Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Part 1: Chemical Aspects

Chapter 1: Application of Stimuli-Sensitive Materials in Smart Textiles
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Phase Change Materials
3. 1.3 Shape Memory Materials
4. 1.4 Chromic Materials
5. 1.5 Conjugated Polymers
6. 1.6 Conductive Polymers
7. 1.7 Piezoelectricity
8. 1.8 Optical Fibers
9. 1.9 Hydrogels
10. 1.10 Smart Textiles and Nanotechnology
11. 1.11 Future Trends
12. References
Chapter 2: Functional Finishing of Textile Materials and Its Psychological Aspects
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Softeners
3. 2.3 Oil- and Water-Repellent Finishes
4. 2.4 Fire Retardants
5. 2.5 Easy Care Finishing
6. 2.6 Psychological Aspect of Functional Textiles
7. 2.7 Challenges and Future Directions
8. 2.8 Conclusion
9. References
Chapter 3: Recent Advances in Protective Textile Materials
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Application of the Protective Textile in the Defense Arena
3. 3.3 Recent Advancements in Engineering to Create UV-Protective Textiles
4. 3.4 Insect-Repellent Textiles
5. 3.5 Microorganism Protective Textile Materials
6. 3.6 Camouflage Application as Protective Textile
7. 3.7 Challenges and Future Directions
8. References
Chapter 4: Antibacterial Aspects of Nanomaterials in Textiles: From Origin to Release
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Nanomaterial Properties
3. 4.3 Release
4. 4.4 Conclusion
5. Acknowledgment
6. References
Chapter 5: Modification of Wool and Cotton by UV Irradiation for Dyeing and Finishing Processes
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Interaction of UV Radiation with Textile Fibers
3. 5.3 Interaction of UV Radiation with Naturally Present Chromophores of Different Fibers
4. 5.4 UV Irradiation on Wool
5. 5.5 UV Irradiation on Cotton
6. 5.6 Conclusions
7. 5.7 Future Perspectives
8. References
Chapter 6: Electroconductive Textiles
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Electrical Conductivity
3. 6.3 The Source of Conductivity in Conducting Polymers
4. 6.4 Electroconductive Textiles Based on Metals
5. 6.5 Electroconductive Textiles Based on Graphene
6. 6.6 Electroconductive Textile Based on PPy
7. 6.7 Conductive Polymer-Based Textiles
8. 6.8 Effect of Various Yarns and Fabrics as Substrate
9. 6.9 Applications of Electroconductive Textiles
10. 6.10 Durability Properties of Conductive Polymer-Based Textiles
11. 6.11 Future Scope and Challenges
12. 6.12 Conclusions
13. References
Chapter 7: Coated or Laminated Textiles for Aerostat and Stratospheric Airship
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Global Competitors for Making Aerostat/Airship at Present
3. 7.3 Working Atmosphere of Aerostats and High Altitude Airship (HAA)
4. 7.4 Materials Used in LTA Envelopes
5. 7.5 Case Studies on Different Coated or Laminated LTA Envelopes
6. 7.6 Advanced Polymer Nanocomposites as Potential Material for LTA Envelopes
7. 7.7 Models for Predicting the Performance and Service Life of Aerostats/Airships
8. 7.8 Challenges and Future Scopes
9. 7.9 Conclusion
10. References
Chapter 8: Woolen Carpet Industry: Environmental Impact and Recent Remediation Approaches
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Flowchart of the Manufacture of a Woolen Carpet, Its Use, and After-Use Disposal
3. 8.3 Wool Fiber Production and Related Environmental Issues
4. 8.4 Wool Fiber Cleaning and Related Environmental Issues
5. 8.5 Woolen Carpet Yarn Manufacturing and Related Environmental Issues
6. 8.6 Bleaching of Woolen Yarn and Related Environmental Issues
7. 8.7 Dyeing of Woolen Carpet Yarn and Related Environmental Issues
8. 8.8 Manufacture of Woolen Carpets and Related Environmental Issues
9. 8.9 Washing of Carpets and Related Environmental Issues
10. 8.10 Environmental Issues Related to the Usage of Woolen Carpets
11. 8.11 Environmental Issues Related to the Disposal of Used Woolen Carpets
12. 8.12 Some Remediation Approaches to Combat Environmental Issues of Wool Carpet Industry
13. 8.13 Conclusion
14. References
Chapter 9: Intensification of Textile Wastewater Treatment Processes
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 AOP Techniques
3. 9.3 Process Intensification
4. 9.4 Equipment and Processes
5. 9.5 Catalyst Design and Modification
6. 9.6 Economic Evaluation/Justification of AOPs
7. 9.7 Industrial and Large-Scale Applications
8. 9.8 Application of Nanostructures in Wastewater Treatment
9. 9.9 Challenges and Future Directions
10. 9.10 Conclusion
11. References
Chapter 10: Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile Dyes over Plasmonic Silver-Modified TiO₂
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Basic Principle of Photocatalysis
3. 10.3 TiO₂ as a Versatile Photocatalyst
4. 10.4 Silver (Ag)-Modified TiO₂ (Ag-TiO₂) as Visible-Light-Induced Photocatalyst
5. 10.5 Ag-Modified TiO₂ with Non-Metal Doping
6. 10.6 Ag-TiO₂ with Other Plasmonic Metals
7. 10.7 Conclusion
8. References

