Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Global Scenario on Renewable Energy
1.2 Indian Scenario on Renewable Energy
Exercise
References

Chapter 2: State-of-the-Art Concentrated Solar Thermal Technologies for End Use Applications

2.1 Solar Thermal Technologies for Low Grade Heat Applications
2.2 Solar Cooking
2.3 Solar Thermal Cooling
2.4 Desalination System
2.5 Industrial Process Heat applications
2.6 Solar Thermal Technologies for Power Generation
2.7 Cooling with Process Heat in Cogeneration Process for Industrial Applications
Exercise
References

Chapter 3: Resource Assessment of Solar and Biomass for Hybrid Thermal Power Plant

3.1 Apparent Solar Time
3.2 Solar Angles
3.3 Solar Resources (DNI) In India
3.4 Biomass Resources in India
3.5 Analysis of Solar DNI And Biomass Resources for Hybrid Power Plants
Exercise
References

Chapter 4: Solar Thermal Power Plant

4.1 A Case Study of 1 MWe Solar Thermal Power Plant
4.2 Major Components
4.3 Performance of the Plant
Exercise
References

Chapter 5: Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid Solar and Biomass Thermal Power Plant

5.1 Modeling Approach of a Hybrid Solar-Biomass Thermal Power Plant
5.2 Thermodynamic Evaluation
5.3 Analysis of Hybrid Solar and Biomass Thermal Power Plant
Exercise
References

Chapter 6: Modeling, Simulation, Optimization and Cost Analysis of a Polygeneration Hybrid Solar Biomass System

6.1 Modeling Approach of Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant
6.2 Thermodynamic Evaluation
6.3 Primary Energy Savings on the Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant
6.4 Optimization
6.5 Cost Analysis
6.6 Analysis Of Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant for Power, Cooling, and Desalination
6.7 Optimization of the Polygeneration System
6.8 Cost Analysis of a Polygeneration System
Exercise
References

