Cover
Introduction: Mapping and Opening Up the Terrain
1. Conceptualizing Social Movements
2. A Conceptualization of Social Movements
3. Structure of the Volume
4. References
Part I: Facilitative and Constraining Contexts and Conditions
1. 1 The Political Context of Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Enduring Opportunities and Their Effects on Contention
  3. Changes in Opportunity and the Ebb and Flow of Movements
  4. Critiques and Extensions
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
2. 2 The Role of Threat in Collective Action
  1. Introduction
  2. Grievances and Threats
  3. Political Opportunity and Threats
  4. Resource Infrastructure and Threats
  5. Structural Threats
  6. Summary of Structural Forms of Threat
  7. The Future of Threat Research
  8. References
3. 3 The Cultural Context of Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. The Cultural Context of Newly Contentious Issues and Actors
  3. The Cultural Contexts of Mobilization
  4. The Cultural Context of Strategic Action
  5. Conclusion: Culture in Context
  6. References
4. 4 The Resource Context of Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Resource Types
  3. Mechanisms of Resource Access
  4. Exchange Relationships and Source Constraints
  5. Recent Utilization of Resource Mobilization
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
5. 5 The Ecological and Spatial Contexts of Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Spatial Ecology of Movement Mobilization
  3. The Social Ecology of Movements
  4. The Intersection between Spatial and Social Ecologies
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
6. 6 Social Movements and Transnational Context
  1. Introduction
  2. The Transnational: Genealogy, Definition, and Limitations
  3. Multi‐Level Governance and Transnational Activism
  4. Forms of Transnational Interaction
  5. Effects
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
7. 7 Social Movements and Mass Media in a Global Context
  1. Introduction
  2. A Strategic Choice Model
  3. Challenging the Status Quo in Open Systems
  4. Engaging from the Shadows: Strategic Media Choices in Closed Systems
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
Part II: Social Movement Organizations, Fields, and Dynamics
1. 8 Networks and Fields
  1. Introduction
  2. From Structure to Action: How Networks Facilitate Collective Action
  3. From Action to Structure: How Collective Action Produces Emerging Forms of Social Organization
  4. Conclusion
  5. References
2. 9 Social Movement Organizations
  1. Introduction
  2. Resource Mobilization: Alive and Well
  3. Beyond the SMO? How ICTs Are Transforming Organizing
  4. SMOs and Field Theory
  5. The Cultural Dynamics of Internal SMO Processes
  6. Conclusion: New Directions in the Study of SMOs
  7. References
3. 10 Bringing Leadership Back In
  1. Introduction
  2. Leadership Matters
  3. Leadership and Social Movement Studies
  4. Theorizing Leadership Practice: An Alternative Approach
  5. Conclusion: New Directions for Social Movement Leadership Studies
  6. References
4. 11 How Social Movements Interact with Organizations and Fields
  1. Introduction
  2. Precursors of the Movement and Organizations Research
  3. Contacts between Movement Theory and Organizational Analysis
  4. Movements in Organizations and Movements Targeting Organizations
  5. A First Synthesis: Movements as Political Process
  6. A Second Synthesis: Fields and Resettlements
  7. Beyond Field Theory
  8. Expanding Field Theory and Political Process Models
  9. Conclusion
  10. References
5. 12 Infighting and Insurrection
  1. Introduction
  2. The Classical Tradition
  3. The Conditional Tradition
  4. The Causal Tradition
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
6. 13 DIffusion Processes Within and Across Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. What Is Diffused?
  3. What Are the Mechanisms of Diffusion?
  4. Catalysts to the Diffusion Process
  5. Cycles of Protest and Repertoires of Contention
  6. What Is the Impact of Diffusion?
  7. Outlook and Future Directions
  8. Conclusion
  9. References
7. 14 Coalitions and the Organization of Collective Action
  1. Introduction
  2. Defining and Differentiating Coalitions
  3. Coalition Emergence and Dynamics
  4. Coalition Outcomes
  5. Future Directions
  6. References
Part III: Social Movement Strategies and Tactics
1. 15 Tactics and Strategic Action
  1. Introduction
  2. Repertoires of Contention
  3. Tactics as Particular Events
  4. An Actor‐Centered Approach
  5. Strategic Action
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
2. 16 Technology and Social Media
  1. Introduction
  2. It’s Here, It’s Digital, Get Used to It
  3. Disciplinary Differences in Studying Digital Technologies and Protest
  4. From Exotic to Mainstream: Major Findings
  5. Continuing Debates and Theoretical Shifts
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
3. 17 Social Movements and Litigation
  1. Introduction
  2. What Is Social Movement Litigation?
  3. How Have Social Movements Deployed Litigation Strategy?
  4. The Turn to Law: Why Do Social Movement Groups Litigate?
  5. What Impacts Does Movement Litigation Strategy Have?
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
4. 18 Social Movements in Interaction with Political Parties
  1. Introduction
  2. Movements and Parties: Two Key Actors for Democratic Representation
  3. Movement Versus Parties: Mutual Influence and Interdependence
  4. Crises of Representation and the Emergence of New Parties
  5. Broadening the Perspective: Transformations in Context
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
5. 19 Nonviolent and Violent Trajectories in Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Radicalization: Towards Strategies and Methods of Violent Contention
  3. Demilitarization: From Armed to Unarmed Strategies and Methods
  4. Interaction of Violent and Nonviolent Contention
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
6. 20 Art and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Contention within Art Worlds
  3. The Figure of the Committed Artist
  4. Art as a Contentious Practice
  5. Art as a Contentious Resource
  6. References
Part IV: Microstructural and Social‐Psychological Dimensions
1. 21 Individual Participation in Street Demonstrations
  1. Introduction
  2. Defining and Conceptualizing Street Demonstrations
  3. Demand, Supply, and Mobilization
  4. How to Study Participation in Demonstrations?