Part 2: Mechanical Aspects

Chapter 11: Application of Textile Materials in Composites
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Essential Properties of Fibers for Composite Applications
3. 11.3 Textile Fibers Used for Composite Applications
4. 11.4 Surface Modification of Fibers
5. 11.5 Manufacturing of Textile Composite Materials
6. 11.6 Application of Textile Composites in Various Industries
7. 11.7 Conclusions
8. References
Chapter 12: Emerging Trends in Three-Dimensional Woven Preforms for Composite Reinforcements
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Three-Dimensional Fabrics
3. 12.3 Challenges and Future Directions
4. 12.4 Summary and Outlook
5. References
Chapter 13: Evolution of Soft Body Armor
1. 13.1 Introduction
2. 13.2 Constituents of Soft Body Armor
3. 13.3 Performance Evaluation of Materials
4. 13.4 Advancements in Soft Body Armor Technology
5. 13.5 Conclusion
6. References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Optical and SEM images of a PDA-embedded PVDF nanofiber mat (a) before UV irradiation, (b) after UV irradiation, (c) after annealing at 65°C, and (d) after annealing at 100°C for 1 min (PVDF concentration of 23 w/v%; mass ratio of PVDF to PDA of 1:5 w/w%) [42].
Figure 1.2 An example of an optic fiber-knitted fabric display [69].

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Textile auxiliaries distribution by market share [2].
Figure 2.2 Functional finishing agent market share [3].
Figure 2.3 Fatty acid amide formation [5].
Figure 2.4 Structure of poly(dimethyl siloxane) [5].
Figure 2.5 Structure of perfluorinated acrylate [9].
Figure 2.6 The direct bonding of the fluorocarbon finish to cotton [9].
Figure 2.7 The cross-linking reaction between fluorocarbon finish and cotton via citric acid [9].
Figure 2.8 MDPA structure [14].
Figure 2.9 Formation of covalent bond between MDPA and cotton [14].
Figure 2.10 Synthesis of DMDHEU [4].
Figure 2.11 Acid catalyzed reaction of N-methylol compounds [4].
Figure 2.12 Cross-linking of cellulose with DMDHEU [1].
Figure 2.13 Alkylated DMDHEU [4].
Figure 2.14 Modification of DMDHEU by using polyols [4].

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Flame-retardant behavior of the control and the spinach juice-treated cotton fabric [6].
Figure 3.2 Thermogravimetry and the char morphology of the control and the DNA-treated cotton fabric [2, 5].

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 TEM images of different silver nanoparticle shapes, adapted from Pal et al. [35].
Figure 4.2 A silver-coated nanomaterial with enhanced antibacterial activity, adapted from Budama et al. [42].
Figure 4.3 A schematic of the enhanced antibacterial activity of TiO₂ nanofibers by controlling the crystalline structure, adapted from Lee et al. [47].
Figure 4.4 Damage to the mitochondria induced by Ag nanoparticles and Ag ions. ROS may be released from damaging the mitochondria damaging the DNA, adapted from Franci et al. [58].
Figure 4.5 Release kinetics of Ag⁺ in two different concentrations (300 and 600 mg/L) and three different sizes (20, 40, and 80 nm), adapted from Zhang et al. [92].

