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Copyright © 2018 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN: 9781119332732
The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks is the first wireless systems that will allow ubiquitous Gigabit service to all connected users and appliances. This revolutionary telecommunications technology will not only improve the well-known performance metrics that we rely on to measure capacity or end-to-end delays but will - for the first time - also enable measuring and proactively influencing the user experience. The arrival of 5G will have conceptual, technical, economical, and social impacts that will change the human life to new digitized culture where everything is tracked, recorded, and logged into a file that is stored somewhere in cloud. Therefore, industrial and research communities are in a race to define all the key requirements, conducting analysis, implementing testbeds, and performing field trails. Alongside, the standardization bodies are finalizing new standards that shape the commercial-off-the-shelf products. The regulatory offices of governments are also trying to deliver new legislation that regulates 5G technologies and capabilities. In the mid of this outreaching change, we as engineers need to understand diverse 5G technologies and services to shape the vision towards networks of the future.
The transformation to 5G triggers the need to restructure the mobile network architecture. On the radio access technology (RAT) side, the New Radio (NR) comprises multiple-radio interfaces transmitting over different spectrum bands. This bridges pillars of spectrum and extends NR bandwidth beyond licensed Long-Term Evolution (LTE) bands to include millimeter waves above 6 GHz; and the trusted non-3GPP access allows for access of systems like WiFi too. However, a base station with multi-radio interfaces needs to support new schemes of interoperability for rerouting packets between different radio interfaces. The goal is to be able to access the spectrum at any available band using enhanced technologies such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), high-performance antennas, and massive MIMO.
The densification of macro and small cells in emerging ultradense networks (UDNs) is an architectural challenge at the Radio Access Network (RAN), in 3GPP referred to as (R)AN. A UDN requires new approaches to spectrum sharing and interference mitigation for friendly coexistence with other appliances. This also requires supporting artificial intelligence (AI) at the base station and network levels with new information exchange platforms to distribute knowledge on the spectrum status between various network nodes. From previous generations, it is understood that RAN deployments will initiate the migration process towards the 5G network. Therefore, NRs will be attached to the fourth-generation (4G) core network to use the current entities of evolved packet core (EPC) and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The 3rd Generation Project (3GPP) has already drafted standards for 5G Core Network (5GC).
Nevertheless, during the transition stage, the NR base stations will be interfaced to the control and data planes through LTE RAN in a non-standalone mode. Once 5GC is deployed, the NR base stations will be disconnected from the 4G core and interfaced to 5GC in a standalone mode. At this point, 4G LTE base stations will also be disconnected fromthe 4G core and interfaced to NRs to access the 5GC. Driven by the need to optimize service and maintain higher quality of service (QoS), there is a need to verify the new suite of 5GC interfaces and define any subsequent changes to the call session initiation processes and applications storage. Once deployed, 5G networks will be able to provide unprecedented/ uninterrupted throughputs to support transmissions of ultrahigh definition (UHD) videos and Enhanced Voice Services (EVS).
The other major change in the 5G era is the employment of network function virtualization (NFV) concepts that will enhance the flexibility of deploying advanced concepts, such as edge-clouds.Moving away from proprietary hardware to use software applications running in orchestrated virtual machines requires dynamic resource scaling subject to processed traffic. The NFV will considerably alter the current network hierarchy by enabling on-fly instantiation of virtual function networks (VNFs) that virtually interconnect to each other. The software defined networking (SDN) is another feature that automates adaptation of routes between various network slices to avoid congested switches. SDN also provides the network with additional virtual layers to interconnect switches in data centers.
Provided with distributed cloud capabilities, SDN/NFV architectures enable 5Gto connect newindustries and empower unique service scenarios.This powerful ability to connect various users and appliances builds new alignment for stable access to individual components that run at vertical industries. Moreover, 5G is the networking technology for Internet of Things (IoT) backing remote access services, connected cars, and vehicle to everything (V2X) communications. Considering all these connections, there is a continuous need to investigate new green protocols and equipment for sustainable green communication networks.