Appendix 1

Nomenclature
Greek
Subscripts
Acronyms

Appendix 2

EES Software Coding

Appendix 3

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) with Answers
Answers

About the Author

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1: World’s Renewable Energy Scenario at the End of 2015.
Figure 1.2: Indian Renewable Energy Scenario as of November 2016.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1: Flat Plate Collector Based Solar Water Heating System.
Figure 2.2: Portable Water Heating System.
Figure 2.3: Temperature Recorded (1030 hrs to 0930 hrs) vs. Time.
Figure 2.4: Efficiency vs. (T_m–T_a)/G.
Figure 2.5: 1000 LPD Solar Flat Plate Collector Water Heating System Installed at East Siang District, Arunachal, India.
Figure 2.6: 100 LPD Solar Evacuated Tubular Collector for Household Application.
Figure 2.7: Year-Wise (1986–2013) Cumulative Growth of Installation of Solar Collectors.
Figure 2.8: Types of Solar Cookers.
Figure 2.9: Cardboard Type Low Cost Solar Cooker.
Figure 2.10: Schematic of Box Type Solar Cooker.
Figure 2.11: Variation of Boiling Temperature (t_boil) versus X.
Figure 2.12: World’s Largest Cooking System, Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam, Andhra Pradesh.
Figure 2.13: Characteristics Curve on Parabolic Trough Collector.
Figure 2.14: Characteristics Graph between Efficiency vs. Tm-Ta/DNI for Compound Parabolic Collector.
Figure 2.15: Characteristics Graph between Efficiency and Tm-Ta/DNI.
Figure 2.16: 100 kW Solar Absorption Refrigeration System Installed at NISE, India.
Figure 2.17: A 5 kW Solar Adsorption Refrigeration System Implemented at NISE, India.
Figure 2.18: First Commercial Solar-Based Cooling Project at Honeywell Technologies Automation Lab, Hyderabad, India.
Figure 2.19: Solar Flat Plate Collector Cum Distillation.
Figure 2.20: Schematic Diagram of Inclined Solar Flat Plate Water Distillation System.
Figure 2.21: Experimental Setup of Flat Plate Type Solar Water.
Figure 2.22: Hourly Variation of Various Experimental Temperatures of Solar Distillation System on 22^nd March.
Figure 2.23: ARUN Solar Fresnel Paraboloid Concentrating Solar Collector System with Cavity Receiver.
Figure 2.24: Typical Parabolic Trough Collector Installed at NISE.
Figure 2.25: 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant Installed at NISE.
Figure 2.26: Typical Linear Fresnel Reflector Installed at NISE.
Figure 2.27: Schematic of Solar Power Tower.
Figure 2.28: Solar Power Tower Installed at NISE.
Figure 2.29: Paraboloid Dish Concentrators with Stirling Engine Installed at NISE.
Figure 2.30: 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant at Mount Abu, Rajasthan [64, 65].
Figure 2.31: Schematic Diagram of Cooling and Process Heat for Industrial Applications.
Figure 2.32: Experimental Setup of Cooling and Process Heat for Industrial Applications at National Institute of Solar Energy, India.
Figure 2.33: Characteristics Graph Between Efficiency and Tm-Ta/DNI.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1: Equation of Time (ET) in Minutes as a Function of Time of Year.
Figure 3.2: Yearly Earth Motion with the Sun.
Figure 3.3: Variation of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation with Time of Year.
Figure 3.4: Latitude and Solar Declination Hour Angle.
Figure 3.5: Apparent Daily Path of Sun Across the Sky from Sunrise to Sunset.
Figure 3.6: Concentrated Solar Thermal Collector Motion for Various Modes of Tracking.
Figure 3.7: State-Wise Annual Average DNI Available in India.
Figure 3.8: SRRA Station at NISE.
Figure 3.9: Online Accessed Monitored Real Data.
Figure 3.10: State-Wise Major Agricultural Based Biomass Residues.
Figure 3.11: State-Wise Major Agricultural Based Biomass Residue Potential in India.
Figure 3.12: State-Wise Biomass Energy Potential from Surplus Residue.
Figure 3.13: State-Wise Solar DNI and Biomass Resources Available in MJ/Year
Figure 3.14: Month-Wise Hourly Percentage Heat Utilization from Solar and Biomass for Hybrid System.
Figure 3.15: Month-Wise Percentage Heat Utilization from Solar at Mean Temperature 250 °C and Biomass for a Hybrid System in Four Regions of India
Figure 3.16: Month-Wise Percentage Heat Utilization from Solar at Mean Temperature 310 °C and Biomass for a Hybrid System in Four Regions of India