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Formation of yellow chromophore hydroxykynurenine (reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons from Dyer et al. [51]).
Figure 5.2 Photochromism of cellulose (reprinted with permission of Elsevier from Choudury et al. [53]).
Figure 5.3 (a and b) Static UV irradiation apparatus (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Figure 5.4 Dynamic UV irradiation equipment (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Figure 5.5 Structure of Reactive Blue 72 (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Figure 5.6 Structure of Acid Black 52 (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Figure 5.7 Structure of Reactive Blue 38 (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Figure 5.8 Octahedral complex (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Figure 5.9 Wool fabrics dyed with classical 1:1 metal-complex dyes at 1% o.w.f. at 85°C for 90 min (upper side, untreated; lower side, UV treated). (1) Yellow Neolan RE 250%, (2) Yellow Kemalene GR 150%, (3) Orange Kemalene G, (4) Red Kemalene GRE 150%, (5) Pink Kemalene BE 600%, (6) Pink Neolan BE 200%, (7) Bordeaux Neolan RM 200%, (8) Violet Kemalene 5RL 150%, (9) Blue Kemalene 2G 250%, (10) Navy Neolan 2RLB 150%, (11) Black Kemalene BW 364% (reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons from Migliavacca et al. [69]).
Figure 5.10 Wool fabrics dyed with 1:1 metal-complex dyes and acid dyes at 85°C for 90 min (upper side, untreated; lower side, UV treated). The composition of the recipes is detailed in Table 5.5 (reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons from Migliavacca et al. [69]).
Figure 5.11 Dyeings with 0.5% selected dyes: (a) Levafix Amber CA, (b) Remazol Orange RR, (c) Remazol Red RB 133%, (d) Remazol Navy GG 133%, (e) Remazol Black B 133%, (f) Remazol Blue RR (for each shade: untreated yarn on the left side, UV faded on the right side) (reprinted from Ferrero et al. [13]).
Figure 5.12 Cotton knitwears made from yarns submitted to free UV treatment (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Scheme 5.1 Formation of α-carbon radicals (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Scheme 5.2 Formation of α-ketoacids (RCOCOOH) through hydrolysis (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).
Scheme 5.3 Formation of yellow chromophore beta-carboline carboxylic acids (reprinted from Migliavacca [11]).

