About the Authors

Dr. Myron R. Anderson serves MSU Denver, as the Chief Diversity Officer, responsible for developing a strategic vision to resolve campus climate issues. Anderson's research focuses on the intersection of microaggressions and workplace bullying, and he copublished the article “Hierarchal Microaggressions in Higher Education” and presented his research on “How to Move Climate Survey Data to Institutional Policy” at the University of Oxford.

Nallely Arteaga is a Ph.D. student in the Graduate School of Education at the University of California, Riverside. Her work examines the racialized processes traditional comprehensive high schools participate in to remove Black and Latinx students into alternative schools. Ms. Arteaga is a former continuation high school teacher.

Caryn Block is a Professor of Psychology and Education in the Social-Organizational Psychology Program at Teachers College, Columbia University. Her work focuses on the effects of stereotypes on individual work experiences and organizational processes. She examines how women and People of Color navigate careers when they are in the demographic minority. She also works with organizations to identify diversity dynamics in systems that may unwittingly impede the advancement of women and People of Color.

Thema Bryant-Davis is a licensed psychologist, Professor of Psychology at Pepperdine University, and Director of the Culture and Trauma research lab. She is a past psychology representative to the United Nations and a past president of the Society for the Psychology of Women. She is author of the book Thriving in the Wake of Trauma: A Multicultural Guide and co-editor of the books, Religion and Spirituality in Diverse Women's Lives and Womanist and Mujerista Psychologies. The California Psychological Association honored Dr. Bryant-Davis as Distinguished Scholar of the Year.

Allison Cabana is a participatory researcher and doctoral candidate in the Critical Social Psychology program at the Graduate Center at the City University of New York. Her work has included What's Your Issue?—a national Participatory Action Research project investigating LGBTQ+ and GNC Youth of Color's experiences with community and identity.

Rebecca R. Campón, Ph.D., is a counseling psychologist who specializes in the areas of multiculturalism, internalized racism, and women's health. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Professional Psychology and Family Therapy at Seton Hall University. Dr. Campón has extensive clinical experience working with underrepresented populations in various outreach settings across the country, including Boston, Denver, and New York City areas. Her work focuses on appropriated racial oppression, health, and mental health of underrepresented populations and women's health issues.

D Anthony Clark is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Leadership and Interdisciplinary Studies at Arizona State University. His research interests are in modern U.S. culture and law, the sociology of race and indigeneity, and racial justice. He has published 17 articles, 25 essays and reviews, and delivered over 40 presentations. He is past president of the mid-America American Studies Association.

Maria C. Crouch, M.S., is a doctoral candidate in the Clinical-Community Psychology program with a rural and Indigenous emphasis at the University of Alaska Anchorage. She is of Deg Hit'an Athabascan, Mexican, and Scandinavian heritage. Her clinical, research, and community passions are rooted diversity, intersectionality, and Alaska Native mental health.

E.J.R. David, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Alaska Anchorage where he also directs the Alaska Native Community Advancement in Psychology Program. Dr. David has produced four books, Brown Skin, White Minds: Filipino-/American Postcolonial Psychology; Internalized Oppression: The Psychology of Marginalized Groups; The Psychology of Oppression; and We Have Not Stopped Trembling Yet. He has received national honors and recognitions for his work, including Fellow Status by the AAPA for “Unusual and Outstanding Contributions to Asian American Psychology.”

John F. Dovidio is the Carl Iver Hovland Professor of Psychology, as well as Dean of Academic Affairs of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, at Yale University. His research interests are in stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Much of his scholarship, in collaboration with Dr. Samuel L. Gaertner, has focused on “aversive racism,” a subtle form of contemporary racism.

Joanna M. Drinane is a doctoral candidate at the University of Denver and a doctoral intern at the University of Maryland. Her research focuses on psychotherapy process and outcome specifically looking at cultural processes, therapist effects, and within therapist identity-based disparities.

Michelle Fine is a Distinguished Professor of Critical Psychology and Women/Gender Studies at the Graduate Center CUNY. Her new book Just Research in Contentious Times: Widening the Methodological Imagination is available from Teachers College Press.

David Frost, Ph.D., is a Senior Lecturer in Social Psychology at University College London. His research interests sit at the intersections of close relationships, stress, stigma, and health. His work has been recognized by grants and awards from the National Institutes of Health, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, and the New York Academy of Sciences.

Cecile A. Gadson, M.A., is a doctoral candidate in the Counseling Psychology Program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Currently, she is working under the mentorship of Dr. Jioni Lewis. Her research interests are focused on the influence of the intersection of race and gender on the emotional, mental, and physical health of young Black women and girls.