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1: Schematic Diagram of 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant.
Figure 4.2: Schematic Diagram of Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) Field.
Figure 4.3: Process Flow Diagram for the LFR Solar Field.
Figure 4.4: Layout of the LFR Solar Field.
Figure 4.5: Receiver Tube Arrangement in the LFR Solar Field at the Southern End.
Figure 4.6: Piping and Instrumentation Diagram of the LFR system.
Figure 4.7: Mass and Energy Balance Across the Exchanger.
Figure 4.8: Pinch Analysis of Steam Generator, Super-Heater, and Preheater.
Figure 4.9: Minute by Minute Turbine Power Output Data for 28th May 2014.
Figure 4.10: Minute by Minute Turbine Power Output Data for 4th June 2014.
Figure 4.11: Heat and Mass Balance Diagram of the Plant for 1400 to 1500hrs on 4th June 2014.
Figure 4.12: Typical Loop Imbalance Problem in PTC Field (4th June 2014).
Figure 4.13: Process Flow and T-S Diagram.
Figure 4.14: Solar Radiation (DNI) Duration Curve.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1: Installation of Solar Thermal Technologies for Power Generation in India.
Figure 5.2: Biomass Power Plant Target and Installed Capacity in India.
Figure 5.3: Month-Wise Harvesting Period of Biomass Resources.
Figure 5.4: Schematic Diagram of the Hybrid Solar and Biomass Power Plant.
Figure 5.5: Variation of Energy and Exergy Efficiency of PTC Field with Change in Beam Radiation on Tilted Surface.
Figure 5.6: Variation of Energy Efficiency, Exergy Efficiency, and Net Work Output of HSB Power Plant with Change in Condenser Pressure.
Figure 5.7: Variation of Energy Efficiencies, Exergy Efficiencies, and Net Work Output of HSB Power Plant with Change in Turbine Inlet Temperature.
Figure 5.8: Energy Efficiencies and Exergy Efficiencies with Change in Boiler Pressure at Three Turbine Inlet Temperature (400 °C, 450 °C, and 500 °C).
Figure 5.9: Energy Losses and Exergy Destruction (kW) of Major Components of the Hybrid System.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1: Flow Diagram of Proposed Polygeneration System.
Figure 6.2: Schematic Diagram of Polygeneration Process in HSB Thermal Power Plant for Power, Cooling, and Desalination.
Figure 6.3: Work Flow of the Optimization Process in Polygeneration in an HSB Thermal Power Plant.
Figure 6.4: Variation of Beam Radiation on Tilted Surface on Efficiency of PTC and HSB Systems in Polygeneration Process.
Figure 6.5: Variation of Beam Radiation on Tilted Surface on Various Parameters of an HSB System in the Polygeneration Process.
Figure 6.6: Variation of Turbine Work, Cooling Load, and Output of Distilled Water of the System on Various Generator Temperatures.
Figure 6.7: Energy and Exergy Efficiencies with Change in Extraction Pressure from Turbine at Various Fractions of Steam (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9).
Figure 6.8: Optimization of the System over Generations with Respect to Energy Efficiency of the Polygeneration Process in an HSB System.
Figure 6.9: Optimization of the System over Generations with Respect to Exergy Efficiency of the Polygeneration Process in an HSB System.
Figure 6.10: Optimization of the System over Generations with Respect to VAR Cooling Production of the Polygeneration Process in an HSB System.
Figure 6.11: Optimization of the System over Generations with Respect to Output of the Desalination System of the Polygeneration Process in an HSB System
Figure 6.12: Optimization of the System over Generations with Respect to Output of the Polygeneration Process in an HSB System for Power, Cooling, and Desalination.

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1: Properties of Blackened Absorber Plate Materials.
Table 2.2: Performance of Portable Solar Water Heating System.
Table 2.3: Performance of PSWHs Without Night Losses (4–5 hours) and with Night Losses (24 hours).
Table 2.4: Specifications of Evacuated Tubes.
Table 2.5: The Cost of Solar Water Heating Systems
Table 2.6: Comparative study on cost benefits analysis on payback period of diesel, coal, and biomass with SWHS for industries process heat (12000 LPD).
Table 2.7: Amount of Fresh Water and Hot Water Obtained from Testing.
Table 2.8: Hourly Variation of Temperature of Hot Water, Inside Water, Outer Cover Sheet, Ambient Temperature, and Fresh Water Generation.
Table 2.9: UNDP-GEF CSHP Program CHP Projects.
Table 2.10: Development of Modular, Small, Lightweight, and Low Cost PTC by Various Manufacturers.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1: Geographical Parameters for the Gurugram Region of Haryana, India.
Table 3.2: High Heating Value (MJ/kg) of Various Biomass Residues [28–35].
Table 3.3: Month Wise Hourly Availability of Various Ranges of DNI in 2010 at NISE.
Table 3.4: Month Wise Hourly Availability of Various Ranges of DNI in 2011 at NISE.
Table 3.5: Month Wise Hourly Availability of Various Ranges of DNI in 2012 at NISE.
Table 3.6: Month Wise Hourly Availability of Various Ranges of DNI in 2013 at NISE.
Table 3.7: Monthly and Range-Wise Standard Deviation of DNI.
Table 3.8: Validation of Site Data (NISE) with Satellite Data (NREL).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1: Worldwide Installed Solar Thermal Power Plants [5].
Table 4.2: Specification of 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant.
Table 4.3: Inlet Steam Conditions for Turbine.
Table 4.4: Utility Requirement for Steam Turbine.
Table 4.5: Design Conditions of PRDS.
Table 4.6: Design Specification of PRS.
Table 4.7: Design Condition of Deaerator.
Table 4.8: Design Parameter of Cooling Tower.
Table 4.9: Performance Evaluation of the Plant for 4th June, 2014.
Table 4.10: Performance Evaluation of Main Components of the Plant for Time Duration from 1400 to 1500 on 4th June, 2014.
Table 4.11: Performance Evaluation of the Plant.
Table 4.12: Gross Power Output Data.
Table 4.13: Performance Results on May 22, 2014.
Table 4.14: Performance Results on May 27, 2014.
Table 4.15: Performance Results on May 28, 2014.
Table 4.16: Performance Results on May 29, 2014.
Table 4.17: Performance Results on June 2, 2014.
Table 4.18: Performance Results on June 4, 2014.
Table 4.19: Performance Results on June 5, 2014.
Table 4.20: Performance Results on October 4, 2014.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1: System Specifications of Major Components of the Hybrid System Used in this Study.
Table 5.2: Ultimate Analysis of Biomass [39].