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Conductivity ranges of insulators, metals, and conducting polymers.
Figure 6.2 (a) Formation of sp² hybridization. (b) Trigonal planar structure of graphene.
Figure 6.3 Chemical formulas of conductive polymers.
Figure 6.4 In situ chemical polymerization via the single-bath process.
Figure 6.5 In situ chemical polymerization via the double-bath process.
Figure 6.6 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup of electrochemical polymerization: (1) polymerization bath, (2) monomer and electrolyte solution, (3) anode, (4) cathode, (5) electrical wire, (6) power supply, (7) textile fabric affixed on anode surface.
Figure 6.7 Experimental setup of in situ vapor phase polymerization.
Figure 6.8 PPy-coated cotton fiber (a) before coating and (b) after PPy coating [82].
Figure 6.9 Cross sections of PPy-coated wool yarn using the continuous vapor phase method [61, 63].
Figure 6.10 SEM picture of cross section of PPy-coated wool yarn, fibers (1000 × 2000 in the box). A broken PPy-coated wool fiber (1720×), prepared by chemical polymerization [45].
Figure 6.11 Cross sections of PPy-coated silk fibers from silk yarn and fabric; (a) silk yarn, add-on 16.8%; (b) warp thread taken from the silk fabric, add-on 13.5%; and (c) close-up of (b). The magnification bar is 10 μm [94].
Figure 6.12 SEM images of PPy-coated viscose fiber. Longitudinal view (a) vapor phase sample, (b) liquid phase sample, cross-sectional view of (c) vapor phase and (d) liquid phase sample [68].
Figure 6.13 Cross section of PPy-deposited polyester fibers at various FeCl₃ concentrations: (a) 0.2 mol/L, (b) 0.4 mol/L, (c) 0.6 mol/L, and (d) 0.8 mol/L [112].
Figure 6.14 Cross section of PPy-coated nylon 66 yarn using the continuous vapor phase method [63].
Figure 6.15 Cross section of nylon 6 fiber treated with PPy. The dark area shows the PPy coating. Magnification, 960× [80].
Figure 6.16 Surface resistivity of PANi-coated fabrics [135].
Figure 6.17 Experimental setup diagram for measuring the heating effect of a textile composite [139].
Figure 6.18 Behavior of the voltage and temperature of the PPy-coated sample as a function of the current [139].
Figure 6.19 Behavior of the impedance and power developed by the PPy-coated textile composite as a function of the current [139].
Figure 6.20 Voltage–temperature characteristics of PPy-coated polyester needle punched nonwoven fabric [140].
Figure 6.21 Plot of temperature versus applied voltage for different vapor phase polymerized samples [68].
Figure 6.22 Typical resistance versus strain curve of PPy-coated Lycra fibers [69].
Figure 6.23 Effect of tensile strain on electrical resistance of PPy-coated cotton yarns [82].
Figure 6.24 Change of PPy-coated Spandex/nylon fabric conductivity with extension [122].
Figure 6.25 Effect of strain and strain rate on electrical resistivity of PPy-coated PA-6 fibers [67].
Figure 6.26 Sensor response as a function of NH₃ concentration [172].
Figure 6.27 pH dependence of the absorption spectra of a PPy film: (a) pH 3.0, (b) pH 6.0, (c) pH 7.0, (d) pH 9.0, and (e) pH 11.0 [181].
Figure 6.28 Effect of moisture sensitivity of PPy-coated textile fabrics [133].
Figure 6.29 Resistivity of a PPy-coated cellulosic film as a function of humidity [98].
Figure 6.30 Shielding effectiveness of various metalized nonwovens [198].
Figure 6.31 Shielding effectiveness of laminated SS/PET (40/60) woven fabrics [198].
Figure 6.32 EMI SE of a woven fabric at various layers [201].
Figure 6.33 Shielding effectiveness of PANi-coated fabrics in the frequency range 100–1000 MHz [210].
Figure 6.34 EMI SE absorbance (A) and reflectance (R) of PET fabric/PPy composites with various specific volume resistivities [202].
Figure 6.35 Shielding effectiveness of the PPy film [214].
Figure 6.36 EMI SE of a PPy-coated glass fabric as a function of electrical resistivity [208].
Figure 6.37 EMI SE of PPy-coated fabrics with various FeCl₃ concentrations [113].
Figure 6.38 Reflection (bottom three) and absorption (top three) percentages for three selected samples. PTSA concentrations and polymerization times are indicated [204].
Figure 6.39 The shielding effectiveness (SE), absorbance (Ab), and reflectance (Re) of PPy-chitosan composite films with various electrical conductivities and different concentrations of chitosan [129].
Figure 6.40 Fe–Cu thermocouple.
Figure 6.41 Diagram of the experimental setup for measuring the Seebeck effect of the PPy/PET-Cu thermocouple [139].
Figure 6.42 Electromotive force measured for a PPy-PET/copper thermocouple as a function of the temperature difference between the actual hot junction temperature and room temperature. The figure reports two different scanning in temperature [139].
Figure 6.43 Log(conductivity) versus Seebeck coefficient [224].
Figure 6.44 An experimental setup for cooling effect; (a) P-type conductive polymer fabric, (b) N-type MWNT composite material, and (c) copper metal plates [226].
Figure 6.45 Peltier effect experiments with temperature versus time [226].
Figure 6.46 Logarithmic normalized resistivity ratio versus number of washing cycles [88].
Figure 6.47 The changes of surface resistivity versus storage time of PPy-coated nylon Lycra. Broken line: stored in open air; bold line: stored in a desiccator [41].
Figure 6.48 Room temperature stability curves of PPy-coated polyester fabrics with and without DHBP [234].
Figure 6.49 Conductivity decay of PPy-coated fabrics at 100°C. (■) AQSA, (□) N2SA, (♦) NDSA, (◊) PTSA, and (▲) Cl [25].
Figure 6.50 Thermal aging plots of PPy-coated polyester fabrics at 100°C with varying pyrrole/DHBP ratios [234].
Figure 6.51 TGA analyses of uncoated and PPy-coated nylon Lycra fabrics [41].
Figure 6.52 Resistivity ratio (R/R₀) versus exposure time to light and temperature of PPy-coated wool textiles [88].
Figure 6.53 DSC thermograms of nylon 6 and PAN-nylon 6 fabrics [122].
Figure 6.54 DSC curves of (a) untreated silk yarn and (b) PPy-coated silk yarn [147].

