Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials: An Overview

1.1 History
1.2 Biomaterials
1.3 CdS
1.4 Carbon Nanotube
1.5 Fe Containing Nanomaterial
1.6 Graphene
1.7 Graphene Oxide
1.8 Inulin
1.9 Pectin
1.10 Metal Oxide
1.11 Polymer
1.12 Bentonite
1.13 Conclusion
References

Chapter 2: Characterization of Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characterization of Advanced Materials
2.3 Physical Characterization of Advanced Materials
2.4 Chemical Characterization of Advanced Materials
2.5 Conclusions
References

Chapter 3: Green and Sustainable Advanced Biopolymeric and Biocomposite Materials

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Green Materials
3.3 Biopolymers
3.4 Natural Fillers
3.5 Natural Fibers
3.6 Biocomposites
3.7 Merits and Demerits of Green Materials
3.8 Recent Progress in Improvement of Material Properties
3.9 Current Applications of Biocomposites and Biopolymers
3.10 Futuristic Applications of Biocomposites and Biopolymers
3.11 Conclusion
References

Chapter 4: Green and Sustainable Advanced Nanomaterials

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Applications of Natural NanoOrganic Materials
4.3 Conclusion
References

Chapter 5: Biogenic Approaches for SiO₂ Nanostructures: Exploring the Sustainable Platform of Nanofabrication

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthesis of SiO₂ Nanostructures
5.3 Bio-Mediated Sustainable Processes for SiO₂ Nanostructures
5.4 Biogenic SiO₂ Based Doped, Functionalized and Composite Nanostructures
5.5 Applications of Bio-Fabricated SiO₂ Nanoparticles
5.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 6: Green and Sustainable Advanced Composite Materials

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Applications of Polymers
6.3 The Problems of Synthetic Polymers
6.4 Why Biodegradable Polymers
6.5 Biodegradable Polymers
6.6 Copolymers
6.7 Examples of Biodegradable Polymers is Polyesters
6.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: Design and Processing Aspects of Polymer and Composite Materials

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Design and Processing
7.3 Natural Polymers and Their Applied Potentialities
7.4 Synthetic Polymers and Their Applied Potentialities
7.5 Materials-Based Biocomposites
7.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Considerations
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 8: Seaweed-Based Binder in Wood Composites

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods and Techniques
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 9: Green and Sustainable Textile Materials Using Natural Resources

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sustainable Colouration of Textile Materials Using Natural Plant Waste Resources
9.3 Sustainable Antibacterial Finishing of Textile Materials Using Natural Waste Resources
9.4 Sustainable UV Protective Textile Materials Using Waste Natural Resources
9.5 Sustainable Green Flame Retardant Textile Materials Using Natural Resources
9.6 Sustainable Textile Materials Using Clay as Natural Resources
9.7 Sustainable Application of Aroma Finishing in Textile Materials Using Natural Resources
9.8 Sustainable Mosquito Repellent Textile Materials Using Natural Resources
9.9 Conclusion
References

Chapter 10: Green Engineered Functional Textile Materials

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Different Finishes Applied onto Textiles: Present Techniques vs. Green Methods
10.3 Methods of Application of Microcapsules on Textiles
10.4 Release Mechanism of Core Material from Microcapsules
10.5 Chemistry of EO
10.6 Evaluation of Mosquito Repellency
10.7 Aroma Finish
10.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 11: Advances in Bio-Nanohybrid Materials

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Inorganic/Organic Hybrids
11.3 Bio-Nanohybrid Materials Based on Clay and Polyphenols
11.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References

Chapter 12: Green and Sustainable Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Biotechnological Applications