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
2. 22 The Framing Perspective on Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Conceptualizing Framing
  3. Conceptual Architecture
  4. Conclusion
  5. References
3. 23 Emotions in Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Emotions in Social Movements
  3. Analyzing Emotions
  4. Cognitive Social Science and Emotion
  5. Future Directions
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
4. 24 Collective Identity in Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. What Is Collective Identity and Why Should Social Movement Scholars Care?
  3. Is Collective Identity Found in Individuals, in the Collective, or Both?
  4. Are Collective Identities Given or Constructed?
  5. Melucci’s Comprehensive Framework
  6. Collective Identity: Product, Process or Both?
  7. Assessing the Conceptual Limits of the Concept of Collective Identity
  8. Conclusion
  9. References
Part V: Consequences and Outcomes
1. 25 The Political Institutions, Processes, and Outcomes Movements Seek to Influence
  1. Introduction
  2. The Political Institutions, Processes, and Outcomes Movements Seek to Influence
  3. Under Which Conditions Do Movements Matter in Politics?
  4. Organization, protest, collective action and strategy
  5. What Is Studied and How
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
2. 26 Economic Outcomes of Social Movements
  1. Economic Outcomes of Social Movements Between State, Market, and Society
  2. Attaining Government Regulation
  3. Direct Interventions in Markets
  4. Changing Market Rules and Practices in the Social Sphere
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
3. 27 The Cultural Outcomes of Social Movements
  1. Social Movements as Producers of Culture
  2. Cultural Analysis of Movement Outcomes: Performance, Ideation, and Artifact
  3. Social Movements and Cultural Change: Conditions of Influence
  4. Conclusion
  5. References
4. 28 Biographical Consequences of Activism
  1. Introduction
  2. Short‐term Impacts
  3. Durable Consequences
  4. Cultural Change
  5. Mapping the Field
  6. Social Mechanisms at Play
  7. What Next?
  8. References
Part VI: Thematic Intersections
1. 29 Social Class and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Class Grievances and Class Identities
  3. Theorizing Class and Social Change
  4. From Classes to Masses
  5. Social Movement Theory and the Retreat from Class
  6. Counting Contention: From Protests to Strikes
  7. The “Death of Class” and Labor Movement Scholarship
  8. Bridging Labor Scholarship and Social Movement Theory
  9. Conclusion
  10. References
2. 30 Gender and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Tactics and Strategies
  3. Organizations
  4. Collective Identities
  5. Opportunities and Constraints
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
3. 31 Race, Ethnicity, and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Race, Ethnicity, and Social Movement Theory
  3. White Racist Mobilization
  4. Racial Oppression and Participation in Social Movements
  5. Identity Processes, Race, and Social Movements
  6. Race and Social Movement Strategy and Tactics
  7. State Repression and Social Movement Outcomes: The Racialized Consequences of Contention
  8. Conclusion
  9. References
4. 32 Bringing the Study of Religion and Social Movements Together
  1. Introduction
  2. Suggested Theoretical Intersections
  3. Conclusion
  4. References
5. 33 Human Rights and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Key Insights in the Research on Human Rights and Social Movements
  3. New Trends and Future Directions
  4. Conclusion
  5. References
6. 34 Globalization and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Global Capitalism and Social Movements
  3. Social Movements and Political Globalization
  4. Global Social Movements and Culture
  5. Conclusion
  6. References
7. 35 Political Extremism and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Conceptualizing Extremism
  3. Mobilization
  4. Organization and Networks
  5. Context and Strategy
  6. Conclusion
  7. References
8. 36 Nationalism, Nationalist Movements, and Social Movement Theory
  1. Introduction
  2. State‐Facilitated Nationalisms
  3. State‐Destroying Nationalisms
  4. National Liberation Movements
  5. Party Nationalism in Democratic States
  6. Labor Market Inequalities and Ethnic Competition
  7. Conclusion: Nationalist Movements in the New Millennium
  8. References
9. 37 War, Peace, and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. The Sociology of War and Movements
  3. Peace Movements
  4. Conclusion
  5. References
10. 38 Authoritarian Regimes and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Understanding Authoritarianism and its Iterations
  3. Variation in Regime Repression and Propensities for Violence
  4. Variation in Institutional Access and Regime Responsiveness
  5. Authoritarian Power‐Sharing, Elite Divisions, and Protest
  6. Authoritarian Regimes and Transnational Dynamics of Contention
  7. Conclusion
  8. References
11. 39 Revolution and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Origins of Revolutions and Social Movements
  3. Processes of Mobilization
  4. Elites as Pivots
  5. States, Events, and Opportunity Structures
  6. Dynamics of Repression and Radicalization
  7. Outcomes
  8. Conclusion: Paradoxes of Movement‐Revolution Convergence
  9. References
12. 40 Terrorism and Social Movements
  1. Introduction
  2. Defining Terrorism and Terrorists
  3. Radicalization of Individuals and Groups
  4. Intensity and Targets of Violence
  5. Organizational Expansion and Operational Diversification
  6. Interactional Dynamic with Actors and Contexts
  7. Conclusion
  8. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02
1. Table 2.1 Major forms of threat
Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1 Means of social movement and SMO resource access and resource types
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1 Strategic choice model
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Typology of movements in fields with examples
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Classical, conditional, and causal traditions in the study of infighting
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Percentage of articles on ICTs and protest in leading journals
Chapter 34
1. Table 34.1 Typology of social movements mobilizations engaging in global politics

