Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Abstract

Preface

Chapter 1: Monitoring of Aqueous Environment of the Continental Shelf: The Current State

1.1 Introduction
1.2 General Monitoring Tasks
1.3 Remote Monitoring with the Help of Satellites
1.4 Monitoring of Underwater Seismic Activity
1.5 Fish Stock Monitoring
1.6 Monitoring in the Marine Archeology
1.7 The Use of Underwater Vehicles for Geological Exploration
1.8 Use of Underwater Vehicles for Monitoring of Ecosystems
1.9 Modern Underwater Vehicles for Monitoring of Ecosystems
1.10 Hydro Acoustical Shelf Monitoring Systems
1.11 Conclusion
References

Chapter 2: Parametric Antennas in the Mediums with Hydrophysical Inhomogeneities: Theory and Experiment

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Assignment of the Task of Theoretical and Experiment Research of the Parametric Antennas in the Mediums with Hydro Physical Inhomogeneities
2.3 Methods of Solution of KhZK Equations Considering Hydrophysical Inhomogeneities
2.4 Measurement Procedure of the Field Characteristics of the Parametric Antenna and Backward Volume Scattering at Models of the Hydrophysical Inhomogeneities
2.5 The Results of Experimental Measurements of Characteristics of the Parametric Antenna Field and Backward Volume Scattering at Models of Hydrophysical Inhomogeneities
2.6 Discussion of the Results of the Theoretical and Experimental Research
2.7 Conclusion
References

Chapter 3: Research of the Phase Characteristics of Parametrical Radiators for Measuring Purposes

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Measurement Procedure of the Phase Structure of the Acoustic Field
3.3 Phase Portrait of the Field of the Parametric Antenna with Planar Transformer of Pumping
3.4 Phase Distributions in the Spherically Diverging Waves of the Parametrical Antenna
3.5 Parametrical Radiator Use for Hydro Acoustical Measurements in the Limited Size Tanks
3.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 4: Influence of Layer-Discrete Areas on the Formation of the Direction Acoustic Parametric Antenna at the Diagnostic of the Water Environment

4.1 Limitations of the Nonlinear Interaction Region
4.2 Nonlinear Interaction Region as a System of the Normal (Orthogonal) Discrete Plane-Parallel Layers. Statement of the Problem
4.3 Experimental Studies of the Field of Acoustic Parametric Antenna at Presence of the Layer, Plate and System of Layers in the Nonlinear Interaction Region
4.4 Layers with Diffused Boundaries in the Nonlinear Interaction Region
4.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 5: Experimental Research of Penetration of the Acoustic Inhomogeneous Plane Waves from Water into Air

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Statement of the Problem
5.3 Method of Investigation
5.4 Results of the Study
5.5 Discussion
5.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 6: Study of Nonlinear Interaction of Acoustic Waves Driven by Parametric Radiating Antenna During Sounding of Bottom Sediments

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Statement of the Problem
6.3 Research Technique of the Basic PA Characteristics in BS at Normal Incidence to the Interface with Subsequent Excitation in BS of Longitudinal Waves
6.4 Results of Research of the Basic PA Characteristics in BS at Normal Incidence to the Interface with Subsequent Excitation of P-Waves in BS
6.5 Research Technique of the Basic PA Characteristics in BS at Incidence to the Interface at Angles Close to Critical, with Subsequent Excitation in BS of Shear Waves
6.6 The Results of Research of the Basic PA Characteristics in BS, at Incidence to the Interface at Angles, Close to Critical, with Subsequent Excitation of Shear Waves in BS
6.7 Discussion
6.8 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: The Underwater Ultrasonic Equipment with the Nonlinear Acoustics Effect’s Application

7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Navigation System with Short Based Length
7.3 An Impulse Method for Broadband Acoustical Measurements
7.4 The Nonlinear Hydroacoustic Wavegraph
7.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 8: The Research of Waters Eutrophication of the Gulf of Taganrog of the Sea of Azov For Ecological Monitoring Purposes

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Problem Statement
8.3 Methods
8.4 Results
8.5 Discussion
8.6 Conclusion
References

