CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: General View of the Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Features of Apoptosis

Abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cytoplasmic Events
References

Chapter 2: Mitochondria in Focus: Targeting the Cell-Death Mechanism

Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mitochondria: Overview
2.3 Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathways
2.4 Mitochondria between Cellular Life and Death
2.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 3: Microbial Programmed Cell Death

Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sporulation: A Tale of Two Bacterial Cell-Death Pathways
3.3 Toxin–Antitoxin Systems
3.4 PCD in S. aureus Biofilm Development
3.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 4: Autophagy

Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Autophagy
4.3 Functions of Autophagy
4.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 5: Cell Injury, Adaptation, and Necrosis

Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction: Reversible vs. Irreversible Cell Injury
5.2 Reversible Cell Injury: Adaptation and Intracellular Accumulations
5.3 Irreversible Cell Injury and Cell Death
5.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 6: Necroptosis

Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Inducing Necroptosis
6.3 Mechanisms of Necroptosis
6.4 Outcomes of Necroptosis: Good or Bad?
6.5 Crosstalk with Other Forms of Cell Death (Apoptosis and Pyroptosis)
6.6 Targeting Necroptosis (RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL Inhibitors)
6.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: Ferroptosis

Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction: The Balance of Cell Death
7.2 Overview of Free Radicals
7.3 Molecular Mechanism of Ferroptosis
7.4 Clinical Significance of Ferroptosis
References

Chapter 8: Anoikis Regulation: Complexities, Distinctions, and Cell Differentiation

Abbreviations
8.1 Anoikis: Basic Forensics
8.2 Investigation of Anoikis: Who, What, When, Why?
8.3 Differentiation State-Specific Regulation of Anoikis: The Case of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells
8.4 Anoikis and Disease: Too Much or Too Little, It's Still Unhealthy
8.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 9: Cornification

Abbreviations
9.1 Cornification is a Key Step in the Terminal Differentiation of Epidermal Keratinocytes
9.2 The Mechanism of Cornification
9.3 Differences and Commonalities between Cornification and Other Modes of Cell Death
References

Chapter 10: Excitotoxicity

Abbreviations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Defining Excitotoxicity
10.3 The Pathophysiology of Excitotoxicity
10.4 Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress
10.5 Excitotoxicity and Brain Injuries
10.6 Excitotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Diseases
10.7 Neuroradiologic Observations of Excitotoxicity
10.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 11: Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Wallerian Degeneration

Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Slow Wallerian Degeneration and the Mechanism of Neuroprotection
11.3 Induction of Neuronal Protection by Signaling Mechanisms Activated by Wlds
11.4 Wallerian Degeneration and the Immune Response to Traumatic Nerve Injury
11.5 Role of Wallerian Degeneration in the Mechanism of Functional Recovery Following the Traumatic Injury of Peripheral Nerves
11.6 Demyelination of Axons and Functional Recovery during Wallerian Degeneration
11.7 Role of Wallerian Degeneration in the Development of Neuropathic Pain
11.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 12: Pyronecrosis

Abbreviations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Definition and Morphology
12.3 Inflammation and Cell Death
12.4 Relation of Pyronecrosis to Other Types of Cell Death
12.5 Molecular Pathway and Mechanism
12.6 Pyronecrosis-Inducing Factors
12.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 13: Phenoptosis: Programmed Death of an Organism

Abbreviations
13.1 Definition of Phenoptosis and a Short History of the Problem
13.2 Phenoptosis of Unicellular Organisms
13.3 Phenoptosis of Plants: Discovery of the Genes of Death of a Multicellular Organism
13.4 Phenoptosis in Invertebrates: “Horrible Cruelty of Life”
13.5 Phenoptosis in Vertebrates
13.6 Aging as Slow (Chronic) Phenoptosis
13.7 Non-Aging Living Beings
13.8 Aging-Stimulated Evolvability is a Function Characteristic of Most Living Beings
13.9 Why Natural Selection Could Not Eliminate Phenoptoses
13.10 Why Do We Need an Aging Program if an Organism Will Die in Any Case Due to Accumulation of Occasional Damages?
13.11 Accumulation of Stochastic Injuries During Aging
13.12 An Attempt to Identify a Key Component of the Aging Program and to Abolish It
13.13 Regulation of Aging by an Organism
13.14 General Scheme of Regulation of mROS-mediated Phenoptoses
13.15 Perspectives for the Pharmacological Switching Off of Counterproductive Phenoptotic Programs in Humans: From Homo sapiens to Homo sapiens liberatus
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 14: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Oxytosis