With 5G designs running at full steam, there are a few pioneering projects in the world proving 5G viability via a real-world rollout. At the forefront is the UK 5GUK testbed that is the world first to deploy an end-to-end 5G system composed of heterogeneous vendor components. At the end of 2017, King College London has already demonstrated the UK first 3.5GHz Massive MIMO as well as the world first fully softwarized/virtualized 5G end-to-end call.
This new IEEE/Wiley book entitled 5G Networks: Fundamental Requirements, Enabling Technologies, andOperationsManagement is thus a very timely publication. It is an exceptional milestone document that will educate audiences from academia and industry. The book editors are from leading research and development industries that are involved directly with 5G development as well as academia that has underpinned much of its research. This book has been written by the world-renowned experts who have studied, analyzed, and proposed new solutions for all 5G protocols, potential vertical industries, and standardization efforts.
The authors are researchers, professors, directors of standards, and chief technology officers of the world leading operators. The book has 20 chapters that look at all key aspects of 5G allowing readers to obtain academic, industrial, and regulatory knowledge. Bridging theory and application, I am confident that this book will become a reference document for our community for many years to come.
Chair Professor, Centre for Telecommunications
Research Prof. Mischa Dohler, FIEEE FREng FRSA
King's College London
London, UK
From research communities to industry world, the fifth generation (5G) development is gaining momentum driven by the market demand and business opportunities. The developers of 5G network adopts new ideas involving a variety of technologies and applications beyond the boundaries of past mobile generation. In this new network, business case models and user satisfaction are very important drivers to consider. This open space for exchanging ideas is also seen at the standardization bodies where partnerships and discussions started to draft new schemes incorporating different technologies and mechanisms. The 5G is not a collection of technologies that connects humans using machines, it is a whole new technology package that connects humans and machines in one pool. Therefore, the concepts for many of the technological advances that we consider to be a crucial part of the upcoming network are still need definition prior potential 5G deployment in 2020. Although the basic network requirements are well understood such as minimal latency, powerful processing features, unified communication bus, efficient interfacing and management of machine data, and gigabyte downloading capacities. This book energies the 5G technology development further through a carful investigation of potential network radio resources, technology integration, virtualization of appliances, and foreseen standards. The studied topics demonstrate that 5G is not just about a high speed mobile internet connectivity, in fact it is about influencing society and economy advances using associated vertical applications that considers type of requested service and user satisfaction rather than connected network interface.
This book provides a comprehensive and advanced analysis for all 5G network segments. It is written for all audience to discuss the state of art, technologies, vertical applications, and standards. The editors vision was to provide the research community with a single document that covers all aspects of 5G research. The book is meant to be an inclusive document for theoretical concepts and recent industry developments toward 5G. The authors are world leading experts from industry and academia who are engaged in 5G projects on day-to day basis. For academic research, this book explores a wide range of challenges for 5G networks such as radio resources management, waveform design, security, etc. It will be an excellent text book for students and researchers to learn mythology and identify methods to model their solutions. The given results throughout different chapters can also be used as a reference in comparative studies. For industry research, this book defines behavior of systems, solutions and technologies for deployments, review of standards, etc. This type of material will help researchers and developers in identifying development and testing plans and use this book as technical manual.
This book concludes the work of many teams and leading researchers from around the globe. It helps learners to build upon knowledge, develop ideas, and expand visions to network level solutions. The content is written and indexed to help step-by-step knwoldge increment process for formal classrooms and self-learning. Finally, this book also bridges the gap between academia and industry through a mixture of visions that allow both communities to learn from each other and motivate each other to enhance knowledge and improve communication systems.