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Different types of airships and their components [5].
Figure 7.2 Different layers of typical multilayered coated (a) and laminated (b) structures for LTA systems.
Figure 7.3 Different fabric construction: (a) plain weave, (b) “rib stop” weave, and (c) basket weave.
Figure 7.4 Chemical structure (repeat unit) of some commercial and high-performance fibers: (a) Nylon 6,6, (b) polyester, (c) Zylon^®, (d) Kevlar^®, (e) Vectran^®, and (f) M5^®.
Figure 7.5 Schematic of coated (a) and laminated (b) textiles.
Figure 7.6 Microstructure of film-fabric laminate developed jointly by Lighter-Than-Air Vehicle Group (Korea Aerospace Research Institute), Department of Structural Systems and CAE (Chungbuk National University, Korea), and Department of Aerospace Engineering (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology): (a) SEM image of the cross section and (b) schematic of CAD modeling and detailed specification of each layer [4].
Figure 7.7 Multicomponent laminate material for a high-altitude balloon developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, USA [26].
Figure 7.8 Gas diffusion through (a) neat polymer without any restriction and (b) polymer nanocomposites where “tortuosity” is increased by nanoplatelets.
Figure 7.9 (a) Layout of the mixture design with an upper bound constraint for one component (values in brackets define the weight proportion of each component at that specific point); SEM images of (b) the base fabric, (c) the coated fabric with optimized formulation, (d) the coated fabric with optimized formulation and exposed under artificial weathering for 100 h, and (e) the coated fabric that performed worst [8].
Figure 7.10 (a) Total absorbance at 340 nm and (b) color change (ΔE), as a function of exposure time for the PU-based clear coats containing different amount of nano-ceria [48].

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Flowchart describing the manufacture of a woolen carpet, its use, and after-use disposal.
Figure 8.2 Sheep farming: an environment-friendly self-sustainable system.
Figure 8.3 Double drum opener with self-cleaning ability.
Figure 8.4 WRONZ comprehensive wool scouring system.
Figure 8.5 Nonylphenol polyethylene oxide detergent molecule.
Figure 8.6 Fearnought.
Figure 8.7 Washing of a woolen carpet.
Figure 8.8 Wedge wire screen.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Typical amount of water consumed (in m³/1000 L of product) in a conventional continuous process [6].
Figure 9.2 Selection criteria of suitable methodology for effective treatment of textile effluent [13].
Figure 9.3 Number of research articles appearing on textile wastewater treatment technologies per year [20].
Figure 9.4 The mechanism of the electro-Fenton process [69].
Figure 9.5 Removal and COD decay during electrolysis of Novacron Blue (NB) dye [70].
Figure 9.6 Photocatalytic rotating packed bed reactor [109].
Figure 9.7 Profiles for predicated values for photocatalytic percentage of binary mixture of dyes [109].
Figure 9.8 Response surface (3D) plots for photocatalytic degradation process versus between independent variables. (a) MB concentration with photocatalyst dosage, (b) rotational speed with aeration rate, (c) flow rate with AO concentration, (d) ER concentration with illumination time [124].
Figure 9.9 Sonophotocatalytic reactor setup: 1, ultrasonic bath; 2, reactor vessel; 3, LED source; 4, peristaltic pump; 5, reservoir; 6, sampling valve; 7, aeration pump; 8, magnet stirrer [94].
Figure 9.10 Profiles for predicated values and desirability function for sonophotocatalytic degradation. Dashed line shows optimum values [94].
Figure 9.11 Decolonization efficiency under different processes under optimum conditions: 25 mg/L of each dye, solution flow rate of 70 mL/min, irradiation and sonication time of 25 min, pH 6.0, and photocatalyst dosage of 0.25 g/L [94].
Figure 9.12 Response surface plots of central composite design: (a) DB concentration–photocatalyst dosage; (b) illumination time–RB concentration; (c) pH–flow rate [131].
Figure 9.13 Performance of different types of AOPs for treatment of Directive according to 2013/39/EU [178].
Figure 9.14 Flow diagram of a pilot-scale combined process for textile wastewater treatment [179].
Figure 9.15 Structure representations of (a) SWCNTs and (b) MWCNTs [184].