Abbreviations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Role of GSH in Oxytosis
14.3 Upstream Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Oxytosis
14.4 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Oxytosis
14.5 Downstream Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dysfunction
14.6 Oxytosis and ER Stress: Common Features and Differences
14.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 15: Pyroptosis

Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Caspases
15.3 Canonical Inflammasomes: Caspase 1-Activating Platforms
15.4 The Non-canonical Caspase 11 Inflammasome
15.5 Crosstalk between Pyroptosis, Necroptosis, and Apoptosis
References

Chapter 16: Paraptosis

Abbreviations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Definition
16.3 Morphology
16.4 Mechanisms
16.5 Pathways
16.6 Proteome Profile
16.7 Potential Medical Implications
16.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 17: Hematopoiesis and Eryptosis

Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hematopoiesis
17.3 Erythrocytes
17.4 Structure of Leukocytes
17.5 Function of WBCs
17.6 Eryptosis
17.7 Triggers and Signaling of Eryptosis
17.8 Physiological Significance of Eryptosis
17.9 Pathophysiological Significance of Eryptosis
17.10 Conclusion
References

Chapter 18: Cyclophilin D-Dependent Necrosis

Abbreviations
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Cyclophilins
18.3 Mechanism of CypD-Dependent Necrosis
18.4 Role of CypD in Diseases
18.5 CypD Inhibitors
18.6 Future Prospects
References

Chapter 19: Role of Phospholipases in Cell Death

Abbreviations
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Apoptosis
19.3 Role of Phospholipases in Autophagy
19.4 Role of Phospholipases in Necrosis
19.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 20: TRIAD (Transcriptional Repression-Induced Atypical Death)

Abbreviations
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Induction of TRIAD In Vitro
20.3 Morphological Features of TRIAD
20.4 Molecular Features of TRIAD
20.5 Roles of YAPΔC in TRIAD and Neurodegeneration
20.6 TRIAD In Vivo
20.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 21: Alkylating-Agent Cytotoxicity Associated with O6-Methylguanine

Abbreviations
21.1 Introduction
21.2 General Principles of Alkylating Agents
21.3 The MGMT Gene and AGT Protein Structure
21.4 Methylating Agent-Induced Cell Death
21.5 Pharmacology of Clinically Relevant Methylating Agents
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 22: Entosis

Abbreviations
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Definition
22.3 Discovery of Entosis
22.4 Entosis: Initiation and Progress
22.5 Entosis and Other Cell-in-Cell Structures: Differences and Similarities
22.6 Molecular Mechanism Regulating Entosis
22.7 Signaling Mechanism in Entosis
22.8 Occurrence of Entosis in Different Types of Cells
22.9 Entosis and its Implications in Cancer: Pro-tumorigenic Process or Tumor-Suppressive Mechanism?
22.10 Biological Significance
22.11 Overview
22.12 Conclusion
References

Chapter 23: Mitotic Catastrophe

Abbreviations
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Mitosis and the Cell Cycle in the Context of MC
23.3 Molecular Processes in MC Initiation and Execution
23.4 Cell Death Resulting from MC and Links to Other Modes of Cell Death
23.5 MC Detection Methods
23.6 MC in the Treatment of Cancer
23.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 24: NETosis and ETosis: Incompletely Understood Types of Granulocyte Death and their Proposed Adaptive Benefits and Costs

Abbreviations
24.1 Role of Neutrophils in Infection and Inflammation
24.2 Apoptosis of Neutrophils
24.3 Non-apoptotic Death
24.4 Discovery of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
24.5 Testing and Validation of Antimicrobial Functions of NETs
24.6 Containment of Microbes versus Escape from NETs
24.7 Regulation of NETosis
24.8 Similarities and Differences between NETosis and Other Forms of Cell Death
24.9 Involvement of NETosis in Autoimmunity
24.10 Conclusion
References

Chapter 25: Parthanatos: Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP)-Mediated Cell Death

Abbreviations
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Definition of Parthanatos and its Place in the Current Cell-Death Pantheon
25.3 Relevance of PARP and Parthanatos to Disease Conditions
25.4 Known Mediators of Parthanatos and their Cross-Talk
25.5 Putative Mediators of Parthanatos
25.6 Protein–Protein Interactions of Potential Relevance in Parthanatos
25.7 Parthanatos and the Development of Novel Therapeutics
25.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 26: Methuosis: Drinking to Death

Abbreviations
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Discovery of Methuosis
26.3 Mechanism of Methuosis
26.4 Methuosis Induced by Synthetic Small Molecules: Indole-Based Chalcones
26.5 Comparison with Other Cell-Death Mechanisms
26.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 27: Oncosis

