Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Preface
Abstract
Contributing Authors
Modeling and Approaches
Chapter 1: Critical Impacts on Complex Biological and Ecological Systems: Basic Principles of Modeling
1.1 Complex Ecological Systems: The Principle of Decomposition, Taking into Account the Characteristic Times of Components
1.2 Analysis of Critical Impacts on Complex Systems and Extreme Principles of Modeling
References
Chapter 2: Criticality Concept and Some Principles for Sustainability in Closed Biological Systems and Biospheres
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of Manmade Closed Ecosystems
2.3 Classification of Closed Biological Systems
2.4 The Concept of Criticality
2.5 Microbiospheres: Descriptions and Discussion
2.6 Bioboxes
2.7 Experimental vs. Mathematical Models
2.8 Humanospheres: Examples and Discussion
2.9 The Earth (Biosphere 1) Description and Discussion
2.10 Oxygen Flux in Closed Systems
2.11 The Future of Closed System Work: Concepts and Strategies
2.12 General Conclusions
Abbreviations
Literature Cited and Used
Appendix I
Chapter 3: Accelerated Method for Measuring and Predicting Plants’ Stress Tolerance
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background
3.3 How Is Stress Tolerance Measured?
3.4 Practical Applications
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Perspectives for Application of Method
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Appendix I. Additional Materials and Methods
Appendix II. Preliminary Analysis of the Utility of a Novel Stress Resistance Assay on Three Garst Lines of Zea mays, a C
4
Plant
Results
General Conclusion
Suggestions
Hypotheses
Chapter 4: The Hypotheses of Halosynthesis, Photoprotection, Soil Remediation via Salt-Conduction, and Potential Medical Benefits
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Haloconductor Theory
4.3 The Halosynthesis Hypothesis
4.4 Physico- and Bio-Chemical Protection Synergism
4.5 A Case Study,
Distichlis
4.6 Potential Medical Benefit of Photo-Halosynthesis
4.7 Predictions and Potential Tests of Hypotheses
4.8 General Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Protective Role of Silicon in Living Organisms
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Forms of Silicon
5.3 Silicon Cycle in Soil–Plant System
5.4 Silicon and Flora
5.5 Silicon and Plants’ Resistance to Extreme Environments
5.6 Silicon as Matrix for Organic Compounds Synthesis
5.7 New Technologies
5.8 General Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Methanol as Example of Volatile Mediators Providing Plants’ Stress Tolerance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methanol Application for the Regulation of Productivity
6.3 Emission of Methanol from Plants
6.4 Hypothesis of Methanol Influence on Different Levels of Cell Metabolism in C
3
Plants
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Experiments
Chapter 7: Patterns of Carbon Metabolism within Leaves
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Interactions among Light, Leaf Anatomy, the Metabolic Activity, and Environmental Stress Tolerance across Leaves
7.3 Model of Optimal Photosynthesis within a Mesophytic Leaf
7.4 General Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: 4-Hydroxyphenethyl Alcohol and Dihydroquercetin Increase Adaptive Potential of Barley Plants under Soil Flooding Conditions
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Effect of 4-Hydroxyphenethyl Alcohol on Growth and Adaptive Potential of Barley Plants at Optimal Soil Watering and Flooding
8.3 Dihydroquercetin Protects Barley Seeds against Mold and Increases Seedling Adaptive Potential under Soil Flooding
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9: Cooperation of Photosynthetic and Nitrogen Metabolism
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbon Uptake and Rubisco
9.3 Alternative Electron Acceptors in Photosynthesis
9.4 Nitrogen Metabolism
9.5 Relationship of Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Stress Conditions
9.6 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 10: Physiological Parameters
of Fucus vesiculosus
and
Fucus serratus
in the Barents Sea during a Tidal Cycle
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.3 Results
10.4 Discussion
Abbreviations
References
History and Biography – Tribute
Chapter 11: Benson’s Protocol
Φ
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Benson–Bassham–Calvin and Lectin Cycles
11.3 Types of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
11.4 Regulation of Photosynthates
11.5 The Origin and Development of the Carbon Reactions of Photosynthesis
11.6 The Next Steps
11.7 Felicitation
References
Chapter 12: Recollection of Yuri S. Karpilov’s Scientific and Social Life
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Some Contradictory Discoveries
12.3 Official Statement of a Young Scientist in the USSR and His Deed
12.4 From the Memories of Karl Biel
12.5 Australian Scientist Professor Barry Osmond Visited Karpilov’s Laboratory in 1971
12.6 Moving from Tiraspol to Pushchino, Moscow Region, to the Institute of Photosynthesis of the USSR Academy of Sciences
12.7 International Botanical Congress …
12.8 And after That, Soon … Unexpected Tragedy
12.9 Short Biography of Yuri S Karpilov
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 13: Dr. Nicholas Yensen’s
Curriculum Vitae
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biographical Note about Dr. Nicholas Patrick Yensen
13.3 Conclusion
13.4 Addendum
Acknowledgements
Publications (selected)
Chapter 14: Rem Khlebopros: Life in Science
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Life in Science
14.3 Selected Scientific Publications and Speeches by Rem G. Khlebopros
Acknowledgments
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Fig. 1.1.
The narrow phase portrait of complex system
Fig. 1.2.
The narrow phase portrait with two stable equilibrium points
Fig. 1.3.
The broad phase portrait with one stable equilibrium point
Fig. 1.4.
The broad phase portrait with two stable equilibrium points
Fig. 1.5.
The broad phase portrait with one stable equilibrium point and one unstable equilibrium point
Fig. 1.6.
The broad phase portrait with two stable equilibrium points – “fixed outbreak” (
a
), with one stable equilibrium point and one unstable equilibrium point – “anti-outbreak” (
b
), with two unstable equilibrium points – “sustained outbreak” (
c
)
Fig. 1.7.
Relationship between parameter
q
2
and the density of pine looper
Bupalus piniarius
L. populations in different outbreak phases in Altai, Minusinsk, and North-Kazakhstan pine forests during 1962–1988
Fig. 1.8.