Aisha M. B. Holder is a Staff Psychologist at Columbia University Counseling and Psychological Services. Prior to pursuing a career in counseling psychology, Dr. Holder was a Vice President at JPMorgan Chase working in various business groups in Human Resources. Dr. Holder has coauthored articles on racial microaggressions published in American Psychologist; Professional Psychology; Research and Practice; and Qualitative Psychology journals.

Jacqueline Hyman is a second-year doctoral student in Counseling Psychology at Indiana University, with specialization in Sport and Performance Psychology. Her research interests within Sport Psychology take an identity-based approach by examining the impact of race, masculinity, and sexual orientation on athletes' perceptions of self in sport and society, particularly in times of athletic transition (i.e., athletic advancement, athletic retirement).

Dr. James M. Jones is Trustees Distinguished Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Africana Studies and Director of the Center for the Study of Diversity at the Universality of Delaware. His books on race and diversity include, Prejudice and Racism (1972, 1997), and The Psychology of Diversity: Beyond Prejudice and Racism (2014; with Jack Dovidio and Deborah Vietze).

Jennifer Young-Jin Kim is a doctoral candidate in the Social-Organizational Psychology Program at Teachers College, Columbia University. Her research is focused on diversity and inclusion topics such as the negative effects of workplace microaggressions and ways to reduce their occurrence. She also works with organizations to facilitate conversations and interventions aimed at addressing workplace microaggressions.

Rita Kohli is an Assistant Professor in the Education, Society, and Culture Program in the Graduate School of Education at the University of California, Riverside. A former public school teacher, she is the codirector of the Institute for Teachers of Color Committed to Racial Justice and serves on the editorial board for the international journal Race, Ethnicity and Education.

Jioni A. Lewis, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Her research is focused on the influence of subtle forms of racism and sexism on the health of Women of Color. She developed the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale, which is a self-report measure to assess the intersection of gender and racial microaggressions.

Fantasy T. Lozada is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology, Developmental Psychology Area at Virginia Commonwealth University. Her work focuses on the intersections between culture, race, and emotion in predicting ethnic minority youth's socioemotional development in the context of familial, school, and technological constructs.

Jennifer L. Martin is an Assistant Professor of Teacher Education at the University of Illinois at Springfield. She is the editor of Racial Battle Fatigue: Insights from the Front Lines of Social Justice Advocacy (Recipient of the 2016 AERA Division B's Outstanding Book Recognition Award), and coauthor of Teaching for Educational Equity: Case Studies for Professional Development and Principal Preparation, Volumes I and II. Her most recent edited volume is Feminist Pedagogy, Practice, and Activism: Improving Lives for Girls and Women.

Silvia L. Mazzula, Ph.D., is a counseling psychologist with extensive experience on issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion. Her work focuses on social and cultural determinants of stress and trauma, including discrimination and microaggressions, culturally responsive research and scholarship, and Latinx mental health. She is an Associate Professor of Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and a founder and the Executive Director of the Latina Researchers Network, the country's first multi-disciplinary network for Latina researchers, scholars, and allies.

Elexia R. McGovern is an Assistant Professor in the Teacher Education Department in the College of Education at the California State University, Dominguez Hills. Her work explores culturally responsive literacy practices of home-grown, activist Teachers of Color. She is a former public high school teacher.

Anahvia T. Moody, B.A., is a doctoral student in the Counseling Psychology program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, working under the mentorship of Dr. Jioni Lewis. Her research interests are broadly focused on the experiences of African American women and girls, including gendered racial socialization and trauma. Her clinical interests are focused on body image among young women.

Duoc Nguyen is a doctoral candidate in the Social-Organizational Psychology Program at Teachers College, Columbia University. His research focuses on the effects of microaggressions and racism in the workplace using both qualitative and quantitative methods. He also works with organizations to improve their workforce capacity by hiring more effective employees through the creation and use of selections tools.

Jesse Owen is an Associate Professor in the Counseling Psychology Department at the University of Denver. His research focuses on psychotherapy process and outcome, with a focus on multicultural processes and therapists' multicultural orientation.

Adam R. Pearson is an Associate Professor of Psychology at Pomona College. His research explores how intergroup biases shape interaction, perception, and nonverbal behavior. He is recipient of an APA Early Career Achievement Award, the Morton Deutsch Award from the International Society for Justice Research, and the Social Psychology Network's Action Teaching Award for innovative teaching.