List of Illustrations

Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Number of unique citations of McCarthy and Zald (1977) or Edwards and McCarthy (2004) by journal articles, books or chapters, and conference presentations, 2004–2016.
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Anti‐government demonstrations, revolts, riots, and general strikes in 18 western democracies from 1919–2012.
2. Figure 21.2 Demand, supply, and mobilization.
3. Figure 21.3 Four steps toward participation.
Chapter 28
1. Figure 28.1 Mapping the field of biographical consequences.
2. Figure 28.2 Interwoven outcomes.
Chapter 29
1. Figure 29.1 Numbers of people involved in protests and strikes, 1960–1995.
2. Figure 29.2 Participation in union and non‐union protests.

WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY

The Wiley Blackwell Companions to Sociology provide introductions to emerging topics and theoretical orientations in sociology as well as presenting the scope and quality of the discipline as it is currently configured. Essays in the Companions tackle broad themes or central puzzles within the field and are authored by key scholars who have spent considerable time in research and reflection on the questions and controversies that have activated interest in their area. This authoritative series will interest those studying sociology at advanced undergraduate or graduate level as well as scholars in the social sciences and informed readers in applied disciplines.

The Blackwell Companion to Major Classical Social Theorists
Edited by George Ritzer

The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists
Edited by George Ritzer

The Blackwell Companion to Criminology
Edited by Colin Sumner

The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements
Edited by David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi

The Blackwell Companion to Law and Society
Edited by Austin Sarat

The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Culture
Edited by Mark Jacobs and Nancy Hanrahan

The Blackwell Companion to Social Inequalities
Edited by Mary Romero and Eric Margolis

The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory
Edited by Bryan S. Turner

The New Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology
Edited by William C. Cockerham

The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion
Edited by Bryan S. Turner

The Wiley‐Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists
Edited by George Ritzer and Jeffrey Stepnisky

The Wiley‐Blackwell Companion to Sociology
Edited by George Ritzer

The Wiley‐Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology
Edited by Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash, and Alan Scott

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Families
Edited by Judith Treas, Jacqueline Scott, and Martin Richards

The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements
Edited by David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Holly J. McCammon

Also available:

The Blackwell Companion to Globalization
Edited by George Ritzer

The New Blackwell Companion to the City
Edited by Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson

Edition History
Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e, 2004)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Holly J. McCammon to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office(s)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Snow, David A., editor. | Soule, Sarah Anne, 1967– editor. | Kriesi, Hanspeter, editor. | McCammon, Holly J., editor.
Title: The Wiley Blackwell companion to social movements : second edition / edited by David A. Snow, Sarah A. Soule, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Holly J. McCammon.
Other titles: Blackwell companion to social movements
Description: Second Edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, [2019] | Series: Wiley Blackwell companions to sociology | Revised edition of | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018008676 (print) | LCCN 2018012661 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119168607 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119168591 (epub) | ISBN 9781119168553 (cloth)
Subjects: LCSH: Social movements.
Classification: LCC HM881 (ebook) | LCC HM881 .B53 2018 (print) | DDC 303.48/4–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018008676