Abbreviations
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Oncosis Induced by Anticancer Agents
27.3 Morphological Variants of Oncosis
27.4 Biochemical Mechanisms of Oncosis
27.5 Genetic and “Programmed” Nature of Oncosis
27.6 Incidence of Oncosis and Relevance to Disease
27.7 Oncosis in Myocardial Ischemia
27.8 Oncosis in Chemotherapeutic Cardiotoxicity
References

Chapter 28: Autoschizis: A Mode of Cell Death of Cancer Cells Induced by a Prooxidant Treatment In Vitro and In Vivo

Abbreviations
28.1 Introduction
28.2 About Cell Thanatology
28.3 Background
28.4 Early Observations of a New Mode of Cell Death: Autoschizis
28.5 Cytotoxicity of VC:VK3 on Tumor Cells: The Causa Mortis
28.6 Flow Cytometry
28.7 Autoschizis or Self-Excisions of Tumor Cells Caused By Prooxidants
28.8 Injuries Induced by VC:VK3 Combination Treatment Lead to Tumor Cell Death
28.9 Xenotransplanted Prostate Carcinoma (DU145) in Nude Mice Treated with VC:VK3
28.10 Summarizing the Data
28.11 Conclusion
28.12 Addendum
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 29: Programmed Death 1 (PD1)-Mediated T-Cell Apoptosis and Cancer Immunotherapy

Abbreviations
29.1 Introduction
29.2 T-Cell Development, Differentiation, Function, and Degradation
29.3 Structure of PD1
29.4 Expression and Functions of PD1
29.5 Structure and Expression of the PD1 Ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2
29.6 Regulation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 Expression
29.7 Expression Patterns of PD1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer Tissues and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
29.8 Role of PD1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Apoptosis
29.9 Co-inhibitory Signal of PD-L1/PD-L2–PD1 Inhibits TCR Signaling
29.10 MicroRNA and PD1 Signaling
29.11 Targeting of the PD-L–PD1 Pathway as a Promising Cancer Immunotherapy
29.12 Adoptive Cell Transfer for Suppression of Tumor Growth
29.13 Conclusion
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 10.1

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 14.1

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 17.1

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 18.5

Figure 18.6

Figure 18.7

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 20.1

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Figure 21.7

Figure 21.8

Figure 22.1

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 23.3

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 25.4

Figure 26.1

Figure 27.1

Figure 27.2

Figure 27.3

Figure 27.4

Figure 27.5

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

Figure 28.3

Figure 28.4

Figure 28.5

Figure 28.6

Figure 28.7

Figure 28.8

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.10

Figure 28.11

Figure 28.12

Figure 28.13

Figure 28.14

Figure 28.15

Figure 28.16

Figure 28.17

Figure 28.18

Figure 28.19

Figure 28.20

Figure 28.21

Figure 28.22

Figure 28.23

Figure 28.24

Figure 28.25

Figure 28.26

Figure 28.27

Figure 28.28

Figure 28.29

Figure 28.30

Figure 28.31

Figure 28.32

Figure 28.33

Figure 28.34

Figure 28.35

Figure 28.36

Figure 28.37

Figure 28.38

Figure 28.39

Figure 28.40

Figure 28.41

Figure 28.42

Figure 28.43

Figure 28.44

Figure 28.45

Figure 29.1

Figure 29.2

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Figure 29.5

Figure 29.6

Figure 29.7

Figure 29.8

Figure 29.9

List of Contributors

Julie Alagha

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Arshed Al-Obeidi

Dana-Farber Boston's Children Cancer and Blood Disorder Center

Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA, USA

Sulaiman Alshaar

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Madeeha Aqil

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

D. Arnold

Anesthesiology Unit

Belfast, ME, USA

Lais Costa Ayub

Department of Molecular, Genetic and Structural Biology

University of Ponta Grossa

Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil

Jamuna A. Bai

Department of Studies in Microbiology

University of Mysore

Mysore, India

Khatja Batool

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Marco Beauséjour

Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology

University of Sherbrooke

Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Ariane Boutin

Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology

University of Sherbrooke

Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Robert Brown

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Houston, TX, USA

L. Maximilian Buja

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Houston, TX, USA

Ferdinando Chiaradonna

Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences

University of Milano-Bicocca

Milan, Italy

Juel Chowdhury

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Stephanie Conos

The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research

Bundoora, VIC, Australia

Ben A. Croker

Dana-Farber Boston's Children Cancer and Blood Disorder Center

Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA, USA

Carsten Culmsee

Institute of Physiological Chemistry

Philipps University of Marburg

Marburg, Germany

Akshay A. D'Cruz

Dana-Farber Boston's Children Cancer and Blood Disorder Center

Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA, USA

Zane Deliu

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Raquel De Souza

University Health Network, Department of Radiation Physics, Pharmaceutical Sciences