Chapter 9: The Application Features of Sonar Systems for Control of Underwater Engineering Structures and Monitoring Area

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Procedure of Detailed Investigation of the Objects with the Help of Side Scan Sonar
9.3 Ecological Monitoring of the Water Bottom with Side Scan Sonar
9.4 Investigation of the Vertical Walls and Supports of Underwater Part of the Engineering Structures
9.5 Complexation of Side Scan Sonar with Parametric Profile Recorder
9.6 Extension of Antenna Bandwidths of Side Scan Sonar and Antennas of Pumping of the Parametric Profile Recorders
9.7 Conclusion
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Overall structure of monitoring of the anthropogenic changes.
Figure 1.2 Monitoring systems (Ludvigsen, Sørensen, 2016).
Figure 1.3 Ecological research scheme.
Figure 1.4 Navigation diagram of underwater vehicle.
Figure 1.5 Hydro acoustical antennas of the underwater vehicle (Lekomtsev, 2013).
Figure 1.6 Diagram of multipurpose hydro acoustical system.
Figure 1.7 Navigation sensors of underwater vehicle (Melo, Matos, 2017).

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The principal directions of the theoretical research of the models of hydro acoustical facilities with parametric antennas.
Figure 2.2 The principal directions of the experimental research of the models of hydro acoustical facilities with parametric antennas.
Figure 2.3 Generalized interaction scheme of the elements in the adaptive hydro acoustical system.
Figure 2.4 Generalized scheme of the task of building of the adaptive hydro acoustical facilities with parametric antennas.
Figure 2.5 Geometry of the task of backward volume scattering.
Figure 2.6 Structure diagram of the measurement unit.
Figure 2.7 Geometry of experiments on research of scattering of the wave of difference frequency at layer of the air bubbles.
Figure 2.8 Geometry of experiments on research of scattering of the wave of difference frequency at physical model of scattering volume.
Figure 2.9 Geometry of the experimental study of the hydrodynamic flow influence.
Figure 2.10 Structural scheme of the units to study of the hydrodynamic flow influence.
Figure 2.11 Dependency of amplitude of sound pressure of signals, scattered at bubble layer on frequency.
Figure 2.12 Time dependency of amplitude of WDF (wave of difference frequency) sound pressure F = 30 kHz in the medium with unsteady structure of gas bubbles.
Figure 2.13 Transverse distributions of the wave of difference frequency in the homogeneous medium.
Figure 2.14 Transverse WDF distributions with unsteady structure of gas bubbles.
Figure 2.15 Transverse distributions of the waves of pumping, (a) in the homogeneous medium, (b) in the medium with unsteady structure of gas bubbles.
Figure 2.16 Transverse WDF distributions, scattered in the medium with unsteady structure of gas bubbles.
Figure 2.17 Transverse distributions of the waves of pumping scattered in the medium with unsteady structure of gas bubbles.
Figure 2.18 Time dependency of amplitude of WDF sound pressure 30 kHz scattered in the medium with unsteady structure of gas bubbles.
Figure 2.19 Histogram of distribution of fluctuations of PA signal level, scattered at bubble layer.
Figure 2.20 Noise spectrum of hydrodynamic flow.
Figure 2.21 Spectrum of WDF 10 kHz signal in the homogeneous medium.
Figure 2.22 Spectrum of WDF 10 kHz signal in the medium with hydrodynamic flow.
Figure 2.23 Axial distribution of amplitude of sound pressure in the far-field of high-frequency parametric antenna.
Figure 2.24 Experimental dependencies of the axial distribution of amplitude of sound pressure of the wave of pumping f = 130 kHz.
Figure 2.25 Time dependency of sound pressure level of the wave of difference frequency in the medium with hydrodynamic flow.
Figure 2.26 Histogram of distribution of fluctuations of sound pressure level of the wave of difference frequency in the medium with hydrodynamic flow.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The unit for experimental research of amplitude and phase characteristics of the parametrical radiators.
Figure 3.2 Lateral distributions of sound pressure amplitude of the parametrical antenna.
Figure 3.3 Lateral distributions and sound pressure phases of the parametrical antenna.
Figure 3.4 Distribution of amplitude of sound pressure at axis of the parametrical antenna with planar transformer of pumping.
Figure 3.5 Distribution of the sound pressure phase at axis of the parametrical antenna with planar transformer of pumping.
Figure 3.6 Distribution of the sound pressure phase at axis of parametrical antenna with planar transformer of pumping.
Figure 3.7 Dependence of the phase of sound pressure of difference signal from frequency.
Figure 3.8 Dependence of the phase variation of sound pressure of difference signal from amplitude of the waves of pumping.
Figure 3.9 Curvilinear radiator of pumping.
Figure 3.10 Lateral amplitude distribution of difference signal of the parametrical antenna with convex transformer of pumping.
Figure 3.11 Lateral distribution of DFW phase of the parametrical antenna with convex transformer of pumping.
Figure 3.12 Distribution of amplitude of difference signal at axis of parametrical antenna with convex transformer of pumping.
Figure 3.13 Distribution of the phase of difference signal at axis of parametrical antenna with convex transformer of pumping.
Figure 3.14 Reference equipment of II grade with standard radiating path to check hydrophones.
Figure 3.15 Measurement unit to check hydrophones with parametric radiator.
Figure 3.16 Amplitude frequency response of standard radiators of the reference unit of II grade.
Figure 3.17 Amplitude frequency response of radiating path of the parametrical radiator.
Figure 3.18 Directivity diagram of high frequency (HF) radiator of the reference unit (1–5 KHz, 2–20 KHz, 3–25 KHz).
Figure 3.19 Directivity diagram of the parametric radiator. (1–5 KHz, 2–20 KHz, 3–25 KHz, 4–100 KHz).
Figure 3.20 Experimental results of hydrophone calibration