Relationship between parameter
q
2
and the density of
Dendrolimus superans sibiricus
Tschetv. populations in different phases of the outbreak cycle
Fig. 1.9.
Order parameters determined from the survey data and calculated from models (1) and (7) for insects of the order
Homoptera
in the forests of the Yemelyanovskii District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Fig. 1.10.
The graphic solution of equation (13)
Fig. 1.11.
The graphic solution of equation (14)
Fig. 1.12.
The effect of the chemical preparation paclitaxel included into biodegradable nanoparticles (NP-paclitaxel) on the survival of tumor cells in tissue culture (according to Severin
et al.,
2013)
Fig. 1.13.
The effect of the chemical preparation paclitaxel included in the biodegradable nanoparticles associated with recombinant receptor-binding fragment of alpha-fetoprotein (NP-paclitaxel-rAFP-3D) on the survival of tumor cells in tissue culture (according to Severin
et al.,
2013)
Fig. 1.14.
Impact of herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in concentrations
C
on the survival rate of
q
plant seedlings
Chapter 2
Fig. 2.1.
Time to criticality. Percent volume as organics of total system on relative time to criticality. The maximum percent volume as organics, that will remain in equilibrium,
P
E
, (light gray line) without reaching criticality, is arbitrarily given as 2% in the present example (adapted from Yensen and Biel, 2005)
Fig. 2.2.
Model System Time to Criticality. Log-log graph of ecosystem volume (
L
) on time (days) to criticality of various systems ranging from capillary systems to Biosphere 2 Laboratory (adapted from Yensen and Biel, 2005)
Fig. 2.3.
Global temperatures, showing the well-known global increase of over a half degree from 1880 to 2000 (adapted from Yensen and Biel, 2005)
Fig. 2.4.
Earth System Time to Criticality. Projected times are based on systems ranging from capillary systems to Biosphere 2 criticalities. The log-log graph is ecosystem volume (liters) on time (days) to criticality wherein the time of criticality may vary significantly depending upon degree of perturbation, ratio of biotic to non-biotic components and especially anthropogenic influence (adapted from Yensen and Biel, 2005)
Photo 2.1.
Earth-analogue microbiospheres (modified from Ortiz, Vender, Adami,
et al.,
2005)
Photo 2.2.
The crystal-clear-walled, aesthetically pleasing Ecosphere (photo images from N.P. Yensen’s archive)
Photo 2.3.
Biotube (photo images from N.P. Yensen’s archive)
Photo 2.4.
Author of dwarf wheat Professor Genrikh M. Lisovsky (top), BIOS-3 diagram (bottom left), and wheat plants in BIOS-3 (bottom right)
Photo 2.5.
The view of Biosphere 2 Laboratory, Oracle, Arizona, USA (top: photo image and bottom: diagram)
Chapter 3
Fig. 3.1.
Model trace of oxygen evolution stress assay
Fig. 3.2.
Effect of anoxia and high light on photosynthetic
HCO
3
–
-dependent oxygen evolution of sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris
) leaf slices vs. anoxia time. A – 2 min saturating light under anoxia; B – 5 min saturating light under anoxic conditions; C – 7 min saturating light under anoxia
Fig. 3.3.
Anoxia and time in cuvette do not impact photosynthetic
HCO
3
–
-dependent oxygen evolution
Fig. 3.4.
Effect of temperature on photosynthetic
HCO
3
-
-dependent oxygen evolution of sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris
) leaf slices under anoxia. Shown on the left are R1, P1, and R2. The break in the traces is because the majority of the extended time under anoxia has been deleted from the graphs
Fig. 3.5.
Substrates were added to sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris
) leaf slices into the cuvette after light curves were measured (in the dark). NaNO
3
allowed oxygen evolution under anoxic conditions, and no photoinhibition was observed. While ATP did not allow oxygen evolution under anoxic conditions, oxygen evolution immediately occurred when oxygen was resupplied. Glycine decarboxylation yields NADH that can be a source of ATP, and glycine protected like ATP did. Serine, which is formed during photorespiration, and is “recycled” back to RuBP (and requires ATP) did not protect and exhibited traces similar to the control, to which no exogenous substrates were added
Fig. 3.6.
Oxygen flux of red beet (
Beta vulgaris
) leaf slices vs. of temperature (A and B). Rates of photosynthetic oxygen evolution (
○
) and respiration (
π
) were measured during two cycles of light and dark; then the temperature was raised over a 5-min period in the dark
Fig. 3.7.
Oxygen evolution in leaf slices of red beet (A) (
Beta vulgaris
), (B) cabbage (
Brassica oleracea
), (C) soybean (
Glycine max
), and (D) sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris
) after anoxia and saturating light treatment
Fig. 3.8.
Influence of soil drought stresses on the tolerance of photosynthesis of (A) cabbage (
Brassica oleracea
), (B) red beet (
Beta vulgaris
), and (C) radish (
Raphanus sativus
) plants after irradiation of leaf slices with saturating light during anoxia
Fig. 3.9.
Oxygen evolution stress assay used to examine stress tolerance throughout the day. During the OESA, saturating light was supplied during anoxia. A and C: Oxygen flux; B and D: PSRI. A and B: red beet (
Beta vulgaris
); C and D: radish (
Raphanus sativus
),
n
= 2
Fig. 3.10.
Influence of drought stress on sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris
)
Fig. 3.11.
Traces from oxygen evolution stress assay of tissue layers of
Spinacia oleracea
leaf slices and whole leaf slices of
Tradescantia fluminensis.
A –
S. oleracea
control; B –
S. oleracea
flipped leaf – 14–15 days; C –
T. fluminensis
control – total leaf
Fig. 3.12.
Photosynthetic stress resistance index in total leaf slices, and palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll of
Spinacia oleracea
and in total leaf slices of
Tradescantia fluminensis
(from Figure 3.11)
Fig. 3.13.
Influence of NaNO
3
on oxygen evolution stress assay trace of sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris
) leaf slices at different times of the day. A: control; B: after 34–35 hours dark treatment
Fig. 3.14.