Anwer Al-Dulaimi, EXFO Inc., Canada
Xianbin Wang, Western University, Canada
Chih-Lin I, China Mobile Research Institute, China
Anwer Al-Dulaimi (M'11, SM'17) is a System Engineering Specialist in the R&D department at EXFO Inc., Toronto, Canada. Dr. Al-Dulaimi received his Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Brunel University, London, U.K., in 2012 after receiving M.Sc. and B.Sc. honours degrees in communication engineering. He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the department of electrical and computer engineering, University of Toronto, Canada. During his postdoctoral time, Dr. Al-Dulaimi contributed to the LTE research through project collaborations with Blackberry Advanced Research Team-Canada and Standardization Team, UK. He has been awarded many grants by the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF), IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA), etc. He has published many academic papers and was awarded the best IEEE/WWRF Vehicular Technology Magazine paper for three times. His research interests include 5G wireless communications and network design and optimization, cloud networks, and Internet of Things. Dr. Al-Dulaimi is an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. He is the chair of IEEE 1932.1 working group “Standard for Licensed/Unlicensed Spectrum Interoperability in Wireless Mobile Network”. He is the editor of IEEE 5G Initiative Series in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, editor of vehicular networking series in IEEE Communication Standards Magazine, associate editor of IEEE Communications Magazine, editor of IEEE 5G Tech Focus letter, and guest editor of many special issues in IEEE journals. He was the recipient of the 2013 Worldwide Universities Network Cognitive Communications Consortium best paper for outstanding research in cognitive communications for his edited book entitled “Self-Organization and Green Applications in Cognitive Radio Networks”. Dr. Al-Dulaimi is an Associate Fellow of the British Higher Education Academy and registered as a Chartered Engineer by the British Engineering Council in 2010.
Xianbin Wang (S'98-M'99-SM'06-F'17) is a Professor and Canada Research Chair at Western University, Canada. He received his Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from National University of Singapore in 2001. Prior to joining Western, he was with Communications Research Centre Canada (CRC) as a Research Scientist/Senior Research Scientist between July 2002 and Dec. 2007. From Jan. 2001 to July 2002, he was a system designer at STMicroelectronics, where he was responsible for the system design of DSL and Gigabit Ethernet chipsets. His current research interests include 5G technologies, Internet-of-Things, communications security, and locationing technologies. Dr. Wang has over 300 peer-reviewed journal and conference papers, in addition to 26 granted and pending patents and several standard contributions. Dr. Wang is a Fellow of IEEE and an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer. He has received many awards and recognition, including Canada Research Chair, CRC President's Excellence Award, Canadian Federal Government Public Service Award, Ontario Early Researcher Award and five IEEE Best Paper Awards. He currently serves as an Editor/Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Communications, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, and IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology and He was also an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications between 2007 and 2011, and IEEE Wireless Communications Letters between 2011 and 2016. Dr. Wang was involved in a number of IEEE conferences including GLOBECOM, ICC, VTC, PIMRC, WCNC and CWIT, in different roles such as symposium chair, tutorial instructor, track chair, session chair and TPC co-chair.
Chih-Lin I is the Chief Scientist of Wireless Technologies of China Mobile, in charge of advanced wireless communication R&D effort of China Mobile Research Institute (CMRI). She established the Green Communications Research Center of China Mobile, spearheading major initiatives including 5G Key Technologies R&D; high energy efficiency system architecture, technologies, and devices; green energy; C-RAN and soft base station. Dr. I received her Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University, and has more than 30 years experience in wireless communication technical domain. She has worked in various world-class companies and research institutes, including wireless communication fundamental research department of AT&T Bell Labs; Headquarter of AT&T, as the Director of Wireless Communications Infrastructure and Access Technology; ITRI of Taiwan, as the Director of Wireless Communication Technology; Hong Kong ASTRI, as the VP and the Founding GD of Communications Technology Domain. Dr. I received the Trans. COM Stephen Rice Best Paper Award, and is a winner of CCCP “National 1000 talent” program. She was an elected Board Member of IEEE ComSoc, Chair of ComSoc Meeting and Conference Board, and the Founding Chair of IEEE WCNC Steering Committee. She is currently the Chair of FuTURE Forum 5G SIG, an Executive Board Member of GreenTouch, a Network Operator Council Member of ETSI NFV, and an Adjunct Professor of BUPT. Dr. I has shown frequent presence in many important and high-level public occasions for speech delivery. She is often invited as the keynote speaker for diverse audience from academia, industry and governments. She is very active in many venues such as conferences, summits, workshops, panels and so on. This year she has delivered nearly 30 speeches in lots of events such as IEEE WCNC, IEEE ICC, IEEE VTC, IEEE PIMRC, Global Professional Services Forum and so on, which included a 3-hour-long tutorial on C-RAN in Cloud RAN Conference in Paris.