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Space geometry of the task under consideration, where M(x,y,z) – observation point in the far zone, M₀(x^/,y^/,z^/) – location point of the secondary sources of generated waves, S₀ – surface of piston radiator, S(x^/,y^/,z^/) – surface limiting nonlinear interaction region V.
Figure 4.2 The view of APA nonlinear interaction region when its limiting the flat incident surface with changing NIR volume.
Figure 4.3 The view of APA nonlinear interaction region when limiting of the curved surfaces.
Figure 2.4 NIR of rectangular piston radiator in the three-dimensional environment.
Figure 4.5 Discrete complicated structure of the normal layers in the nonlinear interaction region of the acoustic parametric antenna.
Figure 4.6 Time history of angular dependence of amplitude A_Dl of longitudinal aperture multiplier D_l of acoustic parametric antenna when moving the interface of environments in NIR of constant length (system “Water-Glycerin-Water” with thin layer of the second (intermediate) environment).
Figure 4.7 Acoustic part of experimental unit of study of APA field structure with the plane normal interface in NIR.
Figure 4.8 Axial distributions of DFW amplitude when filling of cuvette with water and castor oil.
Figure 4.9 Spatial character of DFW amplitude distributions (axial – a and transverse – b) at l₃=2n L/4 behind cuvette with castor oil.
Figure 4.10 Spatial character of DFW amplitude distributions (axial – a and transverse – b) at l₃ = (2n – 1) · Λ/4 behind cuvette with castor oil.
Figure 4.11 Axial distributions of DFW field pressure over steel plate (d = 3.4 mm) at different distance between radiator and plate.
Figure 4.12 Axial distributions of DFW field pressure behind brass plate (d = 1.0 mm) at different distance between radiator and plate.
Figure 4.13 Axial distributions of DFW field behind the plate of hardened paper (d = 9.8 mm) at different distance between radiator and the plate.
Figure 4.14 Axial and transverse distributions of DFW field pressure behind the plate of capron (d = 12 mm) at different distance between radiator and the plate.
Figure 4.15 Transverse distributions of DFW pressure amplitude for brass plate (h 1 mm), located at distance of L = 5 cm from radiator at different angles of turning.
Figure 4.16 Transverse distributions of DFW pressure amplitude for steel plate (h = 2.1 mm), located at distance of L = 5 cm from radiator at different angles of turning.
Figure 4.17 Experimental dependencies of the levels of secondary DFW field and primary field of double frequency pumping from tilt angle of surface of NIR limitation.
Figure 4.18 Axial and transverse distributions of DFW amplitude at location of system “Hardened paper-water-steel” in the nonlinear interaction region.
Figure 4.19 Axial and transverse distributions of DFW amplitude at location of system “Steel-water-hardened paper” in the nonlinear interaction region at l₀=5.8 mm.
Figure 4.20 Spatial changes in the directivity pattern with variations in the parameters of the volume density of the medium (a), the nonlinear parameter (b), and the velocity of the ultrasonic waves (c).