Oxygen evolution stress assay traces of improved stress tolerance caused by physical and chemical means. A: leaf slices of sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris
) after 55 hours dark treatment of plants; B: sugar beet leaf slices treated with 20 mM of oxaloacetate in dark during respiration followed by anoxia (treatment in oxygen electrode cuvette)
Fig. 3.A.
Effects of soil drought on three Garst’s
Zea mays
lines (Bil’ and Nishio, 2000
b
)
Chapter 4
Fig. 4.1.
Efficiency of soil-salt removal by different plants (from low to high removal ability):
Triticum aestivum
(wheat),
Salicornia
spp. (pickle weed),
Cynodon dactylon
(bermuda grass),
Atriplex
spp. (salt bushes),
Distichlis
spp. [4 NyPa lines] (salt grass) (adapted from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
, 2005
b
)
Fig. 4.2.
Salt excretion from the soil by halophytic grass
Distichlis
spp. (photo image from the collection of Dr. Elisabeth Poscher)
Fig. 4.3.
Soil salt concentration over time with respect to (1) Excluder, (2) Accumulator, and (3) Conductor plants (adapted from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
, 2005
b
)
Fig. 4.4.
Graph of generalized soil-salt remediation ability of existing and developed salt-accumulating plants (2a, 2b) versus conductor plants (3a, 3b). The 2a dashed line represents a wild-type accumulator plant. The 2b dotted line represents the theoretical limit of salt removal via accumulator plants through selection and breeding. The 3a solid line represents typical wild-type salt-conducting plants. The 3b dotted line represents the improved salt-conductor plants and their greater potential for soil remediation (adapted from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
, 2005
b
)
Fig. 4.5.
Theoretical productivity of three types of plants with increasing salinity. Salt Excluder plants (1) typically perish in high salinity; Salt Accumulator plants (2, 2b) and Salt Conductor plants (3) often have the ability to survive in high salinity. The 2b shows the potential of some salt-accumulating plants to have high productivity at high salinity and have productivities similar to Conductor plants (3) even though they may accumulate up to 50% of dry weight as salt with insignificant release to the plant surface (adapted from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
, 2005
b
)
Fig. 4.6.
Differing productivity-on-salinity behavior of clonal
Distichlis spicata
var. yensen-4a showing:
a – threshold behavior
with high-light, warm, humid conditions (Arizona; -o-);
b – euhalophyte behavior
with high-light, hot, arid, sulfate-nutrient conditions (California; -□-);
c – glycophyte-salt-tolerant behavior
with low-light, high-humidity, cool conditions (Western Australia; -■-) (Shannon, Greive, Barrett-Lenard, Perfumo, and Sergant, per. com.) (adapted from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
, 2005
b
)
Fig. 4.7.
Diagrammatic representation of theoretical conductor plants: A. Conductive rate of salt and water remain constant throughout the shoot; B. The conductive rate decreases at the salt gland potentially increasing salt entrance to the metabolic area; C. Increased number of salt glands causing increased flow rate of salt and water (adapted from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
, 2005
b
)
Fig. 4.8.
Diagrammatic representation of generalized salt gland and some of the hypothesized photo-halosynthesis and inverse sodium pump using ATP synthase molecules to generate ATP (adapted from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
, 2005
b
)
Fig. 4.9.
Diagram of proposed “inverse sodium / cation pump”. By arranging the ATP synthase F
1
unit (
α, β, γ, ε, δ
and
b
2
stator) on the “plant-side” of the plasma membrane, the production of ATP will occur within the epidermal tissue. An external electrostatic charge > 50 mV is sufficient to drive the rotor for cation transport to the surface of papillae, cap cells, bladder cells or other charged structures
Fig. 4.10.
Distichlis spicata
with microscopic salt crystal filaments on the leaf surface, grown in virtually 100% still air (carefully protected from air currents), to demonstrate the capacity of the plant to excrete salt microcrystals, which are easily dislodged into the air with the slightest air movement (adapted from Semenova
et al.,
2010)
Fig. 4.11.
Hypothetical scheme of photo-halosynthesis as a non-photosynthetic mechanism by which solar energy is utilized and / or stored by halophyte glands through the benefit saline conditions (modified from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
; Yensen and Biel, 2006; Fomina and Biel, 2013, 2014)
Fig. 4.12.
Hypothetical scheme of UV and excessive light resistance of photosynthetic organs of terrestrial plants (modified from Bil’, Fomina
et al.,
2003; Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
; Yensen and Biel, 2006; Fomina and Biel, 2013, 2014)
Fig. 4.13.
Interrelationships among various metabolic activities in mesophyll of C
4
plants and in upper mesophyll of C
3
and CAM plants related to stress tolerance of photosynthetic organs under high light illumination (modified from Lyubimov
et al.,
1978; Bil’, Fomina
et al.,
2003; Bil’
et al.,
2003; Yensen and Biel, 2006; Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2008, 2010; Fomina and Biel, 2013, 2014; Professor Thomas Vogelmann, per. com.)
Fig. 4.14.
Effect of different sodium chloride concentration on oxygen flux of whole-shoot-leaf blades (A) and leaf-blade slices (B) of saltgrass
Distichlis spicata
; □ – control; Δ – 10‰ NaCI; • – 32‰ NaCI,
n
= 3 (modified from Biel and Fomina, 2018)
Fig. 4.15.
Diagram of a generalized rhizocaniculating
Distichlis
plant. Sharp penerhizomes open heavy clay soils and even asphaltic soils in search of salt water. As the deeper aerenchymatous roots penetrate into anaerobic and impermeable aquacludes they facilitate the draining of parched hypersaline water tables to be later recycled back to the plant. The roots may extend over 2 meters deep in active search of the deeper, heavier, hypersaline waters. The salt is then conducted to the leaf-blade surface where wind may disperse microscopic aeolian salt “whiskers” to the air. Some salt washes or falls back to the soil surface and is either washed away or, more commonly reabsorbed
in situ
by the vegetated surface (modified from Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
; Yensen and Biel, 2006)
Fig. 4.16.