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis of SeNPs
12.3 Biotechnological Applications of SeNPs
12.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Structure of dextran.
Figure 1.2 Structure of cellulose.
Figure 1.3 Structure of gelatine.
Figure 1.4 Structure of alginate.
Figure 1.5 Structure of chitin.
Figure 1.6 Structure of chitosan.
Figure 1.7 Structure of pullulan.
Figure 1.8 Structure of curdlan.
Figure 1.9 Structure of lignin.
Figure 1.10 Structure of xanthan gum.
Figure 1.11 Structure of hydrogel.
Figure 1.12 Structure of xylan.
Figure 1.13 Structure of Arabic gum.
Figure 1.14 Structure of CNT.
Figure 1.15 Structure of graphene.
Figure 1.16 Structure of graphene oxide.
Figure 1.17 Structure of inulin.
Figure 1.18 Structure of pectin.
Figure 1.19 Structure of polystyrene.
Figure 1.20 Structure of PANI.
Figure 1.21 Structure of starch.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Applications of advanced materials.
Figure 2.2 Physico-chemical characterization of advanced materials (graphene).
Figure 2.3 Physical characterization testing instruments for advanced materials.
Figure 2.4 Chemical characterization testing for advanced materials.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Classification of Significant Natural Fibers.
Figure 3.2 Classification of Significant Biopolymers.
Figure 3.3 MC/CRV/MMT Nanocomposite Film Procedure.
Figure 3.4 SEM Micrographs of Starch/Natural rubber/Clay Nanocomposites with (a) Unmodified Natural Rubber and (b) Modified Natural Rubber [51].
Figure 3.5 Bi-Directional Fiber Glass.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Chemical composition of beta-carotene molecule.
Figure 4.2 Control: Dispersion by water without dextrin. β-Carotene dispersion: Dispersion by water after complex formation with starch dextrin.
Figure 4.3 Describe the structure of anthocyanin before and after adsorption on TiO₂ surface.
Figure 4.4 Proposed mechanism of the photo-sensor for the TiO₂ catalyst.
Figure 4.5 Suggested photoreactions of the photodegradation for the orange dye using catalyst.
Figure 4.6 Chemical structures of hydrogel membrane-making materials as artificial skin.
Figure 4.7 Method of preparation of the hydrogel polymer.
Figure 4.8 Chemical structure of chitosan polymer (containing NH₂-groups) after removal of acetyl groups.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 (a) Schematic of the atom beam sputtering set-up and (b–d) the AgNP–SiO₂ composite materials with various Ag loading [20].
Figure 5.2 TEM images of the SiO₂ coated 12 nm gold nanoparticles with various particle sizes [46].
Figure 5.3 Schematic representation of template process for the synthesis of hollow silica nanoparticles employing cubic template (a) and the relevant TEM images (b) [49].
Figure 5.4 (a) Schematic of bacterial assisted biogenic template process for the synthesis of SiO₂ nanoparticles, (b) TEM micrograph of bacterial template, (c) TEM micrograph shows the nucleation of SiO₂ over the bacterial cell, and (d) SEM images of the separated SiO₂ nanoparticles [59].
Figure 5.5 TEM images of SiO₂ nanoparticles obtained from sand by using Fusarium oxysporum before (a, b) and after (c,d) calcination at 400 °C for 2 h with their respective SAED patterns [65].
Figure 5.6 (a) Schematic of the biogenic synthesis of SiO₂ nanoparticle and (b–d) TEM images of the biogenic SiO₂ nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures 500 °C (b), 600 °C (c), and 700 °C (d). [78]
Figure 5.7 (a) SEM image of PCC 6803, (b & c) FESEM images of PCC 6803/SiO₂ complex at different magnifications, (d, e, and f) FESEM images of solid SiO₂ after the removal of bio templates observed at different magnifications [99].
Figure 5.8 (a) Scheme involved in synthesizing Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–Pd and their (b, c) SEM and (d,e) TEM images obtained with different magnification [120].

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Applications of polymers.
Figure 6.2 World plastic production 2004–2014 in million tones units.
Figure 6.3 Poly (olefin)s polymers used in the worldwide.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Concept of ‘sustainability’. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [2, 16]).
Figure 7.2 Classification of biopolymers. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [2]).
Figure 7.3 Structure of (a) cellulose, (b) alpha-L-guluronic acid and beta-D-mannuronic acid (the epimers), (c) alginic acid (so-called alginate), (d) arrangements of M and G residues as M and G blocks. (Reproduced from Ref. [12], an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
Figure 7.4 Structure of (a) Kappa-carrageenan, (b) Iota-Carrageenan, (c) Lambda-carrageenan, (d) dextran. (Reproduced from Ref. [12], an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
Figure 7.5 Chemical structure of cellulose. (Reproduced from Ref. [12], an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
Figure 7.6 Structure of (a) chitin, (b) chitosan, (c) glycosaminoglycan, (d) carboxymethyl chitosan, (e) N-succinyl chitosan, and (f) guar gum. (Reproduced from Ref. [12], an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
Figure 7.7 Structure of guar gum succinate. (Reproduced from Ref. [12], an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
Figure 7.8 Chemical structure of xanthan. (Reproduced from Ref. [12], an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
Figure 7.9 Structure of (a) poly(acrylic acid), (b) poly(acrylamide), (c) poly(vinyl alcohol), (d) poly(ethylene glycol), (e) poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and (f) poly(lactic acid). (Reproduced from Ref. [12], an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)).
Figure 7.10 Adherent morphology of stained images of human keratinocytes–like HaCaT cells seeded onto the composite surfaces. Images A, B, and C represent the HaCaT cells on native P(3HB)-EC composite (i.e. 0CA-g-P(3HB)-EC) after 1, 3, and 5 days of incubation, respectively; images D, E, and F represent the adhered HaCaT cells on 5CA-g-P(3HB)-EC composite after 1, 3, and 5 days of incubation, respectively; images G, H, and I represent the adhered HaCaT cells on 10CA-g-P(3HB)-EC composite after 1, 3, and 5 days of incubation, respectively; images J, K, and L represent the adhered HaCaT cells on 15CA-g-P(3HB)-EC composite after 1, 3, and 5 days of incubation, respectively, and images M, N, and O represent the adhered HaCaT cells on 20CA-g-P(3HB)-EC composite after 1, 3, and 5 days of incubation, respectively. All of the test samples were stained using neutral red dye (5 mg/mL) for 1 h followed by three consecutive washings with PBS at an ambient temperature. All images were taken at 100× magnification. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [2, 10]).
Figure 7.11 Neutral red dye concentration-dependent percentage cell viability of human keratinocytes–like HaCaT cells after 1, 3, and 5 days of incubation onto the CA-g-P(3HB)-EC composite surfaces (mean ± SD, n = 3). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [2, 10]).