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Propagation paths of homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves from source S into receiver M for the case n>1.
Figure 5.2 Dependency of pressure transmission coefficient of spherical wave on the wave distance from the source to interface (H = 0.05 m, a = 6⁰, β = 11⁰, D = 0.1 m, f = (1 … 20) kHz).
Figure 5.3 Dependency of pressure transmission coefficient of spherical wave on the wave distance from the source to interface (H = (0.01 … 0.5) M, a = (1.5 … 46)⁰, β = 11⁰, D = 0.1 M, f = 2 kHz).
Figure 5.4 Distribution of pressure transmission coefficient of spherical wave in the horizontal plane (H = 0.01 m, a = (0 … 50)⁰, D = 0.1 m, f = 2 kHz).
Figure 5.5 Particle velocity ratio in the near and far-field as distance function (expressed in wave lengths) from sound source.
Figure 5.6 Dependency of the near-field size of the source on the radiation frequency.
Figure 5.7 Oscillating particle velocity in the near and field acoustical fields.
Figure 5.8 Dependency of the acoustical wave propagation velocity in the near-field on difference in phases between oscillating particle velocity and sound pressure.
Figure 5.9 Transmission of the acoustical waves from the near (SI₁M) and the far (SI₂M) fields through the plane interface of two mediums
Figure 5.10 Structural scheme of the measuring bench.
Figure 5.11 Base window of software LGraph2.
Figure 5.12 Dependency of transmission coefficient through water-air interface on the source radiation frequency.
Figure 5.13 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 2 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.14 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 3 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.15 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 4 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.16 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 5 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.17 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 6 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.18 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 7 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.19 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 8 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.20 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at 9 kHz frequency.
Figure 5.21 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient through water-air interface on the depth of the source location.
Figure 5.22 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at depth of 1 cm source.
Figure 5.23 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at depth of 2 cm source.
Figure 5.24 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at depth of 5 cm source.
Figure 5.25 Amplitude-time dependence of signal level at depth of 10 cm source.
Figure 5.26 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient through water-air interface on the source radiation frequency.
Figure 5.27 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient through water-air interface on the source radiation frequency.
Figure 5.28 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient through water-air interface on the depth of the source location.
Figure 5.29 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient through water-air interface on the depth of the source location.
Figure 5.30 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient on the wave distance to the water-air interface (H=0.01 m, L=0.5 m, f=(1 … 20) kHz).
Figure 5.31 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient on the wave distance to the water-air interface (H = (0.01 … 0.5) m, L = 0.5 m, f = 2 kHz).