Influence of solar radiation on human blood. Sodium and other metallic ions can protect the skin and body against negative UV light. Some UV light is reflected, some is Compton scattered to longer wavelengths, and some will photo-electrically energize electrons, which can reduce mitochondrial NAD+ / FAD+ to NADH / FADH and / or convert directly into Δμ
Na
+
and Δμ
H
+
, and indirectly into ATP in basal lay of skin. Concurrently, red light (630-660 nm) enters through skin’s “light window” and is absorbed by protoporphyrin IX (PP IX), common to “sick” blood cells, and photo-dynamically destroys the sick cells (modified from Prokopev, 2004; Biel and Yensen, 2005
a
)
Fig. 4.17.
Salt-conductor grass
Distichlis spicata
var. yensen-4a planted in the Tulare Lake Drainage District, California, USA (top – view of the field; bottom – a greater increase) (photo images from the collection of Karl Biel)
Fig. 4.18.
The ion content of the
Distichlis spicata
“Forage” trial and adjacent “Bare” soil. Calculation shows a minimum of 4.4 ± 0.6 metric tons / hectare / month of NaCI removed by
D. spicata
Chapter 5
Fig. 5.1.
Forms of silicon compounds in soil (modified from Matichenkov
et al.,
1999
a
; Biel
et al.,
2008)
Fig. 5.2.
Silicon cycle in system soil–plant–microorganisms (modified from Biel
et al.,
2008)
Fig. 5.3.
Total silicon content in different parts of
Distichlis spicata
(
n =
8), % from dry weight (Biel, Matichenkov
et al.,
2018)
Fig. 5.4.
Scheme of epidermal cell of the leaf of
Oryza sativa
(modified from Yoshida, 1975)
Fig. 5.5
Hypothetical scheme of silicon uptake by plants: molecules of monosilicic acid penetrate into the cells of root filaments and are immediately polymerized into polysilicic acids (modified from Biel
et al.,
2008)
Fig. 5.6.
Relative water content in the middle of the days in the leaves of tropical woody cultures
Hura crepitans, Hibiscus elatus, Ceiba pentandra,
and
Clitoria racemosa
during the long-term drought, maintained in tropical mesocosm of Biosphere 2 Center Columbia University (Oracle, Arizona, USA). Data points represent the mean ± SE,
n
= 3 ÷ 4 (modified from Biel
et al.,
2008)
Fig. 5.7.
Dynamics of washing out of mono- (A) and polysilicic (B) acids from the leaves of
Distichlis spicata
grown without silicon fertilizers (▲, ●) and with silicon fertilization (Δ, Ο), added to substrate 12 days before measurements (modified from Biel
et al.,
2008)
Fig. 5.8.
Dynamics of washing out of mono- (A) and polysilicic (B) acids from the stems of
Distichlis spicata
grown without silicon fertilizers (▲, ●) and with silicon fertilization (Δ, Ο), added to substrate 12 days before measurements (modified from Biel
et al.,
2008)
Fig. 5.9.
Hypothetical scheme of the universal auxiliary stress-protective mechanism of living systems with participation of the movable silicon compounds (modified from Biel
et al.,
2008)
Chapter 6
Fig. 6.1.
Methanol formation in the de-esterification of galactosyluronic acid units of the pectin (adapted from Galbally and Kirstine, 2002; Yang and Yi, 2006)
Fig. 6.2.
Proposed metabolic pathway involved in methanol assimilation by plant cells (the origin of methyl-
β
-D-glucopyranoside is not indicated) (adapted from Gout
et al.,
2000)
Fig. 6.3.
Hypothetical scheme of stress resistance and plant productivity after methanol “vaccination” (modified from Biel and Fomina, 2005; we also used information from Doman and Romanova 1962; Cossins 1964; Razin and Szyf 1984; Nonomura and Benson 1992
a
; Gaffe
et al.,
1994; Finnegan et al 1998; Bird 2002; Biel
et al.,
1990; 2003; 2010, 2018; Gout
et al.,
2000; Kosobryukhov
et al.,
2004; and others)
Chapter 7
Fig. 7.1.
Experimental conditions for leaf inversion experiments. A cross section of a control leaf is illustrated on the left, and the inverted leaf on the right. The leaf surfaces are labeled as adaxial and abaxial for top and bottom in the controls. In the inverted leaves, the abaxial leaf surface is exposed to the incident light. The illuminated leaf surface of the inverted leaves is referred to as the “original abaxial” leaf surface, and the bottom surface is referred to as the “original adaxial” leaf surface. The reversal of spongy mesophyll from the bottom to the top in the inverted leaves is clearly illustrated
Fig. 7.2.
Light microscopic photomicrographs of
Spinacia oleracea
leaf fresh paradermal sections.
A. Palisade mesophyll (line = 50 μm). The image illustrates the chloroplasts localized along the long surfaces of the cells, but not at the top of the cells.
B. Some of the palisade mesophyll cells are not perpendicular to the leaf surface, as seen as the darker green (line = 100 μm). The darker green is also due to attached broken cells.
C. Minor vascular tissue containing specialized palisade mesophyll cells shaped like pears, referred to as pirum mesophyll (line = 100 μm). Idioblasts containing crystals of calcium oxalic acid are occurred in the pirum mesophyll. Three different developmental stages of idioblasts are shown.
D. The pirum mesophyll cells appear as spokes of a wheel around the idioblasts (line = 200 μm). The idioblasts are relatively evenly spaced within the tissue layer.
E. Pillow spongy mesophyll cells underlay the vascular tissue (line = 50 μm).
F. Typical spongy mesophyll cells from the lower portion of the spongy mesophyll were curved and tightly connected to one another (line = 100 μm). Chloroplasts were distributed along the whole surface of the cells
Fig. 7.3.
Calcium oxalic acid crystals could supply CO
2
when plants are under stress. Stomata may close under extreme stress, and oxalic acid crystals could dissolve to supply CO
2
. The relationship among the photorespiratory pathways is highlighted (adapted from Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2010)
Fig. 7.4.
Long-term effect of leaf inversion on the profiles of Rubisco, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and catalase activities across
Spinacia oleracea
leaf
Fig. 7.5.
