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Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation

Evolving Perspectives on Severe Psychopathology

Second Edition


Editors

Andrew Moskowitz, PhD

Professor of Psychology and Dean of Undergraduate Programs
Touro College Berlin
Berlin, Germany

Martin J. Dorahy, PhD

Professor in the Department of Psychology
University of Canterbury
Christchurch, New Zealand

Ingo Schäfer, MD, MPH

Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf
University of Hamburg
Hamburg, Germany



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About the Editors

Andrew Moskowitz, PhD, was trained and worked as a clinical and forensic psychologist in the United States. He is currently Professor of Psychology and Dean of Undergraduate Programs at Touro College Berlin, Germany, and has previously held academic positions in the Psychology or Psychiatry departments of Aarhus University, the University of Aberdeen, and the University of Auckland. Dr Moskowitz was President of the European Society for Trauma and Dissociation (ESTD) from 2017 to 2018 and has been a member of the ESTD board for many years; he is also an associate editor of the European Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. He was on the Executive Committee of the International Society for Social and Psychological Approaches to the Psychoses (ISPS) from 2013 to 2016 and is the editor of the ISPS academic monograph series. Dr Moskowitz has presented plenary speeches and workshops internationally on various aspects of the relation between trauma, dissociation, and psychosis, as well as the relation between dissociation and violence. He has published more than 40 articles and book chapters, and has received grants in the areas of attachment, trauma treatment, and the historical concept of schizophrenia. He was a core member of the dissociative disorders working group for the ICD‐11.

Martin J. Dorahy, PhD, DClinPsych, is a clinical psychologist and professor in the Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and director of the Clinical Psychology Programme. He has a clinical, research, and theoretical interest in self‐conscious emotions such as shame and guilt, and complex trauma and dissociative disorders. He has published over 120 peer‐reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and co‐edited four books in the area of psychotraumatology. He is a member of the New Zealand Psychological Society, the New Zealand College of Clinical Psychologists, and the New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists. From 2013 to 2018 he was on the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD), and in 2017 was the ISSTD President. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Trauma and Dissociation and is Associate Editor of Frontiers in the Psychotherapy of Trauma and Dissociation. He maintains a clinical practice focused primarily on the adult sequelae of childhood relational trauma.

Ingo Schäfer, MD, MPH, is Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University of Hamburg, Germany, where he directs the trauma research group and a clinical service for post‐traumatic disorders. He is also director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research and head of the addiction treatment services at the University of Hamburg. In the last 20 years, he has been involved in research on the consequences of psychological trauma in a variety of populations, including children, adults from the general population, and people with psychosis or other mental disorders. He has coordinated a nationwide research network on trauma and addiction funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (‘Childhood Abuse as a Cause and Consequence of Substance Abuse’; CANSAS Network). He has authored more than 170 articles and book chapters, is coordinator of the national German guidelines on the treatment of PTSD, Past President of the German‐speaking Society for Psychotraumatolgy (‘Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft für Psychotraumatologie’; DeGPT) and is currently President of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS).

Notes on Contributors

Volkmar Aderhold, MD, works at the Institute for Social Psychiatry at the University of Greifswald, Germany. He has worked in psychiatry and psychotherapy for more than 35 years and was for 10 years senior psychiatrist at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University of Hamburg Hospital in Eppendorf. Dr Aderhold teaches systemic therapy and counseling and has developed special trainings for teaching the Open Dialogue approach to multi‐professional teams, often including experts by experience. He has published important critical papers on antipsychotic medications, including connections to mortality and brain damage, and approaches to minimizing their usage.

Cherie Armour, PhD, is Professor of Psychological Trauma and Mental Health in the School of Psychology, as well as Associate Dean for Research and Impact in the Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, at Ulster University, UK. Her research utilizes large‐scale epidemiological data to examine the prevalence of trauma experiences and psychological disorders. A focus of Professor Armour’s research has been the categorization of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, particularly with regard to the validity of PTSD symptom groups and the dissociative PTSD subtype.

Ruth A. Blizard, PhD, is a clinical psychologist practicing in the Binghamton area (New York State, USA) with over 35 years of experience in treating persons with severe trauma, dissociation, and personality disorders. She has published articles integrating psychoanalytic concepts and attachment theory in the treatment of trauma, borderline personality, psychosis, and the spectrum of dissociative disorders. She is on the editorial board of the Journal of Trauma and Dissociation.