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 The mechanism of semiconductor-mediated photocatalytic edox reactions (where E is the excitation energy, g is the band gap, A denotes acceptor molecules, and D indicates donor molecules).
Figure 10.2 The mechanism of photooxidation of RhB under visible irradiation (reproduced from Ref. [36]).
Figure 10.3 The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of MB and MO (reproduced from Ref. [50]).
Figure 10.4 Photocatalytic mechanism of Ag/TNTs under UV light (a) and visible light (b) (reproduced from Ref. [51]).
Figure 10.5 Schematic illustration of the synthesis and structure of the Ag-TiO₂ photocatalyst (reproduced from Ref. [66]).
Figure 10.6 Degradation rate of MO aqueous solutions under simulated sunlight irradiation in the presence of 1% Ag-TiO₂, 3% Ag-TiO₂, 5% Ag-TiO₂, 7% Ag-TiO₂, 9% Ag-TiO₂, pristine TiO₂ nanofibers, and without catalyst for varying irradiation times; the initial concentration of the MO solution (C₀) was 20 mg L^–1 and the catalyst loading was 10 mg (reproduced from Ref. [66]).
Figure 10.7 Ag-N-TiO₂-YSM showing the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of dyes under solar light (reproduced from Ref. [81]).
Figure 10.8 Schematic representation of continuous tank reactor: 1, Methylene blue tank; 2, advection pump; 3, O₂ cylinder; 4, gas rotameter; 5, photocatalytic reactor; 6, liquid distributor; 7, nanostructured photocatalysts; 8, glass support plate; 9, fastener; 10, O₂ inlet; 11, product outlet (reproduced from Ref. [97]).
Figure 10.9 The growth mechanism of rod-like Ag-N-TiO₂ (reproduced from Ref. [99]).
Figure 10.10 Preparation of Au@Ag@TiO₂ core–shell NPs with flower-like structure (reproduced from Ref. [112]).

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Schematic diagrams representing the effect of: (a) concentration, (b) orientation, (c) distribution and shape of fibers reinforced matrix.
Figure 11.2 (a) Fiber orientation angle of adjacent fiber cloth layers and (b) carbon fiber preform prototype [34].
Figure 11.3 Microstructure of 2D-Cf/Al composite under different fiber orientation angles: (a) 30°, (b) 45°, (c) 60°, and (d) 90° [34].
Figure 11.4 UTS comparison of the matrix and composites under different fiber orientation angles [34].
Figure 11.5 Classification of natural fibers.
Figure 11.6 Chemical structure of (a) Nomex and (b) Kevlar [56].
Figure 11.7 Classification of textile preform [1].
Figure 11.8 Types of braids: (a) diamond braid, (b) regular braid, and (c) Hercules braid [76].
Figure 11.9 Bag molding procedures: (a) pressure bag molding and (b) vacuum bag molding [7].
Figure 11.10 Resin transfer molding [91].
Figure 11.11 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding [93].
Figure 11.12 Compression molding [95].
Figure 11.13 Schematic diagram of pultrusion [97].
Figure 11.14 Schematic of the filament winding process [99].

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Cross-sectional view of 3D woven solid structures.
Figure 12.2 Line diagram depicting the weaving principle and fabric formation.
Figure 12.3 3D hollow structures of (a) even/flat outer surfaces and (b) uneven surfaces.
Figure 12.4 (a) A typical sandwich structure model and (b) the most probable failure mode (image modified and reproduced from Ref. [58]).
Figure 12.5 Woven spacer fabric integrally woven with (a) vertical pile yarn and (b) vertical woven fabric between the outer fabric layers (image modified and reproduced from Ref. [60]).
Figure 12.6 Principle of rectangular spacer structure formation.
Figure 12.7 Phases of stiffener fabric formation (image modified and reproduced from Ref. [69]).
Figure 12.8 Repeat unit of a honeycomb structure depicting the four regions attributed to structural development.
Figure 12.9 Cross-sectional weave architecture of a honeycomb structure.
Figure 12.10 Development of dome structure in fabrics through combination of weaves (image modified and reproduced from Ref. [30]).
Figure 12.11 Molding process flow to develop a curved dome structure from 2D fabric preforms (image modified and reproduced from Refs. [30, 90]).
Figure 12.12 Fabric width divided into sections with their respective take-up arrangement depicting the overview of the differential take-up system (image modified and reproduced from Ref. [89]).
Figure 12.13 Add-on device used in continuation to the regular take-up mechanism (image modified and reproduced from Ref. [82]).
Figure 12.14 Phases of corner-fitting plies formation (image modified and reproduced from Ref. [90]).
Figure 12.15 Line diagram of a single-layer cylindrical tube structure.
Figure 12.16 Structural attributes of T-nodal structures in three dimensions and approximately converted two dimensions.
Figure 12.17 Nodal boundaries and node segmentation of a T-nodal structure.
Figure 12.18 Strut-to-strut angle variation on a graphical template.
Figure 12.19 3D nodal structures developed from full-width 2D planar weaving and fragmental weaving (image modified and reproduced from Refs. [30, 97]).