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Particleboard.
Figure 8.2 Mean value of moisture content for particleboard bonded with different mixing ratios of adhesive.
Figure 8.3 Mean value of density for particleboard bonded with different mixing ratios of adhesive.
Figure 8.4 Mean value of water absorption for particleboard bonded with different mixing ratios of adhesive.
Figure 8.5 Mean value of thickness swelling for particleboard bonded with different mixing ratios of adhesive.
Figure 8.6 Mean value Modulus of Elasticity for particleboard bonded with different mixing ratios of adhesive.
Figure 8.7 Mean value of Modulus of Rupture for particleboard bonded with different mixing ratios of adhesive.
Figure 8.8 Mean value of internal bonding for particleboard bonded with different mixing ratios of adhesive.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Extraction procedure of Delonix regia stem shell extract.
Figure 9.2 Extraction procedure of Sterculia foetida fruit shell [3].
Figure 9.3 Extraction process and colour of CSE at different pH.
Figure 9.4 Natural flame retardant resources for textile material.
Figure 9.5 Extraction process and colour of coconut shell extract (CSE) at different pH.
Figure 9.6 Structure of different clays.
Figure 9.7 Applications of clay in textile materials.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Some important functional finishing properties imparted to textiles.
Figure 10.2 Schematic representation of the process of microcapsules application in fabrics.
Figure 10.3 Chemical structures of some essential oils (EO).
Figure 10.4 Mosquito repellency evaluation by ASTM Standard E951–83.
Figure 10.5 The screen cage method for testing repellent formulations trial.
Figure 10.6 Cone used in the cone test.
Figure 10.7 Field test.
Figure 10.8 A diagrammatic outline of the tunnel used for the study of effectiveness of long lasting insecticidal mosquito nets with extensions on either sides to fix mosquito cages.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Classification of materials at different scale levels, modified from the original figure by Nanko [21].
Figure 11.2 Typical interactions present in hybrid materials and their relative strength.
Figure 11.3 Chemical routes for the synthesis of inorganic–organic hybrids [30] where A₁: sol–gel strategy, A₂: bridged precursors (silsesquioxanes), A₃: hydrothermal synthesis, B₁: assembling of NBB, B₂: dispersion of NBB, C₁: templated growth by organic surfactants, C₂: self-assembly via bridged precursors (silsesquioxanes), C₃: combination of self-assembly and NBB, D: integrative synthesis. (Reproduced from Sanchez et al. [30] with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry via Copyright Clearance Center).
Figure 11.4 Structure of an alumina octahedral sheet (left) and a silica tetrahedral sheet (right). (Reproduced from CalabiFloody et al. [55] with permission of Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland via Copyright Clearance Center).
Figure 11.5 Crystal structure of the pharmaceutical used clays; (a) kaolinite, (b) talc, (c) montmorillonite, (d) palygorskite and (e) sepiolite, where dashed lines represent the unit cell. (Reproduced from Yang et al. [60] with permission of Elsevier BV via Copyright Clearance Center).
Figure 11.6 Orientations of alkylammonium ions in the galleries of layered silicates: (a) monolayer, (b) bilayers, (c) pseudotrimolecular layers, and (d, e) paraffin-type arrangements of alkylammonium ions with different tilting angles of the alkyl chains. (Reproduced from De Paiva et al. [66] with permission of Elsevier BV via Copyright Clearance Center).
Figure 11.7 Types of polyphenols based on structure: (a) phenolic acids, (b) flavonoids, (c) stilbenes and (d) lignans.
Figure 11.8 Bragg’s law.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Schematic diagrams showing the proposed mechanisms for reduction of selenate/selenite by microorganisms. (a) Selenite reduction and anaerobic respiration in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1; (b) reduction of selenite in R. rubrum and E. coli by glutathione (GSH). Reprinted with permission from ref. no. [61], Sweety A. Wadhwani, Utkarsha U. Shedbalkar, Richa Singh, and Balu A. Chopade, Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 100(6), 2555–2566 (2016). Copyright@Springer.
Figure 12.2 Electron micrographs of SeNPs synthesized by microorganisms and plants. (a) TEM image of (a) intracellular SeNPs synthesized by Thauera selenatis, (b) extracellular SeNPs by B. selenitreducens, (c) SeNPs synthesized by Bacillus sp. MSh-1 a, (d) SeNPs synthesized by hyphae of Lentinula edodes, (e) SeNPs synthesized by Terminalia arjuna leaf extract. (f) FESEM micrographs of SeNPs on Bacillus cereus cell surface, (g) FESEM micrograph of SeNPs synthesized by Capsicum annuum L. SEM image of SeNPs synthesized by (h) Duganella, (i) culture supernatant of A. terrus BZ1. Reprinted with permission from ref. no. [61], Sweety A. Wadhwani, Utkarsha U. Shedbalkar, Richa Singh, and Balu A. Chopade, Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 100(6): 2555–2566 (2016). Copyright@Springer.
Figure 12.3 TEM images and XRD patterns of SeNPs with different concentrations of glucose. (A) Synthetic scheme for the Glu–SeNPs and its general mechanism of anticancer effect; (B) SeNPs with 0.25 M glucose concentration; (C) SeNPs with 0.5 M glucose concentration; (D) SeNPs with 1.0 M glucose concentration; (E) XRD patterns of Glu– SeNPs. From top to bottom: 0.25 M (a), 0.50 M (b), and 1.0 M (c) glucose. Reprinted with permission from ref. no. [17], Tianqi Nie, Hualian Wu, Ka-Hing Wong, and Tianfeng Chen, Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 4, 2351 (2016). Copyright@Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 12.4 (a and b) Wound treatment with higher dose of selenium nanoparticles, (c and d) wound treatment with induced model, and (e and f) wound treated with standard antibiotic lyramycin. Reprinted with permission from ref. no. [53], S. Rmaya, T. Shanmugasundaram, and R. Balagurunathan, Journal of Trace Element in Medicine and Biology. 32, 30–39 (2015). Copyright@Elsevier.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 List of Natural Fibers and their Properties [27].
Table 3.2 Comparison between Natural Fibers and Synthetic Fibers [56].
Table 3.3 Estimated Global Tonnage of Fibrous Raw Materials from Agricultural Crops [67].