Bethany L. Brand, PhD, is the Martha A. Mitten Professor at Towson University (Maryland, USA), where she directs the Clinical Focus program for students planning on entering the mental health field. Dr Brand specializes in the assessment and treatment of trauma‐related disorders and has published more than 90 articles and chapters, mostly in the area of trauma and attachment. She has served on national and international task forces that developed guidelines for the assessment and treatment of trauma‐related disorders. Dr Brand is the Principal Investigator on a series of international treatment studies of individuals with dissociative disorders.

Renn Cannon, BS, holds her Psychology degree from Towson University (Maryland, USA). She is an online education specialist, who focuses on utilizing new and emerging technologies to improve learning outcomes for all students, including those with learning differences or accessibility needs.

Dirk Corstens, drs., is a Dutch physician and psychotherapist, working as a senior consultant psychiatrist in Roermond at METggz, a community mental health centre. He is an expert in the ‘Maastricht approach’ to working with persons who hear voices and in peer‐supported Open Dialogue and has delivered workshops on these topics throughout Europe. Dr Corstens has published extensively on collaborative approaches to talking with, and making sense of, one's voices and is involved in research projects in these areas. He is on the board of ‘Intervoice’, an international online community of hearing voices networks.

Ask Elklit, MPsych, is Professor of Clinical Psychology at the Institute of Psychology at the University of Southern Denmark (Odense, Denmark) and director of the Danish National Centre for Psychotraumatology. He is a licensed psychologist and psychotherapist and has a private practice focusing on personality disorders and severely traumatized clients. Professor Elklit was the co‐founder of the first Danish centre for rape victims and has conducted research on intensive language learning (utilizing Suggestopedia) as a treatment for traumatized refugees. For a decade, he has supervised psychotherapists in several Danish rehabilitation centres for torture victims.

A.D.M.A.C. (Sandra) Escher, MPhil, PhD began her career in journalism before joining the Social Psychiatry department at Maastricht University (Netherlands). Along with Professor Marius Romme and several ‘voice hearers’ (persons who hear voices), she founded the international Hearing Voices Movement and helped to develop the Maastricht approach to working with voice hearers, emphasizing voice hearing as a common human experience. Dr Escher conducted ground‐breaking research on voice hearing in children. With Professor Romme, she has published numerous articles and book chapters and five books, including Making Sense of Voices (2000), Children Hearing Voices (2010), and Psychosis as a Personal Crisis (2011).

Roar Fosse, PhD, is a Senior Research Scientist at the Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Norway. His research interests include psychosocial and biogenetic factors in the aetiology of psychosis; epigenetic and neurobiological mechanisms that link psychosocial stress exposure and the development of severe mental disorders; and evaluating novel treatment models for various mental health difficulties including suicidality, violence, and severe and composite mental disorders.

Harald  J. Freyberger, MD, is Professor of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine at the University of Greifswald and Director of the associated Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy in Stralsund, Germany. He conducts psychotherapy research, as well as research concerning mental health systems, related to diagnosis and classification, dissociation, and trauma‐related disorders. Professor Freyberger is editor of the German‐language journals Trauma und Gewalt and Psychotherapeut and is a member of the editorial board of the journal Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics.

Cherrie Galletly, MBChB, DPM, FRANZCP, PhD, is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Adelaide and Ramsay Health Care Mental Health (South Australia, Australia) and Regional Director of Training at the Northern Adelaide Local Health Network. She led the writing of the RANZCP Clinical Practice Guidelines for Schizophrenia and Related Disorders (2016). Professor Galletly has received numerous grants for her research in the areas of schizophrenia, PTSD, and depression, and has published more than 160 papers. She is an Associate Editor of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.

Jim Geekie, PhD, is a clinical psychologist, currently working in Edinburgh (UK) for NHS Lothian and as a clinical tutor on the University of Edinburgh clinical psychology training programme. Prior to moving back to Scotland, he worked predominately in the area of early intervention for psychosis in New Zealand and England. His publications include Making Sense of Madness (Geekie & Read, 2011) and Experiencing Psychosis (Geekie, Randal, Lampshire, & Read, 2009), both of which focus on the subjective experience of psychosis.