Figure 5.32 Dependence of pressure transmission coefficient through water-air interface on frequency of radiation for the different wave sizes of the source.
Figure 5.33 Schematic diagram of method of information transmission from underwater carrier to airborne vehicle.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 PA field at vertical sounding of the interface for the case, when the interface is within the area of the nonlinear interaction of the initial waves of pumping.
Figure 6.2 General view of the laboratory tank and geometry of the experimental research of PA field characteristics in BS at vertical sounding of the interface.
Figure 6.3 AFR frequencies of the incident signal pumping 1, signal reflected from the interface “water – clay” 2, signal reflected from the interface “water – sand” – 3.
Figure 6.4 AFR DFW signal incident to the interface 1, signal reflected from the interface “water – clay” 2, signal reflected from the interface “water – sand” 3.
Figure 6.5 Axial amplitude distribution of sound DFW pressure in water and in BS (1 – water, 2 – clay, 3 – sand).
Figure 6.6 AFR sound DFW pressure in water and in BS (1 – water, 2 – clay, 3 – sand).
Figure 6.7 Lateral amplitude distribution of sound DFW pressure in water.
Figure 6.8 Lateral amplitude distribution of sound pressure of lateral DFW in clay.
Figure 6.9 Lateral amplitude distribution of sound pressure of longitudinal DFW in sand
Figure 6.10 Dependence of the beam width (by level 0.7) DFW from distance to the point observation in water. Design curves 1, 2, 3 – accordingly 10, 30, 50 kHz. Signs show the experimental values.
Figure 6.11 Dependence of beam width (by level 0.7) DFW from distance to the observation point of P-waves in clay. Design curves 1, 2, 3 – accordingly 10, 30, 50 kHz. Signs show the experimental values.
Figure 6.12 Dependence of beam width (by level 0.7) DFW from distance to the observation point of P-waves in sand. Design curves 1, 2, 3 – accordingly 10, 30, 50 kHz. Signs show the experimental values.
Figure 6.13 Geometry of task of incidence of P-wave to the plane interface water – BS at angles, close to critical.
Figure 6.14 PA field when falling of the interface “water – BS” to the region of the nonlinear interaction of the original waves of pumping at oblique incidence for the angles, close to critical.
Figure 6.15 The general view of the laboratory tank and geometry of the experimental research.
Figure 6.16 AFR frequencies of pumping (1 – primary signal, 2 – reflected from interface “water – sand”, 3 – “water – clay”).
Figure 6.17 AFR DFW (1 – primary signal, 2 – reflected from interface “water – sand”, 3 – “water – clay”).
Figure 6.18 Dependence of amplitude of sound pressure of shear DFW on the angle of entry of variations a₀ (1 sand, 2 – clay).
Figure 6.19 Axial distributions of amplitude of sound DFW pressure in water and shear DFW in BS (1 – water, 2 – clay, 3 – sand).
Figure 6.20 AFR sound DFW in water and AFR of shear DFW in BS (1 – water, 2 – clay, 3 – sand).
Figure 6.21 Lateral distribution of amplitude of sound DFW pressure of shear DFW in clay.
Figure 6.22 Lateral distribution of amplitude of sound pressure of shear DFW in sand.
Figure 6.23 Dependence of the beam width (by level 0.7) DFW on distance to the observation point of shear waves in clay. Design curves 1, 2, 3 – accordingly 10, 30, 50 kHz. Signs show the experimental values.
Figure 6.24 Dependence of beam width (by level 0.7) DFW on distance to the observation point of shear waves in sand. Design curves 1, 2, 3 – accordingly 10, 30, 50 kHz. Signs show the experimental values.
Figure 6.25 Location mode, geometry of the experiment.
Figure 6.26 AFR of shear DFW reflected from the objects (1 – clay, 2 – sand).