Ahmad Shahidan Abdullah
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Anwer Al-Dulaimi
R&D Department
EXFO Inc.
Toronto, Canada
Saba Al-Rubaye
Instituto de Telecomunicações
Campus Universitário de Santiago
Aveiro - Portugal
Ahmad Alsharoa
Electrical and Computer
Engineering department
Iowa State University (ISU)
Ames, IA
USA
Huseyin Arslan
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL
USA
and
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences
Istanbul Medipol University
Istanbul, Turkey
Jingwen Bai
Intel Corporation
Intel Lab
Santa Clara, CA
USA
Ioannis-Prodromos Belikaidis
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
Kui Cai
Science and Math Cluster
Singapore University of Technology and Design
Singapore
Abdulkadir Celik
Computer, Electrical, Mathematical
Sciences & Engineering Division
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Batu K. Chalise
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
New York Institute of Technology
Old Westbury, NY
USA
Kishor Chandra
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department
Delft University of Technology
Delft, The Netherlands
Jun Cheng
Department of Intelligent
Information Engineering and Sciences
Doshisha University
Kyoto, Japan
Yuhao Chi
State Key Laboratory of Integrated
Services Networks
Xidian University
Xi'an, China
Sung-en Chiu
University of California
Electrical and Computer Engineering
San Diego, CA
USA
Alex Jinsung Choi
Deutsche Telekom
T-Laboratories Innovation
Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 140,
53113 Bonn
Germany
Yang-seok Choi
Intel Corporation
Intel Lab
Santa Clara, CA
USA
John Cosmas
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
Brunel University London
Uxbridge, UK
Xavier Costa-Pérez
5G Networks R&D Group
NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH
Heidelberg, Germany
Linglong Dai
Department of Electronics Engineering Tsinghua University
Beijing, China
Panagiotis Demestichas
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
and
Department of Digital Systems
University of Piraeus
Piraeus, Greece
Ali Fatih Demir
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL
USA
Zhiguo Ding
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
The University of Manchester
Manchester, UK
Mohamed Elkourdi
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL
USA
Norsheila Fisal
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Frank H. P. Fitzek
5G Lab Germany and Technical
University Dresden
Dresden, Germany
Vassilis Foteinos
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
Renaud Di Francesco
Sony Europe Research and Standardisation Department
Sony Mobile
Lund, Sweden
Maria Pia Galante
Technology Innovation Department
TIM
Torino, Italy
Caixia Gao
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
North China Electric
Power University
Beijing, China
Andrés Garcia-Saavedra
5G Networks R&D Group
NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH
Heidelberg, Germany
Andreas Georgakopoulos
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
Fabio Giust
5G Networks R&D Group
NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH
Heidelberg, Germany
Abdul Hadi Fikri Abdul Hamid
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Shuangfeng Han
China Mobile Research Institute
China Mobile Communications
Corporation
Beijing, China
Syed Ali Hassan
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
Islamabad, Pakistan
Chih-Lin I
Wireless Technologies
China Mobile Research Institute
China Mobile Communications
Corporation
Beijing, China
Mostafa Ibrahim
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences
Istanbul Medipol University
Istanbul, Turkey
Muhammad Ali Imran
School of Engineering
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, UK
Bruno Jacobfeuerborn
Deutsche Telekom AG
Berlin, Germany
Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody
National Research Tomsk
Polytechnic University
Tomsk, Russia
Sangsoo Jeong
SK Telecom
Network Technology R&D Center
Hwangsaeul-ro, 258beon-gil,
Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do
Korea
Ruicheng Jiao
Department of Electronics
Engineering Tsinghua University