Anabel Gonzalez, MD, PhD, is a psychiatrist and psychotherapist, working at the University Hospital of A Coruña (Spain) where she coordinates the Trauma and Dissociation Program and training in psychotherapy for psychiatry residents. She belongs to the Board of the European Society for Trauma and Dissociation and is Vice President of the EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) Spanish Association. Dr Gonzales leads several ongoing research projects, and has published numerous articles on dissociation, trauma, and EMDR. She has published four books, including EMDR and Dissociation (2012) and I am not myself: Understanding Complex Trauma, Attachment and Dissociation (2018).

Melissa J. Green, PhD, is Associate Professor in the School of Psychiatry at the University of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia). Her research focuses on the development of psychotic and related mental disorders using a combination of techniques from cognitive psychology, neuroscience, genetics, and epidemiology.

Andrew Gumley, PhD, is Professor of Psychological Therapy in the Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow (UK) where he leads the Psychosis Research Group. His research focuses on the cognitive and interpersonal mechanisms of relapse in people with psychosis and the development and evaluation of complex interventions to enhance recovery. He is also a Chartered Clinical Psychologist and is Honorary Consultant Clinical Psychologist in NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde.

Holly K. Hamilton, PhD, is a clinical research fellow at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and the University of California, San Francisco (USA). Her research focuses on the neural mechanisms of abnormal sensory, perceptual, and cognitive processes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Gerhard Heim, Dr rer. soc., is a Psychotherapist working in Berlin (Germany) and is an expert on the theory and therapeutic approaches of the French physician and philosopher Pierre Janet and his relevance for contemporary approaches to psychotherapy. Since 2004, he has been President of the German Pierre‐Janet‐Gesellschaft (founded 2001). In addition to Pierre Janet, Dr Heim has research interests in, and has published on, the topics of psychopathology and the history of clinical psychology.

Markus Heinimaa, MD, PhD, is a psychiatrist, family therapy trainer, and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) specialist from Finland. In addition to an extensive private practice, he works as a clinical lecturer in the Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku (Finland) and as the chief psychiatrist in the Finnish Student Health Service in Turku. His main research interest is psychosis, where he has undertaken both conceptual and clinical research. He has published more than 60 peer‐reviewed journal articles as author or co‐author.

James Houston, PhD, is a Lecturer in Mental Health in the School of Psychology at Ulster University (UK). Dr Houston’s research utilizes large‐scale epidemiological data to examine the relationship between early childhood trauma and psychosis, in addition to the effects of cannabis use and social isolation in this relationship.

Elizabeth Howell, PhD, is an adjunct associate professor in the New York University Postdoctoral Program, faculty and supervisor in the Trauma Program, Manhattan Institute of Psychoanalysis (New York, NY, USA), and is on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. She has published three award‐winning books – The Dissociative Mind (2005), Understanding and Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Relational Approach (2011), and The Dissociative Mind in Psychoanalysis: Understanding and Treating Trauma (edited with Sheldon Itzkowitz, 2016) – as well as over 35 articles on the topics of trauma and dissociation. She is in private practice in New York City.

Ingo Lambrecht, PhD, is a consultant clinical psychologist working at Manawanui, Māori Mental Health Service in Auckland, New Zealand. His special interests include psychosis and personality issues, as well as trauma, mindfulness, and the impact of culture on clinical issues. He was privileged to be trained in the 1990s as a Sangoma, a South African traditional healer. In addition to his recent book, Sangoma Trance States (2014), Dr Lambrecht has published articles and chapters on the relationships between psychosis, culture, and spirituality.

Andrew M. Leeds, PhD, is Director of Training for Sonoma Psychotherapy Training Institute (Santa Rosa, CA, USA), which offers basic and advanced EMDR training internationally. He is the author of A Guide to the Standard EMDR Therapy Protocols (2009), journal articles, and book chapters. Dr Leeds was awarded the 1999 Ronald Martinez Memorial Award from Francine Shapiro for his work in developing a set of innovative EMDR stabilization techniques, the 1999 EMDRIA award for creative innovation, and the 2013 EMDRIA Francine Shapiro Award for outstanding contributions to the field of EMDR. He maintains a private practice as a psychologist in Santa Rosa, California.

Giovanni Liotti, MD, who died in 2018, was a psychiatrist and psychotherapist who taught in the APC Postgraduate School of Psychotherapy in Rome (Italy). Dr Liotti was one of the first to propose a close connection between dissociation and disorganized attachment, a relationship that is now well established, and published numerous manuscripts in the past 30 years on links between trauma, dissociation, and attachment disorganization. He received many awards for his contributions to the field, including the Pierre Janet Writing Award (The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation) and the International Mind and Brain Award (University of Turin).