Stress-related metabolism should concentrate at sites most needed. Reactive oxygen species are associated with photosynthetic electron transport, high light, and stress that can cause over-reduction. Such activity will likely be higher at the surface of leaves directly exposed to light. The diagram also illustrates how oxalate metabolism can contribute directly to the reactions by production of hydrogen peroxide (adapted from Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2010)
Fig. 7.6.
Effect of leaf inversion on gas exchange parameters of
Spinacia oleracea
leaves (adapted from Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2010)
I. Long-term effect during the two weeks following leaf inversion. Measurements were begun 1 day after leaf inversion and were made (between 10:00–12:00 hours) with the light directed either to the adaxial (•) or abaxial (π) leaf surface for control leaves, either to the original adaxial (•) or original abaxial (π) leaf surface for inverted leaves. A, B: CO
2
gas exchange; C, D: conductance; E, F: transpiration; G, H: Ci (internal CO
2
concentration); I, J: A/T (assimilation / transpiration)
II. Middle-term effect during the 24 hours following leaf inversion. The arrow indicates when the leaves were inverted. 0 = Time experiment was started, 9:00 hours. Other symbols as in I
III. Short-term effect during the 1.5 hours following leaf inversion. The data obtained on the inverted leaves are presented. 0 = Time experiment was started, 11:00 hours. A: CO
2
gas exchange; B: conductance; C: transpiration; D: Ci; E: A/T. Other symbols as in I and II
Fig. 7.7.
Long-term effect of leaf inversion on the photosynthetic capacity of different tissues of
Spinacia oleracea
leaves (adapted from Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2010). Light saturation curves of oxygen evolution were measured in fresh paradermal leaf slices from the palisade mesophyll (•) and spongy mesophyll (▲) of control leaves (A, C) and leaves inverted for 15–19 days (B, D)
Fig. 7.8.
Interrelationships among various metabolic activities in a leaf of C
3
plant (adapted from Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2010). The metabolic activities related to stress tolerance are likely more active in the upper part of the leaf that is directly exposed to light. C
1
/ C
2
photorespiration represents an efficient pathway of photorespiration that may be induced by stress in C
3
plants. Various mechanisms and pathways for dealing with active oxygen forms are shown. The various enzymes and pathways are discussed in the text
Fig. 7.9.
Alanine effect. Drought treatment results in increased
14
CO
2
labeling of alanine (Tarchevsky, 1964, 1982). Other related reactions are illustrated (adapted from Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2010)
Fig. 7.10.
Model curves (shown as lines) of the whole ecological utility (WEU) prediction for the photosynthetic layers in a model leaf exposed to light: 450 nm (●), 560 nm (■), and 650 nm (▲); and the experimental data (adapted from Sun
et al.,
1998; Nishio, 2000) of relative fixation of CO
2
in the paradermal slices of
Spinacia oleracea
leaves exposed to the respective light conditions
Fig. 7.11.
Whole ecological utility prediction (A) and modified the whole ecological utility prediction (B) for the photosynthetic layers in a model leaf exposed to white light by adaxial (1) or abaxial (1’) surface and the experimental profiles of the Rubisco activity (adapted from Figure 7.4) in
Spinacia oleracea
leaves: control (2); inverted for 12–21 days (2’)
Chapter 8
Fig. 8.1.
The effects of pre-sowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–6
M 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA) on the shoot (a) and root (b) length of the seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2010
b
)
Fig. 8.2.
The effects of pre-sowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–6
M 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA) on the shoot (a) and root (b) biomass production of the seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2010
b
)
Fig. 8.3.
The effects of pre-sowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–6
M 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA) on the contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) in the leaves of seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2010
b
)
Fig. 8.4.
The effects of pre-sowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–6
M 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (4-HPEA) on the quaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity in the leaves of seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2010
b
)
Fig. 8.5.
The effects of dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on germination of low-grade (a) and high-grade (b)
Hordeum vulgare
seeds. The seeds (100 seeds per each replication) were soaked for 22 hours with distilled water or with water solution of 10
–4
M DHQ, then germinated for 72 hours (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2009)
Fig. 8.6.
The effects of pre-sowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–4
M dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on the root (a) and shoot (b) length of the seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2009)
Fig. 8.7.
The effects of pre-sowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–4
M dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on the root (a) and shoot (b) biomass production of the seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2009)
Fig. 8.8.
The effects of presowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–4
M dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on the contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) in the roots (a) and leaves (b) of the seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2009)
Fig. 8.9.
The effects of presowing treatment of
Hordeum vulgare
seeds with 10
–4
M dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on the ascorbate peroxidase (AsP) activity in the leaves of the seedlings grown under optimal soil watering or flooding conditions (adapted from Balakhnina
et al.,
2009)
Chapter 9
Fig. 9.1.
A light-dependent pathway of primary assimilation of inorganic nitrogen into organic compounds
Fig. 9.2.
Light curves of O
2
gas exchange of wheat leaves after incubation of plants under ambient (aCO
2
) and low (-CO
2
) CO
2
concentration using CO
2
and NO
2
–
as electron acceptors from photosynthetic electron transport chain
Fig. 9.3.
The activity of the main enzymes of nitrogen metabolism and the content of proline in the leaves of wheat immediately after the incubation of plants at low CO
2
concentration (0 day) and during the subsequent 2 days of incubation with ambient CO
2
concentration
Fig. 9.4.
Relationship of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and proline synthesis in plant cells
Chapter 10
Fig. 10.1.
Dynamics of the photosynthetic rate and water content in the thalli of
Fucus vesiculosus
during a tidal cycle
Fig. 10.2.
Dynamics of the photosynthetic rate and water content in the thalli of
Fucus serratus
during a tidal cycle
Fig. 10.3.
Photosynthetic pigments content in
Fucus vesiculosus
and
Fucus serratus
thalli during a tidal cycle
Fig. 10.4.
Water content and photosynthetic rate of
Fucus vesiculosus
depending on the location of thalli during low tide
Fig. 10.5.
Water and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive substances content in thalli of
Fucus vesiculosus
during low tide
Fig. 10.6.