Louis A. Penner is a Professor of Oncology at Wayne State University and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. His work focuses on social psychological aspects of physician–patient interactions, with a special emphasis on racial health care disparities. Much of this work concerns how race-related attitudes can affect what transpires during racially discordant medical interactions. He has authored or coauthored over 150 scholarly articles, book chapters, and books.

Erica J. Peppers, M.P.H., is a counseling psychology doctoral student at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Her research interests are focused on the physiological impact of minority stressors on mental health and health disparities. She has presented her work at national conferences including the Association of Black Psychologists, the National Multicultural Conference and Summit, and the Winter Roundtable Conference.

Jessica Petalio is a doctoral student in the Ph.D. program in Clinical-Community Psychology at the University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) with a rural, Indigenous, and cultural emphasis. Her research primarily focuses on ethnic minority psychology, Filipina/o American psychology, and microaggressions. As a San Francisco Bay Area native, Jessica has been actively involved in various Filipina/o American organizations at San Francisco State University and continues to serve the Filipina/o American community in Anchorage.

Dr. Rosalie Rolón-Dow is Associate Professor of Education and Associate Director of the Center for the Study of Diversity at the University of Delaware. Her publications on race include, Diaspora Studies in Education: Towards a Framework for Understanding the Experiences of Transnational Communities (2014; edited with Jason Irizarry), and articles in Race, Ethnicity and Education (2011), and Diaspora, Indigenous and Minority Education (2010).

Naila A. Smith is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology at Dickinson College. She earned her Ph.D. in Applied Developmental Psychology from Fordham University. She studies how social relationships and contexts (e.g., classrooms, online) influence academic and socioemotional development from childhood through emerging adulthood. She focuses primarily on these developmental processes in immigrant and racial-ethnic minority populations.

Lisa Spanierman is Professor and Faculty Head of Counseling and Counseling Psychology at Arizona State University. Her research focuses on multicultural competence, white racial attitudes, and racial microaggressions. She has published more than 60 articles and chapters and co-edited Unveiling Whiteness in the 21st century: Global Manifestations, Transdisciplinary Interventions. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association.

Dr. Jesse A. Steinfeldt is a Psychologist and Associate Professor of Counseling Psychology at Indiana University. His research and clinical work revolve around the intersection of Multicultural Psychology, Sport Psychology, and the Psychology of Men and Masculinities. Dr. Steinfeldt has a personal and professional interest in First Nations empowerment; he has written several scholarly articles, given numerous presentations, and provided official testimony both nationally and internationally on the issue of the psychological impact of Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos in sport.

M. Clint Steinfeldt is an educator and lifelong college and high school football coach. A tribally affiliated descendent of the Oneida Nation, he has written extensively in the scholarly literature on the issue of Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos in sport. He incorporates critical thinking principles into his teaching, providing future generations with skills to become critical consumers of societal narratives.

Ashley M. Stewart is a graduate student in Educational Psychology at the University of Southern California. She earned her master's in Applied Developmental Psychology from New York University. She studies how experiences with media and technology both online and in classroom settings impact learning and development. She primarily focuses on ethnic minority populations in urban settings.

Karen W. Tao is an Assistant Professor in Counseling Psychology at the University of Utah. Her research and clinical work are driven by an overarching goal to reduce inequity in the access and quality of education and mental health services. Karen is interested in examining how people negotiate conversations about culture and difference and studying why multicultural competence matters.

Maria E. Torre, Ph.D., is the Director of The Public Science Project and faculty member in Critical Psychology at The CUNY Graduate Center. She introduced “participatory contact zones” to critical collaborative research, and continues to be interested in how democratic methodologies, radical inclusion, and a praxis of solidarity can inform a justice based public science for the public good.

Brendesha M. Tynes is an Associate Professor of Education and Psychology and Director of the Center for Empowered Learning and Development with Technology at the University of Southern California. Her research the past 16 years has focused on the construction of race and gender in online settings, online racial discrimination, and the design of digital tools that empower Youth of Color.

Marlene G. Williams, M.A., is a doctoral candidate in the Counseling Psychology Program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Broadly, her research is focused on exploring Black women's experiences of gendered racial microaggressions and exploring dimensions of gendered racial identity development for Black women.

Dr. Kathryn S. Young is an Associate Professor of Secondary Education at Metropolitan State University of Denver in Denver, Colorado, and serves as the Faculty Fellow with the Office of Inclusion and Diversity. Her research interests include Disability Studies in Education, Inclusive Education, Culturally Sustaining Pedagogy, Diversity in Higher Education, and Microaggressions in Education and the Workplace.

Microaggression Theory

Influence and Implications

Acknowledgments

About the Editors

About the Authors

Part I
Microaggression Theory