure 2.19 Left stroke (a) and right stroke (b) resultant (solid line), horizo...
18. Figure 2.20 Typical average resultant paddle force and boat acceleration profil...
19. Figure 2.21 Events and phases of the kayak stroke. The exact position of the ma...
20. Figure 2.22 The kayaking deterministic model, from Wainwright et al. (2015). A ...
21. Figure 2.23 John MacLeod (representing Great Britain) paddling at Zwickau, Germ...
22. Figure 2.24 Lettmann Perfekt. Gaybo Ltd. catalog, 1976. The boat has a full fib...
23. Figure 2.25 Maialen Chourraut (representing Spain) on her gold medal–winning ru...
24. Figure 2.26 Paddle forces generated to complete a left‐hand upstream gate on wh...
25. Figure 2.27 Boat trajectories of slalom C1s and K1s while negotiating an upstre...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Relative body size of male and female Olympic sprint paddlers.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 The number of best times for winners from 1992 to 2013 in ICF events...
2. Figure 4.2 Contribution of skeletal muscle energy systems to total energy outpu...
3. Figure 4.3 Model of convective and diffusive components of peak VO₂. Peak VO₂ d...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 The elements of high‐performance sport.
2. Figure 5.2 The process of learning in psychological skill development.
3. Figure 5.3 Debrief process.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Factors involved in the planning process.
2. Figure 6.2 The five‐branched star used in META training.
3. Figure 6.3 Tony Estanguet: 2012 program.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Supraspinatus tendinopathy.
2. Figure 8.2 Anterior shoulder dislocation.
3. Figure 8.3 Glenoid labral tear.
4. Figure 8.4 (a,b) Rupture of the m. pectoralis major.
5. Figure 8.5 Callus on the hands.
6. Figure 8.6 Femoroacetabular impingement.
7. Figure 8.7 Prepatellar bursitis.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Early photo of a single canoe (C1) paddler with a left upper‐extremi...
2. Figure 9.2 Upper‐extremity canoe prosthesis with attachment to paddle.
3. Figure 9.3 Female single kayak (K1) paddler. Note modification to the kayak to ...
4. Figure 9.4
5. Figure 9.5
6. Figure 9.6 Male C1 paddler using a single outrigger canoe.
7. Figure 9.7 (a) Trunk flexion in supine with arms crossed over chest (score 2), ...
8. Figure 9.8 For the trunk test, the score ranges for each cluster are 0–16 for c...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 (a) Test data from a health evaluation of the late Gert Fredriksson...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Woman single canoe (C1) sprint paddler.
2. Figure 11.2 Woman C1 slalom paddler.
3. Figure 11.3 Men's single kayak (K1) marathon competition demonstrating wash rid...
4. Figure 11.4 Athletes in double kayak (K2) marathon competition during a portage...
5. Figure 11.5 Freestyle paddler during competition.
6. Figure 11.6 Acrobatic moves and tricks in freestyle competition.
7. Figure 11.7 Female competitor prepares to try for goal in canoe polo.
8. Figure 11.8 Canoe polo competition.
9. Figure 11.9 Athletes in double canoe (C2) wildwater competition.
10. Figure 11.10 K1 wildwater competitor.
11. Figure 11.11 Dragon boat competition.
12. Figure 11.12 Female paddlers from Iran competing in dragon boat.
13. Figure 11.13 The start of a surf ski race.
14. Figure 11.15 Six‐person outrigger canoe (OC6) competitors in open‐ocean racing.
15. Figure 11.16 Canoe sailing.
16. Figure 11.17 John MacGregor, founder of the British Royal Canoe Club, in the Ro...

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: McKenzie, Don (Donald Chisholm), editor. | Berglund, Bo, 1948– editor.
Title: Canoeing / edited by Don McKenzie, Bo Berglund.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2019. | Series: Handbook of sports medicine and science | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018039259 (print) | LCCN 2018039946 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119097228 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119097211 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119097204 (pbk.)
Subjects: | MESH: Water Sports–physiology | Water Sports–injuries | Water Sports–psychology
Classification: LCC GV783 (ebook) | LCC GV783 (print) | NLM QT 260 | DDC 797.122–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039259

Cover images: © International Olympic Committee
Cover design by Wiley

List of Contributors

Bo Berglund, MD, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden

Anna Bjerkefors, PhD, RPT
Senior Researcher, Lecturer, and Physiotherapist, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, Stockholm, Sweden

Robert Boushel, DSc
Professor and Director, School of Kinesiology, Faculties of Education and Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Jose Calbet, MD, PhD
Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Sylvain Curinier, MS
Coach, National Canoe‐Kayak Slalom, Fédération Française de Canoë‐Kayak (FFCK), Joinville‐le‐Pont, France
Accompagnateur Coach, Diplomé de l'Executive Master, INSEP, Paris, France Practitioner, France PNL, Paris, France