Catalase activity in the thalli of
Fucus vesiculosus
during low tide
Chapter 11
Fig. 11.1.
The Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle, top, (adapted from Bassham
et al.,
1954; Benson, 2002
a
) feeds photosynthates such as sucrose into the plant lectin cycle, bottom. Sucrose and MeG are naturally present in vacuoles and may chemically compete for binding sites in lectins. In nature, MeG binds reversibly, and therefore, when sucrose dwindles, for example by respiration, then MeG binds to lectin while displacing sucrose. On the other hand, when sucrose builds up concentration from,
e.g.,
fresh supplies from the Benson-Bassham-Calvin cycle, then sucrose may outcompete MeG for lectin binding sites.
Fig. 11.2.
Treatment of plumeria with iH026a resulted in a significant (n = 5;
p
= 0.001) increase of mean leaf 12.6 mm elevation (
right
95CI bar; SD 4.2, SE 1.9) as compared to control –5.8 mm mean elevation (
left
95CI bar; SD 6.8, SE 3.0). The center points of 95CI bars indicate mean leaf elevations 1 hour after treatment. Negative values are symptomatic of midday depression
Fig. 11.3.
Snapdragons given a single foliar treatment with iH026a showed significant increases in leaf length
(stipple bars)
during the entire course of measurements 12, 19, 21, 22 and 23 day after first treatment as compared to control (
clear bar
)
Fig. 11.4.
Snapdragons given a single foliar treatment with iH026a showed a significant increase of leaf width
(stipple bars)
during the entire course of measurements 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, and 35 day after first treatment as compared to control (
clear bar
)
Fig. 11.5.
Snapdragons given a single foliar treatment with iH026a showed significant increases in stem diameter during the entire course of measurements 33, 40, 45, and 52 day after first treatment (
crosshatch bars
) as compared to control (
clear bar
)
Fig. 11.6.
The effects of one (1X) as compared to two (2X) foliar passes per treatment of snapdragons with iH026a (
filled bars
) showed the following: Significant increases of iH026a 1X flower spike mean 33.2 cm length (SD 1.8, SE 0.3), iH026a 2X spike mean 34.4 cm (SD 1.5, SE 0.2) as compared to each other; and also as compared to control spike mean 30.7 cm length (SD 3.5, SE 0.6) (
clear bar
)
Fig. 11.7.
The effect of foliar iH026a on plug trays of snapdragons, grown side-by-side with control, was visibly discernible. These young snapdragon plants responded to treatment with iH026a with enhanced vegetative growth as compared to control. Particularly evident are larger leaf dimensions that completely covered the tray after foliar application of iH026a; control, left, showed smaller foliage and openings of incomplete canopy coverage of the tray between plants
Fig. 11.8.
The effect of iH026a application to coffee (
stipple bar
) showed a statistically significant (
n
= 21,
p
= 0.002) increase of leaf mean 0.33 gm dry weight (SD 0.04, SE 0.009) as compared to control leaf mean 0.30 gm dry weight (SD 0.01, SE 0.003) (
clear bar
)
Fig. 11.9.
Effects of foliar iH026a on lisianthus showed (
filled bars
) statistically significant (
n
= 84;
p
= 0.000) enhancement of 35 day leaf mean 27.3 mm length (SD 1.52, SE 0.17) as compared to 35 day control mean 25.2 mm length (SD 1.74 SE 0.19); as well as, enhanced 37 day leaf mean 28.5 mm (SD 1.68, SE 0.18) as compared to 37 day control mean 26.3 mm (SD 1.73, SE 0.19) (
clear bars
)
Fig. 11.10.
Effects of foliar iH026a on lisianthus (
crosshatch bars
) showed, for example at 55 day, significantly (
n
= 84;
p
= 0.000) enhanced leaf mean 16.1 mm width (SD 0.88, SE 0.10) as compared to 55 day control leaf mean 14.8 mm width (SD 0.67, SE 0.07) (
clear bars
); and showed such persistently enhanced leaf widths through the course of measurements for 2 weeks in July 2015; at 41, 43, 48, and 55 day
Fig. 11.11.
Effects of foliar iH026a on lisianthus showed significantly (n = 6;
p
= 0.001) greater open flowers mean 4.3 count plot
–1
(
right
95CI bar; SD 1.63, SE 0.67) as compared to control mean 0.3 count plot
–1
, (
left
95CI bar; SD 0.82, SE 0.33). Mean is the center point of 95CI bars
Fig. 11.12.
The effect of root application of iH026a showed a significant (
n
= 6;
p
= 0.022) increase of ranunculus mean count of 2 open blooms, right, as compared to the nutrient control mean count of 1.2 open blooms, left
Fig. 11.13.
After treatment with iH026a, right, ranunculus showed a visually distinguishable increase of open blooms as compared to control
Fig. 11.14.
The effect of iH026a on higher mean 9 counts of open orchid flowers plant
–1
was significant (
n
= 6;
p
= 0.05) as compared to 7 open flowers plant
–1
in control. 1 cm scale
Fig. 11.15.
A significant effect of iH026a on enhancement of mean 33 lb plot
–1
yield of sweet potato as compared to control 25 lb plot
–1
was observed (Control
n
= 7; iH026a
n
= 8;
p
= 0.02)
Fig. 11.16.
Treatment of onion with iH026a, right, resulted in a statistically significant (
n
= 5;
p
= 0.004) enhanced weight yield of 108,270 lb acre
–1
(121,354 Kg ha
–1
) as compared to control 100,768 lb acre
–1
(112,945 Kg ha
–1
), left
Fig. 11.17.
The significant (
n
= 5;
p
= 0.04) effect of iH026a treatments on cotton resulted in a 0.96 lb plot
–1
lint yield as compared to control mean 0.74 lb plot
–1
Fig. 11.18.
Fescue showed significant (
n
= 27;
p
= 0.011) enhancement of tiller mean count after treatment with iH026a as compared to nutrient control
Fig. 11.19.
Treatment of young broccoli with iH026a, right, resulted in significantly (
n
= 180;
p
= 0.000) enhanced growth in girth, expressed as stem mean mm diameter over control, left
Fig. 11.20.