Eleanor Longden, PhD, is a recipient of a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research, and is currently based at the Psychosis Research Unit in Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust in the UK. Her research interests are the associations between voice hearing, trauma, and dissociation and she has published and lectured extensively on these issues, including the 2013 TED talk The Voices in my Head.

Alexander C. (Sandy) McFarlane, AO, MB, BS (Hons), MD, FRANZCP, is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Adelaide (South Australia, Australia), and Director of the Centre for Traumatic Stress Studies. He is an international expert in the field of the impact of disasters, veterans’ health, and post‐traumatic stress disorder and is the recipient of a number of awards for his outstanding and fundamental contributions to the field of traumatic stress studies. He has published over 350 articles, edited three books, and is regularly interviewed by the media.

Joost B. C. Mertens, MD, is a psychiatrist and psychotherapist working in his own company (CEO/CMO of ‘De Velse GGZ’ Mental Health) and as a consultant in a general hospital (Antonius Hospital, Sneek, The Netherlands). He is a past President of the Netherlands Hypnosis Society (NVVH).

Warwick Middleton, MD, holds appointments as Adjunct Professor at La Trobe University (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia), the University of New England (New South Wales, Australia), and the University of Canterbury (Christchurch, New Zealand), and as Associate Professor, School of Medicine, University of Queensland (Australia). He is a Fellow and ex‐President of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD). He is the director of the Trauma and Dissociation Unit, Belmont Hospital, Brisbane (Australia), chairman of the Cannan Institute and deputy chairman of the Medical Assessment Tribunal, Attorney General’s Department, Queensland (Australia). He has made substantive contributions to the bereavement and trauma literatures.

Rosario Montirosso, PsyD, is a developmental and clinical psychologist. He is the Director of 0–3 Centre for the At‐Risk Infant, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea in Bosisio Parini (Italy). He has extensive experience in early parent–infant relationship assessments, in both clinical and research contexts. His research includes neuroendocrine and epigenetic correlates of early‐life adversities in infants at developmental risk. He has published over 80 peer‐reviewed journal articles on these topics.

Dolores Mosquera, MSc, is a psychologist and psychotherapist, and is the director of the Institute for the Study of Trauma and Personality Disorders (INTRA‐TP) in A Coruña (Spain). She has published 15 books and numerous articles on personality disorders, complex trauma, and dissociation. She received the David Servan‐Schreiber award for outstanding contributions to the EMDR field in 2017, and was made a Fellow of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation in 2018 for her important contributions to the trauma and dissociation fields.

Ciaran Mulholland, MD, is Clinical Director of the Northern Ireland Regional Trauma Service and Clinical Co‐Lead of an innovative psychosis prevention service (the STEP service), which has a focus on psychological trauma. He is also a Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry at Queen's University Belfast. His research interests are primarily around the role of psychological trauma in the causation of psychotic illnesses.

Erdinç Öztürk, PhD, is Professor of Clinical Psychology and Head of the Department of Social Sciences at the Istanbul University Institute of Forensic Sciences (Turkey), where he has lectured on trauma and dissociation to postgraduate students for many years. He has worked as a clinical psychologist for 22 years and treated hundreds of patients. Professor Özturk has written dozens of papers and book chapters in the field of dissociative disorders, including the first book in Turkish on trauma and dissociation.

Salvador Perona‐Garcelán, MSc, is a Clinical Psychologist at Virgen del Rocío University Hospital in Seville (Spain) and Associate Professor, Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment at the University of Seville. He has worked in the area of psychosocial rehabilitation of persons with schizophrenia for 22 years, and is currently developing an intervention program for persons with first episode psychosis. His main research focus for the past 15 years has been on the relationship between auditory hallucinations and dissociative experiences, and he has published over 100 articles, books, and book chapters within the field of psychosis.

Patte Randal, LRCP, MRCS, DPhil, has lived experience of recovery from psychosis. After 30 years of working in New Zealand medically and psychologically with people experiencing psychosis, she retired in 2014. She has published quantitative research on recovery‐focused multimodal therapy for people with psychosis (2003) and qualitative research interviewing doctors who have experienced extreme states of mind, their loved ones, and the psychiatrists who serve them (2011, 2016). She co‐authored The Re‐covery Model (2009), and the ISPS book Experiencing Psychosis: Personal and Professional Perspectives (2012). She currently presents ‘Gift Box’ workshops internationally – offering a collaboratively formulated resource to support holistic wellbeing.