Beijing, China
Sungho Jo
SK Telecom
Network Technology R&D Center
Hwangsaeul-ro, 258beon-gil,
Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si,
Gyeonggi-do
Korea
Ahmed E. Kamal
Electrical and Computer
Engineering department
Iowa State University (ISU)
Ames, IA
USA
Peter Karlsson
Sony Europe Research and Standardisation Department
Sony Mobile
Lund, Sweden
Jouni Korhonen
Nordic Semiconductor
Espoo, Finland
Evangelos Kosmatos
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
Vinod Kristem
Intel Corporation
Intel Lab
Santa Clara, CA
USA
Rongpeng Li
College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
Xi Li
5G Networks R&D Group
NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH
Heidelberg, Germany
Ying Li
State Key Laboratory of Integrated
Services Networks
Xidian University
Xi'an, China
Orestis-Andreas Liakopoulos
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
Marco Liebsch
5G Networks R&D Group
NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH
Heidelberg, Germany
Shahid Mumtaz
Instituto de Telecomunicações
Aveiro, Portugal
Akihiro Nakao
The Fifth Generation Mobile
Communications Promotion
Forum (5GMF)
Tokyo, Japan
Muhammad Shahmeer Omar
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
Islamabad, Pakistan
Jinhyo Park
SK Telecom
ICT R&D Center
SK T-Tower, 65, Eulji-ro, Jung-gu
Seoul, Korea
Anggrit Dewangkara Yudha Pinangkis
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department
Delft University of Technology
Delft, The Netherlands
R. Venkatesha Prasad
Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Department
Delft University of Technology
Delft, The Netherlands
Junaid Qadir
Information Technology University
Lahore, Pakistan
Chen Qi
College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
Mohd Rozaini Abd Rahim
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Rozeha A. Rashid
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Ahmad M. Rateb
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Jonathan Rodriguez
Instituto de Telecomunicações
Aveiro, Portugal
and
University of South Wales
Pontypridd, UK
G. Romano
Technology Innovation Department
TIM
Torino, Italy
Mohd Adib Sarijari
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Kohei Satoh
The Fifth Generation Mobile
Communications Promotion
Forum (5GMF)
Tokyo, Japan
Hamdan Sayuti
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Johor, Malaysia
Vincenzo Sciancalepore
5G Networks R&D Group
NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH
Heidelberg, Germany
Takashi Shimizu
The Fifth Generation Mobile
Communications Promotion
Forum (5GMF)
Tokyo, Japan
Guanghui Song
Department of Intelligent
Information Engineering and Sciences
Doshisha University
Kyoto, Japan
Himal A. Suraweera
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of Peradeniya
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Shilpa Talwar
Intel Corporation
Intel Lab
Santa Clara, CA
USA
Stavroula Vassaki
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
Panagiotis Vlacheas
R&D Department
WINGS ICT Solutions
Athens, Greece
Bichai Wang
Department of Electronic Engineering
Tsinghua University
Beijing, China
Ping Wang
Apple Inc.
Santa Clara, CA
USA
Xianbin Wang
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Western University London
ON, Canada
Risto Wichman
Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics
Aalto University
Espoo, Finland
Chen Xu
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
North China Electric Power University
Beijing, China
Feng Xue
Intel Corporation
Intel Lab
Santa Clara, CA
USA
Shu-ping Yeh
Intel Corporation
Intel Lab
Santa Clara, CA
USA
Zarrar Yousaf
5G Networks R&D Group
NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH
Heidelberg, Germany
Honggang Zhang
College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
Zhifeng Zhao
College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, China
Gan Zheng
Wolfson School of Mechanical
Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering
Loughborough University
Leicestershire, United Kingdom
Zhenyu Zhou
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
North China Electric
Power University
Beijing, China