Treatment of curly kale with iH026a in field rows, right, resulted in statistically significant (
n
= 5;
p
= 0.016) enhanced mean lb leaf
–1
(1 lb = 454 grams) over control, left
Fig. 11.21.
Treatment of watermelons with iH026a in large field beds, right, resulted in an (
n
= 6;
p
= 0.016) increase of marketable 75,788 lb acre
–1
(84,947 Kg ha
–1
) fruit as compared to control 66,136 lb acre
–1
(74,128 Kg ha
–1
) fruit yield, left
Chromatogram 11.1.
Benson explored how metabolites could be isolated. He experimented with various radiochemical preparations and, in this case, Benson directly viewed separation of metabolites of the arsenic radioisotope,
74
As, by paper chromatography in 1973. Later, on 25 June 1979, Benson signed the paper chromatogram after recording notes
Chromatogram 11.2.
Founding Benson’s Protocol: Keys to autoradiograms charted the position of each and every known standard run on 2-dimensional paper chromatograms. This took many state of the art chromatographic runs to achieve highly reproducible standards. The positions of chromatographic spots were then compared to each unknown. Thereafter, numerous experiments that revealed corresponding chromatographic spots of
14
C-metabolites established Benson’s Protocol. This key mapped the Rf for each of the metabolites using two different mobile phases, Phenol-Water and Butanol-Propionic Acid-Water and also designated variable movement according to pH of origin indicated by acidic origin, circle; or neutral origin, broken circle
Chromatogram 11.3.
Autoradiogram by Benson showing a labeled sulfolipid metabolite from
Euglena
on exposure to
35
S.
Chromatogram 11.4.
Neutron activation of bovine liver by Benson resulted in GPI, GPS, GPE, and GPC
Chromatogram 11.5.
Autoradiogram by Benson showing labeled metabolites in rat kidney mitochondria included the following: GPGPG, GPI, GPS, GPG, GPE, and GPC
Chromatogram 11.6.
Autoradiogram by Benson of sheep heart mitochondria lipid hydrolysate, the labeled metabolites included the following: GPGPG, GPI, GPG, GPE, and GPC
Photo 11.1.
Discoverers of the path of carbon in photosynthesis (from left to right): James A. Bassham, Andrew A. Benson, and Melvin Calvin (Benson presented this photograph as a gift to Karl Biel on 9 September 1988, and it may be seen also in the following: Biel, Fomina
et al.,
2014; Biel and Fomina, 2015; Govindjee
et al.,
2016)
Photo 11.2.
Andrew Alm Benson
(*24 September 1917 – †16 January 2015)
Photo 11.3.
Benson’s electrometer flow-through detector, circa1950, for measuring background radiation and
14
CO
2
-gas flow
Chapter 12
Fig. 12.1.
Distribution of
14
C between photosynthetic products of
Zea mays
leaves after different duration of light exposure (label with
14
CO
2
15 sec, 1 min, 2 min, and 5 min): a) 1 – malate, 2 – alanine, 3 – aspartate; b) 4 – phosphoric esters of sugars, 5 – monosaccharides, 6 – sucrose (adapted from Karpilov, 1960)
Fig. 12.2.
Features of photosynthetic apparatus structure in species with “C
4
-pathway” of carbon metabolism:
from the left
– cross section of
Amaranthus retroflexus
leaves;
from the right
– cross section of
Zea mays
leaves. 1 – bundles; 2 – bundle sheath cells, 3 – mesophyll cells (copy from Karpilov, 1969)
Fig. 12.3.
Main participants in development of Cooperative Photosynthesis Concept in the Laboratory of Isotopes and Biochemistry of Photosynthesis, Moldavian Institute for Research in Irrigation Farming and Vegetable Growing, Tiraspol, Moldavian SSR, USSR.
From left to right
: Oleg G. Malishev, Yuri S. Karpilov and Karl Y. Biel – 1966–1972 (photo images from the private collections of Karl Biel and Inna Karpilova)
Fig. 12.4.
Cross section of C
4
plants leaves with chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells (BSC) shifted to the mesophyll (1 –
Sorghum vulgare
; 2 –
Echinochloa crusgalii
; 3 –
Setaria viridis
; 4 –
Zea mays
), and with chloroplasts in BSC shifted to the bundle (5 –
Tibullus terrestris
; 6 –
Portulaca oleracea
; 7 –
Atriplex tatarica
; 8 –
Amaranthus retroflexus
; 9 –
Panicum miliaceum
; 10 –
Cynodon dactylon
) (copy from Biel, 1976).
Fig. 12.5.
Concentration of the bacterial strain
Proteus vulgaris
near the lightening bundle sheath cells which were isolated by mechanical method from
Zea mays
leaves. Arrows indicate the remaining mesophyll chloroplasts near the BSC after separation of phototrophic tissues (copy from Biel, 1976)
Fig. 12.6.
Cooperative participation of chloroplasts of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in photosynthesis of C
4
plants (adapted from Karpilov, 1969; see also Osmond
et al.,
2016). Pretty soon Karpilov improved the scheme of Cooperative photosynthesis, showing that most part of the Calvin cycle (Benson–Bassham–Calvin cycle) is absent in mesophyll cells (Karpilov and Malishev, 1970; Karpilov
et al.,
1974; see also Karpilov, 2007)
Fig. 12.7.
Micro-radioautographs (left) and photos (right) of cross sections
Zea mays
leaves after 20 sec photosynthesis with
14
CO
2
(top) and after additional illumination 100 sec in
12
CO
2
(bottom) during pulse-chase experiment (adapted from Karpilov
et al.,
1970; Karpilov, 2007)
Fig. 12.8.
Pores fields in adjacent cell walls of
Zea mays
leaves on (A) mesophyll : bundle sheath cell and (B) mesophyll : epidermis surfaces; (C) the plasmodesmata in pore of bundle sheath cell and mesophyll cell walls (adapted from Karpilov
et al.,
1970; Biel, 1976)
Fig. 12.9.