John Read, PhD, is Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of East London (UK). He worked for nearly 20 years as a Clinical Psychologist and manager of mental health services in the UK and the USA, before joining the University of Auckland (New Zealand) in 1994, where he worked until 2013. Professor Read has published over 130 papers, numerous book chapters, and three books on the relationship between adverse life events and psychosis and on the role of the pharmaceutical industry in mental health research and practice. He is the Editor of the scientific journal Psychosis: Psychological, Social and Integrative Approaches.

Marius Romme, MD, PhD, is Professor Emeritus in Social Psychiatry at Maastricht University (Netherlands) and Birmingham City University (UK). He founded, along with Sandra Escher and several ‘voice hearers’ (persons who hear voices), the international Hearing Voices Movement over 30 years ago, which argues for the ‘normalization’ of voice hearing. Over the past several decades, he has conducted important research on the experience of hearing voices and organized many voice‐hearing conferences. With Dr Escher, he has published numerous articles and chapters and four books: Accepting Voices (1993), Making Sense of Voices (2000), Living with Voices (2009), and Psychosis as a Personal Crisis (2011).

Colin A. Ross, MD, is a psychiatrist and author of 30 books and 215 papers in professional journals on trauma, dissociation, psychosis, and other topics. He is a past President of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, and has spoken widely in North America, Europe, China, Malaysia, Australia, and New Zealand. Dr Ross consults to three hospital Trauma Programs in Texas, Michigan, and California.

Vedat Şar, MD, is Professor of Psychiatry at Koc University School of Medicine (KUSOM) in Istanbul (Turkey). He received his medical degree at Istanbul University in 1981 and was a faculty member there between 1989 and 2014. Dr Şar is a former President of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) and the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS). He has published more than two hundred papers in peer‐reviewed journals on trauma‐related and dissociative disorders, and has received numerous honours, including a Lifetime Achievement Award from ISSTD.

Christian Scharfetter, MD, who died in 2012, was Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Zürich (Switzerland). He was a psychiatrist at the famous Burghölzli Hospital in Zürich from 1967 until he retired in 1999, teaching psychopathology to new residents; he worked closely with Manfred Bleuler, the son of Eugen Bleuler, in the first few years. Dr Scharfetter was involved in many ground‐breaking studies on schizophrenia and published many articles and a series of books, most famous of which was General Psychopathology (1978). His overriding interests were in the history of schizophrenia, particularly Eugen Bleuler, and disturbances of self within schizophrenia.

Katrin Schroeder, MD, is Assistant Professor in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (Germany). Her research interests include experiences of childhood violence, and their association with clinical characteristics in personality disorders and in schizophrenia, the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders and their impact in schizophrenia, and subjective well‐being in schizophrenia.

James G. Scott, MBBS, PhD, is a child and adolescent psychiatrist who is Clinical Director of the Early Psychosis Service of Metro North Mental Health Service (Brisbane, Australia) and the Principal Research Fellow of the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research. He is a lead investigator of observational studies and clinical trials examining effectiveness of interventions to improve the lives of young adults living with psychosis. He has had an enduring research interest in the impact of trauma and adversity in childhood on the recovery of people with serious mental illness.

Ciaran Shannon, DClinPsych, is a Consultant Clinical Psychologist in the Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland. He manages specialist mental health psychology services, including the first psychosis prevention service for young people on the island of Ireland. He also manages a centre for mental health research in the Trust and has developed a research programme focusing on the links between psychosis and trauma and on the effectiveness of trauma‐focused interventions.

Mark Shevlin, PhD, is Professor of Psychology at Ulster University (Magee Campus) and an Honorary Professor of Psychological Research Methods and Statistics at the Southern University of Denmark (Odense, Denmark). His research interests are in the areas of trauma, psychosis, and post‐traumatic stress disorder. He is also interested in the applications of latent variable models in mental health research and is the statistical editor for the Journal of Traumatic Stress.

Ann‐Louise S. Silver, MD, is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who has published on the history of psychosis and psychodynamic therapy. She graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore and completed her psychoanalytic training at the Washington (DC) Center for Psychoanalysis, where her training analyst was Harold Searles. Dr Silver was on staff at the Chestnut Lodge psychiatric facility in Maryland for 25 years until its closing in 2001, serving as the Director of Education. She headed the Columbia Academy of Psychodynamics from 1973 to 2010, and has maintained a psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic practice from her home in Columbia, MD.