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 The amount of absorbed copper after add (50 mg) of chitosan at 30 °C and (pH = 5.7).

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Processing strategies and properties of biocomposite materials.
Table 7.2 Biopolymers, their physicochemical characteristics, and applied potentialities.
Table 7.3 Potential/proposed applications of some bacterial cellulose-based ‘Green’ composite materials. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [16]).

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Table shows the comparison and analysis with mean, standard deviation of physical properties, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of different types of adhesives with different types of adhesive percentages in particleboard.
Table 8.2 The figure of test pieces before and after the 24 h submersion for water absorption and thickness swelling test.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 K/S values of dyed textile fabric using Sterculia foetida fruit shell waste extract.
Table 9.2 Colour coordinates of dyed cotton, jute and wool fabrics with CSE.
Table 9.3 Reduction percentage of E. coli and S. aureus with FSE on dyed textile fabric.
Table 9.4 Antibacterial activity of E. coli and S. aureus on CSE treated fabric.
Table 9.5 Ultraviolet protection value of silk fabric dyed with DSE for post-mordanting.
Table 9.6 Ultraviolet protection value of textile fabric dyed and post-mordanted with FSE.
Table 9.7 Ultraviolet protection property of CSE treated jute and wool fabrics.
Table 9.8 Vertical flammability test of the CSE treated cotton, jute and wool fabrics.
Table 9.9 Different vertical flame retardant parameters for BPS treated cotton, jute and wool.
Table 9.10 Flammability details of the spinach juice (SJ) treated cotton fabric.
Table 9.11 Vertical flammability of treated jute fabric using pomegranate rind extract.
Table 9.12 Horizontal flammability of the casein biomolecule treated textiles.
Table 9.13 Natural resources of aroma and its odour categories.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Timeline of the most relevant events in the development of hybrid materials during the 20th century.
Table 2.11 Variations of composition and structure in hybrid materials, modified from the original table by Kickelbick [7].
Table 11.3 Examples of hybrid materials of natural origin and their main components.
Table 4.11 Type of structural sites in which common cations tend to occur in phyllosilicate mineral structures. (Reproduced from Schulze [53] with permission of Elsevier Science &Technology Books via Copyright Clearance Center).