Location of Mg
2+
-dependent ATPase in peripheral reticulum of bundle sheath cells chloroplasts, plasmalemma and the plasmodesmata of
Amaranthus retroflexus
leaf (adapted from Biel, 1976, 1988; Bil’
et al.,
1976)
Fig. 12.10.
Red formazan crystals formation during reduction of 2.3.5 – thriphenyl-tetrazolium chloride by chloroplasts during illumination of (A)
Zea mays,
(B)
Amaranthus retroflexus
and (C) pigment mutant
Zea mays
leaves (arrows show absence of chloroplasts in bottom part of mesophyll cells); D – formazan crystals in mesophyll chloroplasts of
Z. mays
leaves; (adapted from Karpilov
et al.,
1970; Karpilov and Biel, 1974)
Fig. 12.11.
The visit of Professor Barry Osmond to Yuri Karpilov in the Moldavian Institute for Research in Irrigation Farming and Vegetable Growing, Tiraspol, USSR.
From left to right
: Isaac Y. Vinogradov (interpreter – English, Chinese), Vera A. Grigorian (interpreter – English, German), Barry Osmond, Yuri S. Karpilov, and Karl Y. Biel – 1971 (photo image from the private archive of Inna Karpilova; see also Osmond
et al.,
2016)
Fig. 12.12.
Laboratory for Carbon Metabolism (1972–1977) of the Institute of Photosynthesis, USSR Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, USSR.
From left to right
: 1
st
row
– Raisa Kartasheva, Yuri Karpilov, Simon Hertz; 2
nd
row
– Alexandr Maslov, Valery Lyubimov, Lyudmila Belobrodskaya (Ignatova), Liya Oparina; 3
rd
row
– Alexandr Kuzmin, Raisa Karpova (Demidova), Karl Biel, and Irina Novitskaya (Maslova) – 1975 (photo image from the archive of the Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia)
Fig. 12.13.
Examples of photo images: (A) protoplasts of mesophyll cells, (B) bundle sheath cells separated by enzymatical method during treatment of
Zea mays
leaves segments by 1% of cellulase “Onozuka”, and (C) bundle sheath cells obtained by mechanical method (adapted from Bil’, Klimov
et al.,
1975; Biel, 1976; both methods are described in a great detail in Biel, 1976)
Fig. 12.14.
Hypothetical scheme of biochemical pathways of cooperative relationship between cell organelles and cytoplasm during photosynthesis. GA – glyceric acid, PP – photophosphorylation, OP – oxidative phosphorylation. Some designations of the original scheme are omitted for easier perceptions of the material (adapted from Karpilov, 1976)
Fig. 12.15.
Some of the books written or reviewed by Yuri S. Karpilov and some publications dedicated to his memory (copy from Osmond
et al.,
2016)
Fig. 12.16.
Photo images of Yuri S. Karpilov in different years: (A) – approx. 1960–1962; Kazan, Russia; (B) – approx. 1968–1970, Tiraspol, MSSR; (C) – 1975, Pushchino, Russia (photo images from the archives of (A, B) Inna Karpilova and (C) of the Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; see also Osmond
et al.,
2016)
Chapter 13
Fig. 13.1.
Photo image of Dr. Nicholas Patrick Yensen six months and three days before he passed away. Nick looks a perfectly healthy person. At that time, he knew nothing about his pancreatic disease (this photo image of Nick Yensen was made by Karl Biel in February 21, 2006; photo from K. Biel archive)
Fig. 13.2.
Dr. Nicholas Yensen (at the photo Yensen is shown by the blue arrow) together with participants of International XII Symposium “The Complex Systems under Extreme Conditions”, July 27-31, 2005 in Russia (photo image from the collection of the International Scientific Centre for Organism Extreme States Research of the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia)
Fig. 13.3.
Photo images of Dr. Nickolas Yensen (photo images from the archives of Karl Biel and Nick Yensen, 15 August 2005)
Fig. 13.4.
Nick and Susana Yensen at a young age (copy of photo image from the
Memorial Meeting
related to the ebb and flow of the Life of the Drs. Nicholas Patrick Yensen and Susana Bojorquez Yensen, November 10–11, 2006, in Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, México)
Chapter 14
Fig. 14.1.
A friendly cartoon from the cartoon book “The Museum of Friends” the first part of which was published in 1967. Its authors O. A. Bayukov and N. S. Chistyakov are the researchers for the Institute of Physics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The book came out in 1967 in a small edition (100 copies in all) as a gift to the Institute anniversary and instantly spread among the characters of the book and their co-workers (copied from http://photo.kirensky.ru/personalii/hlebopros-rem-grigorevich).
Photo 14.2.
Professor Vladislav G. Soukhovolsky (left) and Professor Rem G. Khlebopros (right) discuss some scientific hypothesis and the celebration of the 85
th
anniversary of Rem Khlebopros; the International Scientific Centre for Organism Extreme States Research of the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 2015 (photo image from the collection of the International Scientific Centre for Organism Extreme States Research)
Photo 14.3.
Successful defense of the Ph.D. thesis of Olga Vshivkova under supervision of Rem G. Khlebopros, Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 2012 (photo image from the collection of the International Scientific Centre for Organism Extreme States Research)
Photo 14.4.
National Environmental Award of the Vernadsky Foundation, nomination “Education for Sustainable Development”, Moscow 2009. The first prize was awarded to the project of Rem G. Khlebopros with co-authors (photo images from the private collection of Irina R. Fomina)
Photo 14.5.
Professor Rem Khlebopros in the Scientific Campus (Akadem Gorodok), Krasnoyarsk 2008 (photo image from the collection of the International Scientific Centre for Organism Extreme States Research)
Photo 14.6.
Professor Rem Khlebopros on the banks of the Yenisei in the Scientific Campus (Akadem Gorodok), Krasnoyarsk, May 13, 2009 (photo image from the private collection of Lyudmila Petrova)
Photo 14.1.
Professor Rem Grigorievich Khlebopros in the Hall of V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences, of the Russian Academy of Sciences, during a coffee-break at the VII International Conference “System Identification and Control Problems” SISPRO ’08, Moscow, January 28–31, 2008 (photo image from the private collection of Karl Biel)