Daphne Simeon, MD, is an Associate Clinical Professor at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry (New York City, USA) and has a private practice in New York City. She is well known for her research and clinical work in early childhood trauma and post‐traumatic spectrum disorders, in particular dissociation and depersonalization, and served on the DSM‐5 advisory board for trauma‐spectrum disorders. Dr Simeon has published more than 70 articles and book chapters, as well as three books – two on depersonalization/derealization disorder and one on self‐injurious behaviour.

Valerie E. Sinason, PhD, is a poet and writer, as well as a child, adolescent, and adult psychotherapist and psychoanalyst specializing in intellectual disability, trauma, and dissociation. She retired in 2017 as Founding Director of the Clinic for Dissociative Studies in London (UK). She is an international lecturer on the subjects of intellectual disability, abuse, and dissociation, and has published over 150 papers and chapters and 17 books. Dr Sinason was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by ISSTD in 2016.

Helle Spindler, PhD, is an associate professor of Clinical Psychology and Psychotraumatology at the Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences at Aarhus University (Denmark). Her research programme within psychotraumatology focuses particularly on diagnostic challenges in relation to dissociation and trauma, and psychological distress and trauma in cardiac patients – an area that links to her work in health psychology. She is also involved in research on telehealth, especially telerehabilitation, and is a core member of the Transatlantic Telehealth Research Network (TTRN). Dr Spindler’s focus in this area is particularly on the role of user‐perspectives and psychological theory and intervention in telehealth.

Carsten Spitzer, MD, is head of the Asklepios Fachklinikum Tiefenbrunn, a psychotherapeutic hospital specialized in the inpatient treatment of patients with severe mental illness (Rosdorf, Germany). He is Professor of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic Medicine at the University Medical Center Göttingen (Germany). His research focuses on dissociation and traumatic stress, including childhood maltreatment and related disorders, as well as their association with somatic diseases and psychotherapeutic processes.

Marlene Steinberg, MD, is the developer of The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID‐D, American Psychiatric Press), generally considered a diagnostic standard in the dissociative disorder field. While on the faculty at Yale School of Medicine (New Haven, Connecticut, USA), Dr Steinberg was Principal Investigator on research grants awarded by the National Institute of Mental Health. She has authored three books and over 30 published articles and chapters in the area of post‐traumatic assessment. She has been selected by her peers for inclusion in Best Doctors of America for 19 years. Dr Steinberg maintains a clinical practice in Naples, Florida (USA).

Melissa Taitimu, PhD, a member of the Maori Iwi (tribes) Te Rarawa and Te Aupouri, is a clinical psychologist and director at MAIA Psychological Services in Burleigh Heads, Queensland, Australia. Dr Taitimu's interests are in the understanding of indigenous psychologies and their meaningful integration into mainstream practices. To this end, she utilizes Kaupapa Maori methodologies in her research and clinical practice.

Onno van der Hart, PhD, is a psychologist and psychotherapist (retired) in Amstelveen (Netherlands) and Emeritus Professor of Psychopathology of Chronic Traumatization, Utrecht University (Netherlands). He is a past President of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS). He has published extensively in the field of trauma and dissociation, and is first author of The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization (2006) and co‐author of Coping with Trauma‐related Dissociation: Skills Training for Patients and Therapists (2011) and Treating Trauma‐related Dissociation: A Practical, Integrative Approach (2017).

H.G.J.M. (Eric) Vermetten, MD, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at Leiden University Medical Center (Netherlands). He is a Colonel and is head of Research at the Military Mental Health Service of the Dutch Ministry of Defence. Professor Vermetten is part of the Arq Psychotrauma Research Group in the Netherlands and holds an Adjunct Professorship in the Psychiatry Department of New York University Medical Center. He is a past President of the International Society of Hypnosis and has wide clinical and research interests, ranging from PTSD to resilience, military and veterans’ issues, the history of hypnosis, and novel psychotherapeutic approaches.

Eliezer Witztum, MD, is Professor in the Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev (Israel). His areas of expertise include cultural psychiatry, trauma and bereavement, strategic and short‐term dynamic psychotherapy, the treatment of paedophilia, and psychohistory. Professor Witztum has published more than 200 journal articles and book chapters and 30 books in the areas of bereavement and loss, sanity and sanctity, cultural psychiatry, creativity and psychopathology, and the history of psychiatry.