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 The self-action regime’s directivity patterns for the “Taimen-M” sonar’s antenna (Voloshchenko, 2012, 2015).
Figure 7.2 The navigation system’s block scheme (Voloshchenko, 1999).
Figure 7.3 Equisignal-zone method (left) and direction-finding characteristics (right) at operating signals – f and 2f (Voloshchenko, 1999)
Figure 7.4 The block scheme of device (Voloshchenko et al., 1985).
Figure 7.5 The electrical scheme’s voltage waveforms (Voloshchenko et al., 1985).
Figure 7.6 The working frequency range of device (Voloshchenko et al., 1985).
Figure 7.7 The nonlinear hydroacoustic wavegraph’s block scheme (Voloshchenko, 2017).

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 The Gulf of Taganrog the Sea of Azov on the map of Europe.
Figure 8.2 The water sampling points in the Gulf of Taganrog.
Figure 8.3 Pareto’s diagram of t-values for the coefficients of the regression equation.
Figure 8.4 The average salinity in the Gulf of Taganrog during 2002–2015.
Figure 8.5 The average salinity in the Gulf of Taganrog northeastern part in 2009.
Figure 8.6 The average salinity in the Gulf of Taganrog northeastern part in 2012.
Figure 8.7 The average salinity in the Gulf of Taganrog northeastern part in 2015.
Figure 8.8 The average water temperature in the Gulf of Taganrog northeastern part in 2012.
Figure 8.9 The average water temperature in the Gulf of Taganrog during 2002–2015.
Figure 8.10 The average phosphate concentrations in the Gulf of Taganrog in 2012.
Figure 8.11 The average phosphate concentrations in the Gulf of Taganrog during 2002–2015.
Figure 8.12 The average ammonium concentrations in the Gulf of Taganrog in 2012.
Figure 8.13 The average ammonium concentrations in the Gulf of Taganrog during 2002–2015.
Figure 8.14 The average nitrate concentrations in the Gulf of Taganrog in 2012.
Figure 8.15 The average nitrate concentrations in the Gulf of Taganrog during 2002–2015.
Figure 8.16 The average eutrophic index in the Gulf of Taganrog during 2002–2015.
Figure 8.17 The average eutrophic indexes in the Gulf of Taganrog in 2009.
Figure 8.18 The average eutrophic indexes in the Gulf of Taganrog in 2012.
Figure 8.19 The average eutrophic indexes in the Gulf of Taganrog in 2015.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 The vessel with installed side scan sonar and parametric profile recorder.
Figure 9.2 Paths of the vessel motion when receiving sonar data.
Figure 9.3 Areal acoustic imaging of study area.
Figure 9.4 Areal acoustic imaging of study area with applied objects.
Figure 9.5 Acoustic records of the object №1 from four sides.
Figure 9.6 Acoustic records of the object №2 from four sides.
Figure 9.7 Acoustic image of the bottom area, received with help of side scan sonar.
Figure 9.8 Objects №2 and №3, structure and object of toroidal form.
Figure 9.9 Objects at bottom in the form of rubbish (fittings, scrap tires).
Figure 9.10 Layout diagram of antennas.
Figure 9.11 Acoustic image of the middle part of the wall.
Figure 9.12 Acoustic image of the shore part of the wall.
Figure 9.13 Acoustic image of the bottom section (a) and profile diagram (b) in the area of the block ship.
Figure 9.14 Profile diagram of bay with sediments.
Figure 9.15 Profile diagram of the bottom area with output from sediments of rocky soil.
Figure 9.16 Echo diagrams of bottom, sediments in the area of bridge with records of sections of the bridge support with the help of parametric profile recorder.
Figure 9.17 Calculated resonance curves of the resistive component of impedance of antenna transformers: curve 1 – 24 kHz, curve 2 – 27 kHz, curve 3 – 30 kHz, curve 4 – 33 kHz and curve 5 – 36 kHz.
Figure 9.18 Resonance curves of the active antenna impedance, consisting of different frequency piezoelectric elements with frequencies 24, 27, 30, 33 and 36 kHz.
Figure 9.19 Resonance curve of the active antenna impedance, consisting of different frequency piezoelectric ceramic elements with frequencies 24; 27.5; 31; 34.5 and 38 kHz, Q_M = 5.
Figure 9.20 Active resistive component of impedance of the antenna channels.
Figure 9.21 Active resistive component of impedance, with parallel connection of the antenna channels.

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 3.1 Parameters of the radiators.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 The basic acoustic characteristics of BS.
Table 6.2 Acoustic parameters of BS.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 The measured predictors ranges.
Table 8.2 Dependence of the eutrophic index T_stat. on each of the predictors.
Table 8.3 The average eutrophic indexes in the Gulf of Taganrog.
Table 8.4 Average concentrations of the studied indexes in the northeast part of the Gulf of Taganrog during 2002–2012.
Table 3.1 Ecology allowable concentrations (EAC) and ecology reserves (ER) for waters of the northeastern part of the Gulf of Taganrog.
Table 8.6 Ecology allowable concentrations (EAC) and maximum permissible concentrations (MPC).

Chapter 9

Table 9.3 Antenna sensitivity.
Table 9.4 Width of KhN antenna.

