Series Editor
Jean-Charles Pomerol
Edited by
Sophie Sauvagnargues
First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
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© ISTE Ltd 2018
The rights of Sophie Sauvagnargues to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953112
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-343-1
Whether environmental, economic, social, health or humanitarian, a crisis is a complex phenomenon that requires a management strategy specific to each situation. A crisis arises after a sudden and unexpected triggering event, and is characterized by rapid changes that require optimal cooperation between various participants who are faced with a stressful situation. How the crisis is managed impacts how it unfolds.
It is therefore a matter of anticipating events and making decisions, most of which are urgent and crucial, and may need to be made on the basis of contradictory requirements, while facing a context of structural disruption. The complexities of managing a crisis situation can be seen as “a set of factors aimed at combating crises and reducing the actual damage suffered, while aiming to prevent or mitigate the negative effects of the crisis and protect the organisation, managers and/or the industrialist” (Coombs et al. 2010).
Decisions are made at different levels: the strategic level corresponds to the description of the aims and objectives set in order to deal with the crisis and concerns the decision-making structures; the tactical level is linked to the organization of field operations with a view to implementing the strategies drawn up; and the operational level executes and implements the resources relating to the organization of field operations. The crisis unit is thus the central instrument in the strategic management of the crisis, essential to any organization. It is both an open place because it is at the crossroads of information and its processing and decision-making, and a closed place which must allow the cell to function without disruption (Heiderich 2010).
In the field of major risks, a strategic crisis unit can be municipal, departmental, prefectoral, national or that of an industrial company. It unites human resources, computing and communication resources, individual or collective equipment and specific documentation relating to emergency management.
The realization of the missions assigned to a crisis unit, and anticipating and making decisions, requires a multitude of competences. Flück’s model (Flück 2001) proposes four types of combined skills to react to the different professional situations encountered: technical skills (theoretical knowledge and trades, methods and tools, rules and procedures, know-how linked to experience), organizational skills (spatio-temporal organization and management of information flows), relational and social skills (oral and written expression skills, interpersonal skills, managerial and network skills) and adaptation skills (ability to adjust to the situation and its evolution over time and to transfer acquired know-how).
The acquisition and preservation of these skills is complex, all the more so when, outside of a crisis situation, it is not the main goal or function of the people concerned. The crisis unit is subject to high levels of stress as well as to various biases impacting its members in their representation and decision-making. The difficulties encountered by decision-makers in crisis cells in terms of decision-making and collective behavior necessitate training exercises to prepare them to face this type of situation. “The implementation of simulation exercises, the development of crisis scenarios outside the framework, the coordination of an even greater number of actors as well as a real line of conduct for crisis units, priorities in crisis management and in particular in terms of training are at the heart of concerns” (Lagadec 2012).
The purpose of this book is to specifically focus on decision-making training through crisis simulation. The aim is essentially educational, methodological and practical, and provides a concise review of the major knowledge, methods and innovative tools in this field.
This book is composed of eight chapters:
Coombs, W.T., Holladay, S.J., and Thompson, B. (2010). The Handbook of Crisis Communication. Blackwell, Hoboken.
Heiderich, D. (2010). Plan de gestion de crise : organiser, gérer et communiquer en situation de crise. Dunod, Paris.
Flück, C. (2001). Compétences et performances, une alliance réussie. Demos, Paris.
Lagadec, P. (2012). Du risque majeur aux mégachocs. Préventique, Bordeaux.
Chapter written by Sophie SAUVAGNARGUES.