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Wave propagation in a transversely impacted fiber [17].
Figure 13.2 The sliding of primary yarns as a response to impact [23].
Figure 13.3 The proportion of energy dissipated by secondary yarns and primary yarns [23].
Figure 13.4 Microscopic view of level of crimp in (a) warp and (b) weft of a woven fabric [64].
Figure 13.5 Two-dimensional representation of shapes of dome formed in (a) biaxial and (b) traixial fabrics upon impact.
Figure 13.6 Schematic view of arrangement of cross-plied filaments in a UD fabric/laminate [13].
Figure 13.7 Impact load distribution in (a) woven fabric and (b) UD fabric [75].
Figure 13.8 Basic hydrocluster mechanism of shear thickening fluid.
Figure 13.9 Parameters affecting the rheological performance of STF.
Figure 13.10 Effect of particle aspect ratio on viscosity.
Figure 13.11 Effect of particle size distribution on shear thickening properties [104].
Figure 13.12 Schematic representation of interparticle interactions on STF performance.
Figure 13.13 Schematic view of hydrocluster formed by the interaction between fumed silica and solvation layer of liquid PEG media [126].
Figure 13.14 Schematic representation of STF–fabric interaction before and after impact.
Figure 13.15 Experimental setup for ballistic evaluation [143].
Figure 13.16 Schematic arrangement for back face signature assessment.
Figure 13.17 (a) Sample dimension of yarn pull-out test; (b) yarn pull-out experimental setup: 1, movable jaw; 2, yarn to be pulled; 3, frame; 4, fabric sample; 5, adjustable screw; 6, fastener (to fix fabric); 7, clamp holder [33].
Figure 13.18 Schematic representation of quasi-tropic arrangement of fabric panels with different numbers of plies [150].
Figure 13.19 3D weave patterns: (a) orthogonal, (b) angle interlock, and (c) warp interlock [167].
Figure 13.20 Scheme of STF mechanism in the presence of nano-fibrillated cellulose.
Figure 13.21 Schematic representation of STF with and without SiC nanowires.

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Examples of application of stimuli-responsive materials in textile.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Critical surface tension of various substrates [7].
Table 2.2 Flammability properties of the commonly used fibers [17].
Table 2.3 Ignition, flame spread, and heat release properties of widely used fibers [18].
Table 2.4 Classification of commercial cross-linkers [1].

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Flammability parameters of the control and the plant bioproduct-treated textile material [11–16].

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 The effects of nanomaterials’ properties in their antibacterial activity.
Table 4.2 Factors that influence the released nanomaterials from textile.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Percent gaseous product evolved from wool in vacuo by irradiation of light of various wavelengths and by heat.
Table 5.2 CIELab parameters for static UV irradiation on wool fabric dyed with 1% o.w.f. Acid Blue 185 (Telon Turquoise M5-G 85% from Dystar), pH 4, for 90 min at 90°C.
Table 5.3 Comparison between K/S at 670 nm of two dyeings at 85°C for 90 min (NT untreated sample, UV5 sample subjected to UV irradiation for 5 min at 37 mW/cm²).
Table 5.4 Comparison between K/S at two wavelengths of wool samples subjected to xanthoproteic reaction (NT untreated sample, UV5 sample subjected to UV irradiation for 5 min at 37 mW/cm²).
Table 5.5 Composition of the recipes used to dye the wool fabric samples of Figure 5.10 (reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons from Migliavacca et al. [69]).
Table 5.6 Chromatic differences obtained by dyeing the irradiated fabrics with mixtures of acid and metal-complex dyes (recipes detailed in Table 5.5).