University of Toronto

Toronto, ON, Canada

Humberto De Vitto

Center of Health and Science

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Kirk E. Dineley

Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine

Midwestern University

Downers Grove, IL, USA

Amalia M. Dolga

Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen

Groningen, The Netherlands

Leopold Eckhart

Department of Dermatology Medical University of Vienna

Vienna, Austria

Amos Fatokun

School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences

University of Bradford

Bradford, UK

Lawrence E. Feldman

Department of Hematology and Oncology

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Sarah G. Fitzpatrick

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences University of Florida

Gainesville, FL, USA

Chintan C. Gandhi

Department of Hematology and Oncology

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Goutham Ganjam

Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg

Philipps University of Marburg

Marburg, Germany

Motti Gerlic

Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Ugur Gezer

Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute

Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey

J. Gilloteaux

Department of Anatomical Sciences

St. Georges' University International School of Medicine, KB Taylor Global Scholar's Program at Northumbria University

Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Sara C. Gordon

School of Dentistry

Oral Medicine University of Washington

Seattle, WA, USA

Sarathi Hallock

Memorial University of Newfoundland, AMC Cancer Research Center

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Houston, TX, USA

Neal D. Hammer

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics

Michigan State University

East Lansing, MI, USA

Birgit Honrath

Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg

Philipps University of Marburg

Marburg, Germany

and

Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen

Groningen, The Netherlands

J.M. Jamison

Department of Urology and Apatone Development Laboratory

Summa Health System

Akron, OH, USA

Anja Jelinek

Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg

Philipps University of Marburg

Marburg, Germany

Paiboon Jungsuwadee

School of Pharmacy

Fairleigh Dickinson University

Florham Park, NJ, USA

Maryam Khalili

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Kate E. Lawlor

The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research

Bundoora, VIC, Australia

Latha M. Malaiyandi

Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine

Midwestern University

Downers Grove, IL, USA

Chandi Charan Mandal

Department of Biochemistry

Central University of Rajasthan

Rajasthan, India

Nicholas Marschalk

Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine

Midwestern University

Downers Grove, IL, USA

Jatin Mehta

National Institute of Pathology, ICMR

Safdarjang Hospital

New Delhi, India

Sandra Neitemeier

Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg

Philipps University of Marburg

Marburg, Germany

Hitoshi Okazawa

Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute

Tokyo Medical and Dental University

Tokyo, Japan

Sina Oppermann

German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center of Tumordiseases (NCT)

Heidelberg, Germany

Abdallah Oweidi

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Roberta Palorini

SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences

University of Milano-Bicocca

Milan, Italy

and

Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine

Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

Lawrence A. Potempa

Roosevelt University College of Pharmacy

Schaumburg, IL, USA

Vijay K. Prajapati

Department of Biochemistry

Central University of Rajasthan

Rajasthan, India

Marko Radic

Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Memphis, TN, USA

James A. Radosevich

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Manikanda Raja

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Maren Richter

Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg

Philipps University of Marburg

Marburg, Germany

James A. Rickard

Department of Biochemistry

La Trobe University

Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Mollie K. Rojas

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences

University of Illinois at Chicago

Chicago, IL, USA

Inbar Shlomovitz

Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel

M.V. Skulachev

Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Institute of Mitoengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Moscow, Russia

V.P. Skulachev

Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Institute of Mitoengineering, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Moscow, Russia

J.L. Summers

Department of Urology and Apatone Development Laboratory

Summa Health System

Akron, OH, USA

Takuya Tamura

Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute

Tokyo Medical and Dental University

Tokyo, Japan

Mohammad Tauseef

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy

Chicago State University

Chicago, IL, USA

Ravishankar Rai V.

Department of Studies in Microbiology

University of Mysore

Mysore, India

Pierre H. Vachon

Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology

University of Sherbrooke

Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Juan P. Valencia

University of Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

James E. Vince

The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research

Bundoora, VIC, Australia

Giuseppina Votta

SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences

University of Milano-Bicocca

Milan, Italy

Priya Weerasinghe

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Houston, TX, USA

Kenneth Yip

Department of Biology

University of Toronto

Toronto, ON, Canada

Ebru Esin Yoruker

Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute

Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey

Apoptosis and Beyond

The Many Ways Cells Die

List of Contributors