Jozsef Dobos, MD
Department of Sport Surgery, National Institute of Sports Medicine, Budapest, Hungary

John Edwards, BArch, BEd
Chair, ICF Paracanoe Committee, Mississippi Hills, ON, Canada

Martin Hunter, MS, MA
Head Coach, Swedish Canoe Federation, Rosvalla, Sweden
Lecturer, School of Business, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Petra Lundström, PhLic
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden

Don McKenzie, MD, PhD
Professor and Director, Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Kari‐Jean McKenzie, MS, MD, FRCPC
Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Ian Mortimer, MA
Director of Development, Canoe Kayak Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Hans Rosdahl, PhD
Senior Lecturer, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden

Johanna Rosen, MSc
PhD Student, Sport Scientist, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, Stockholm, Sweden

A. William Sheel, PhD
Professor, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Jorunn Sundgot Borgen, PhD
Professor, Physical Activity and Health, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway

Olga Tarassova, MSc
Laboratory Engineer, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, Stockholm, Sweden

Barney Wainwright, PhD
Research Fellow, Leeds Beckett University, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, UK

Penny Werthner, PhD
Professor and Dean, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Foreword

As President of the International Canoe Federation (ICF), it is my pleasure to welcome you to this excellent canoe‐focused publication that is part of the International Olympic Committee's Handbooks on Sports Medicine and Science series.

Canoeing has always had a strong image as a healthy sport combining the highest levels of athletic achievement with spectacular locations. Throughout history, the margin of success or failure within our sport has been slim, and nowhere is this more prevalent than at the very highest level, the Olympic Games.

Canoeing has a rich and long history within the Olympic movement, with canoe sprint being introduced in 1924 and then becoming a full medal sport by the Berlin 1936 Olympic Games.

Slalom's Olympic journey started later when it debuted at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. It then returned when the Games moved to Barcelona in 1992 and has been one of the core sports ever since.

Both disciplines have benefited greatly from their connection to the world's largest sporting celebration, as have the other seven disciplines that operate under the banner of our International Federation.

However, long before any athlete wins the honor to represent their nation at the highest level, they will need to dedicate their life to their chosen sport, each day honing their skills, refining their diet, and building their strength to compete with the world's best.

It is this part of an athlete's life that goes unseen – the hours, days, weeks, months, and years of preparation that make an Olympic champion. This is where this publication sits, taking world‐leading medical research and distilling it into a practical application for everyone within our sport to benefit.

On behalf of the entire international canoe community, the ICF authorities, and our many canoeists, I would like to extend my gratitude and compliments to the authors. Their contribution and ability to gather and then articulate such a complex body of research in a manner suitable for all is an amazing achievement and will inevitably help to further enhance the global development of our sport.

I congratulate and thank all those involved with this outstanding publication.

With my compliments,

Signature of José Perurena, ICF President and IOC Member.

José Perurena
ICF President and IOC Member

Preface

Few activities connect you to the environment like canoeing. As a sport, competitive canoe and kayak racing is unique, given the range of craft and water conditions. The International Canoe Federation is the governing body and provides leadership in nine disciplines. ParaCanoe, sprint, and slalom are well known due to their inclusion in the Olympic program. In these events, success is decided by objective measurement of time to complete a distance or course. The physical and mental preparation to compete is extreme, and these athletes challenge the limits of human performance. Control and integration of many factors are necessary to reach the podium.

The other disciplines are no less demanding. Marathon events require technical skill, tactics, and endurance over many kilometers. Freestyle competition involves acrobatics performed in whitewater on stationary river features. Points are given for spins, turns, and flips accumulated in a 60‐second routine. Wild water competition represents the purity of effort, while racing downriver in class 2 to 4 whitewater. In Canoe ocean racing, competitors race in surfskis, sea kayaks, and single and six‐person outriggers exposed to the wind and waves of the open ocean. There is a distinctive field of play and competition between teams in Canoe polo. Teams of five‐paddlers strive to score a ball into a net suspended above the water at each end of the pitch. Dragon boat has links to the cultural and traditional components of Canoeing. Originating in China more than 2000 years ago, current racing involves teams of 10 or 20 paddlers competing over distances from 200 to 2000 m.

This Handbook represents the efforts of experts in all areas of medicine and science applied to Canoeing. It provides general information on the history and development of Canoeing as well as specific chapters with concise, but detailed, information on sport science and the clinical aspects of Canoe sport. It is hoped that this Handbook will provide useful information to the athlete, coach, and support personnel as well as the reader interested in competitive and recreational canoeing.

It is a privilege to be included in the IOC series of Handbooks of Sports Medicine and Science. On behalf of the authors, we are indebted to Dr. Skip Knuttgen, paddler, scientist, and friend, who has guided us through the muddy waters of creating this Handbook. His expertise speaks for itself, and we owe him our gratitude.

Don McKenzie
2018