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Synthesis of SeNPs from microorganisms.
Table 12.2 Synthesis of SeNPs using various plants.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-119-40704-1

Preface

Sustainable development is a very prevalent concept of modern society. The concept has appeared as a critical force in marrying a special focus on development and growth by maintaining a balance of using resources between human beings and the ecosystem in which they are living. The developments of new and advanced materials are one of the most powerful efforts in establishing this concept. Overall, sustainable development is an internationally acknowledged directive and it includes green and environmental-friendly manufacturing materials and practices. Such practices orchestrate with the self-healing and self-replenishing capability of natural ecosystems. Green manufacturing encompasses synthesis, processing, fabrication, and process optimization, but also testing, performance evaluation and reliability. Similarly, future progress in these materials area will critically depend on our commitment with the sustainable exercises in research and technology. This book, divided into 2 parts provides a detailed overview of the status of advanced and sustainable materials for future of science and engineering.

Green and sustainable advanced materials are the newly synthesised material or existing modified material having superior and special properties. These fulfil today’s growing demand for equipment, machines and devices with better quality for an extensive range of applications in various sectors such as paper, biomedical, food, construction, textile, and many more. Several advanced materials having novel properties have been reported such as biomaterials, nanomaterials, metal oxides, polymers etc. Some of them have natural origin such as plants, animals, minerals, ore etc. or extracted from plants and exist in different geometrical form and have flexibility to form a composite with other material for the specific application. Whereas, some are synthesised synthetically in required shape and size according to the demands, the superior properties of advanced material make them suitable for various forms. The objective of this book is to provide an overview of new developments and state-of-the-art for a variety of green and sustainable advanced materials.

To place all of the collective understanding about green and sustainable advanced materials into perspective, add a touch of reality to the concepts, and to cover extensive expansion of the green and sustainable advanced materials, the book is divided into two volumes and each volume has subdivisions of several chapters. Volume 1 mainly discusses Processing and Characterization while Volume 2 is focused on the Applications of green and sustainable advanced materials.

In the first volume, the first chapter presents an overview and characterization of green and sustainable advanced materials. The subsequent chapters encompass details of biopolymers and biocomposite materials and nanomaterials. Subsequent chapters describe biogenic approaches for SiO₂ nanostructures nanofabrication, polymer and composite materials, design and processing aspects of polymer and composite materials. The following chapters incorporate seaweed-based binder in wood composites, coloration and functional finishing of textile materials using natural resources. The final two chapters discuss advances in bio-nanohybrid materials, selenium nanoparticles and their biotechnological applications.

In the second volume, the first presents a critical review of green sustainability, nanotechnology and advanced materials and provides a vision for the future. Valorization of green and sustainable advanced materials from a biomedical perspective and their potential applications are detailed in the next chapters. Applications of green and sustainable advanced materials in textile technology and environmental protection are described in a very comprehensive manner in the next batch of chapters. Synthesized nanostructures alloys for optoelectronic, biochar-supercapacitors, biomedical from synthetic and natural green and sustainable advanced materials green and sustainable advanced materials are then covered. Efficiency of transition metals at the nanoscale - as heterogeneous catalysts and emerging applications of green and sustainable advanced materials in agriculture and food industry take center stage in final two of chapters.

In conclusion, both volumes incorporate in-depth technical information without compromising the delicate link between factual data and fundamental concepts or between theory and practice.

Overall, this book is planned to be a reference book for researchers and scientists who are searching for new sustainable advanced materials. The contributors are well-known researchers and scientists of materials science and engineering. We are very thankful to the chapter authors for their enthusiastic efforts in the making of this book. Finally, we extend our thanks to Wiley-Scrivener for publishing the book.

Shakeel Ahmed & Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain (Editors)
June 2018