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Conductivities of conductive polymers with selected dopants [6].
Table 6.2 Surface resistance of the GO-cotton fabric, after treatment of different reducing agents.
Table 6.3 Shielding effectiveness of various conductive textiles.
Table 6.4 Antimicrobial properties of PPy-treated cotton fabrics [84].
Table 6.5 Mechanical properties of untreated and PPy-coated silk yarn [147].

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Properties of some commercial and high-performance fibers [18–21].
Table 7.2 Helium or hydrogen gas permeability through polyurethane nanocomposite-based flexible films or coated fabrics.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Different types of pesticides used in wool.
Table 8.2 Summary of common dyestuffs used in dyeing of wool.
Table 8.3 Carpet fabric construction.
Table 8.4. Optimized recipe for chemical washing of woolen carpets.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Performance of the O₃/UV system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.2 Performance of the UV/H₂O system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.3 Performance of the O₃/H₂O₂/UV system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.4 Performance of the Fe²⁺/H₂O₂/UV system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.5 Performance of the US/O₃ system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.6 Performance of the H₂O₂/O₃ system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.7 Performance of the electrochemical oxidation system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.8 Performance of plasma-based oxidation methods for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.9 Performance of the electro-Fenton process for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.10 Performance of O₃ in alkaline medium for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.11 Performance of the O₃/H₂O₂ system for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.12 Performance of the catalytic ozonation process for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.13 Performance of the photocatalytic ozonation process for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.14 Performance of the photocatalysis process for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.15 Performance of the sonophotocatalysis process for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.16 Performance of the Sono-Fenton process for the degradation of textile pollutants.
Table 9.17 Comparison of different reactors’ performance for photocatalytic degradation process [115].
Table 9.18 Synergy index for hybrid system and individual processes [94].
Table 9.19 Photocatalytic performance of various MOFs for the degradation of different dyes under UV irradiation.
Table 9.20 Photocatalytic performance of various MOFs for the degradation of different dyes under visible-light irradiation.
Table 9.21 Comparison of power consumption and cost-effectiveness of various processes [92].
Table 9.22 Cost of textile wastewater treatment techniques [171].
Table 9.23 Examples of nanomaterial applications for drinking water treatment [188].

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Mechanical properties of different fibers [38, 39].
Table 11.2 Composition and properties of different glass fibers [53].
Table 11.3 Composite components used in helicopters [100].
Table 11.4 Comparison of mechanical properties of wood, a composite, and a nanocomposite used to manufacture field hockey sticks [107].

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Typical properties of high-performance fibers [48].
Table 13.2 The NIJ Standard 0101.06 performance test summary [142].

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Advanced Textile Engineering Materials

Edited by

Shahid-ul-Islam

B.S. Butola

This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2018 Scrivener Publishing LLC
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While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Ul-Islam, Shahid, author. | Butola, B.S. (Bhupendra Sing) author.
Title: Advanced textile engineering materials / Shahid-Ul-Islam, B.S. Butola.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Salem, Massachusetts : Scrivener Publishing LLC, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018030235 (print) | LCCN 2018032115 (ebook)
| ISBN 9781119488071 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119488118 (Adobe PDF)
| ISBN 9781119487852 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Textile fabrics.
Classification: LCC TS1765 (ebook) | LCC TS1765 .U425 2018 (print) | DDC 677–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018030235

Preface

Advanced materials are undoubtedly becoming very popular as substitutes for traditional materials in textile engineering field. Advanced textile engineering materials are giving way to innovative textile materials with novel functions and are widely perceived as offering huge potential in a wide range of applications such as healthcare, defense, personal protective equipment, personal communication, textile antennas, garments for motion capture, and sensors. This book contains 13 chapters that cover fundamental and advanced approaches associated with the design and development of textile implants, conductive textiles, 3D textiles, smart-stimuli textiles, antiballistic textiles and fabric structures designed for a medical application intrabody/extra-body, implantable/non-implantable) and various modification and processing techniques. Global research & development and also some funding agencies, such as the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), are also providing substantial funding for research in this area. The book is intended to be of interest and useful to a wide group of people: researchers, post and undergraduates in the field of textile engineering, functional finishing, chemical processing and material sciences.

We thank Mr. Martin Scrivener who did a great deal of work to bring this book to completion. Finally, we wish to acknowledge our sincere appreciation to the authors who have written in-depth and informative chapters that collectively has made this book a reality.

Shahid-ul-Islam and B.S. Butola
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
(IITD), Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
July 2018