This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2018 Scrivener Publishing LLC
For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-11948-8-033

Preface

At the beginning of the third millennium human civilization is faced with a multitude of global problems, including scarcity of raw material resources inland. Under these circumstances many researchers pay attention to the World Ocean, in the interior of which there is a huge raw mineral potential. Complexity in studying the World Ocean and its wealth cannot stop man on the way toward their development. Ocean development is a labor-intensive and sophisticated process. In these depths difficulties are to be expected, as with the development of the space environment. This book is dedicated to the questions of the experimental development of the shelf zone for the purpose of conservation of ecology of the marine environment.

The first chapter is dedicated to a survey of the modern methods and technical monitoring facilities of the coastal aqueous environment. The overall approach to the ecological monitoring and existing varieties of diagnostic facilities are presented. Possibilities of satellite-referenced aids of monitoring of the marine medium monitoring, searching for fish basin have been considered. We have considered the questions of monitoring and modeling of the marine ecological systems using underwater engineering facilities for analyses and predicting of dynamic of ecosystems. The survey of the modern hydro acoustical systems using autonomous underwater vehicles, their specific features and development prospects, is given.

In the second chapter we considered the questions concerning formation of the field characteristics of the hydro acoustical parametric antenna in the environments with hydro physical inhomogeneities. The generalized schemes of interaction of the elements in the adaptive hydro acoustical system with parametric antenna are demonstrated. Experimental measurement results of the basic characteristics of the parametric antenna in the environment with hydro physical inhomogeneities near field are given. Time dependencies of acoustic pressure amplitude of the differential frequency wave in the environment with unsteady structure of gas bubbles.

The third chapter presents experimental studies of spatial distribution of amplitude and phase of the acoustic pressure of the differential frequency waves of nonlinear acoustic radiators. We considered the influence of the various forms of acoustic radiators on formation of the structure of the acoustic fields of the differential frequency waves. The results of measurement of radiator parameters for graduation of sound detectors in the limited volume basin are given.

The fourth chapter is dedicated to conditions of formation of the field of hydro acoustical parametric antenna when resting of layered structures in the field of nonlinear interaction of the initial waves of pumping. Theoretically and in experiments we consider the influence of the various kinds of layered-discrete ranges and layers with diffuse interfaces. The experimental results of study when presenting the different interfaces of mediums in the region of the nonlinear interaction of the acoustical parametric antenna are given.

In the fifth chapter we consider the questions of anomalous increase of penetrating the inhomogeneous plane waves through the interface “water-air”. The experimental results concerning measuring transmission coefficient for the spherical waves are given, as well as the coefficient dependency on the source radiation frequency, depth of the source location and its geometrical dimensions.

The sixth chapter is dedicated to questions of nonlinear interaction of the narrow beams of the acoustical parametric antenna at vertical and inclined incidence to the interface “water – bottom sediments”. The results of the basic field characteristics received in the experiments, being created with acoustic parametric antenna in water and in bottom sediments for different angles of incidence are given. As a result we have established the fact of the effective generation and transmission of P waves and transverse waves of differential frequency in the bottom sediments at vertical bottom sounding.

In the seventh chapter the results of development of the measuring equipment to develop the continental shelf are discussed. Monitoring systems demand for measurement of the force impact of the waves on the onshore facilities, offshore oil and gas platforms and sea terminals. The original suggestions for modernization of the sonar detection equipment of the navigation system based on the acoustical wave meter are given.

In the eighth chapter the results of research regarding eutrophication of the waters of the north-east part of Gulf of Taganrog of Azov Sea are presented. Geo-ecological space-time evaluation of contents of biogenes, saltiness and trophicity value was performed. We created map charts of the aquatic area, demonstrating visually distributions of the values under research. We made analysis of the ecologically allowable concentrations and reserves of different substances of waters of the study aquatic area.

The ninth chapter is dedicated to application of the parametric profilograph together with side-scanning sonar in the tasks of geology, in geo-acoustics and seismoacoustics on the sea shelf. We made analysis of bottom structures, with the purpose of searching for mineral products, construction of the engineering hydraulic structures, and evaluation of sludge contaminations for ecological control. The results of experimental works concerning investigation of the engineering structures and monitoring of the aquatic area are presented.

Editor
Prof. Iftikhar B. Abbasov