Chapter 6

Table 6.1: Ultimate Analysis of Biomass [38].
Table 6.2: Ranges of Constraints Defined for the Decision Variable.
Table 6.3: Value of Factors Used for Calculation of Capital Cost of Biomass Power System [56].
Table 6.4: Assumption Value for Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant.
Table 6.5: State Point Properties of the Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant.
Table 6.6: Decision Variables for the Base Case Design under Various Optimization Criteria for the Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant.
Table 6.7: Optimized Various Parametric State Points Properties of the Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant.
Table 6.8: Typical Values of Important Data of a Thermal Power Plant versus Polygeneration Process in an HSB Thermal Power Plant for Combined Power, Cooling, and Desalination.
Table 6.9: Comparison of Payback Periods Among Solar Thermal Power Plants, HSB Thermal Power Plants, Cogeneration in an HSB Thermal Power Plant, and Polygeneration in an HSB Thermal Power Plant.

Foreword

The energy demand for cooling and process heat applications are increasing continuously due to massive Industrialisation, Urbanisation, Commercialisation, Industrial development etc. resulting in rapid demand of electricity also. Globally, in industrial sector about two-third of total consumption of energy is used for process heat applications. This exponential growth of electricity demand is resulting in higher consumption of conventional resources e.g. coal & fossil fuel, which results in increasing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and have negative impact of climate change in the country. A new concept of polygeneration process has been developed using hybrid solar-biomass power plant that provide more than two outputs like cooling and water desalination using different reject heat source that have been introduced in this book.

The modelling, simulation, optimization and cost analysis of the polygeneration hybrid solar-biomass system has been covered in this book. State-of-the-art of concentrated solar thermal technologies for end use applications, resource assessment of solar and biomass for hybrid thermal power plant in India, solar thermal power plant and case study, simulation study of biomass consumption in the power plant at different radiation conditions to meet heat requirement for operation of solar hybrid power plant etc. have been presented in the book.

A 5 MW hybrid solar and biomass power plant has been designed. The hybrid solar and biomass power plant is an extremely promising energy system and is likely to provide a major share of renewable electricity production. The optimization of polygeneration system has been carried out to improve the energy efficiency, VAR cooling load, output of desalination system and total output.

I appreciate the efforts of Dr. Umakanta Sahoo in bringing out the publication titled “A Polygeneration Process Concept for Hybrid Solar and Biomass Power Plant Simulation, Modeling and Optimization” which is simple to understand by the common person and at the same time technically rich and informative too. I am sure that this book will provide the intellectual tool needed for understanding new ideas in this rapidly emerging field to the readers including researchers, students and engineers. The book is also intended to serve as a general source and reference book for the professional (consultants, designers, contractors etc.) who are working in the field of solar thermal, biomass, power plant, polygeneration, cooling and process heat.

I wish Dr. Umakanta Sahoo all success in this endeavor and hope this book will come up to the expectations of the readers.

Dr. Arun K. Tripathi

Preface

The global warming phenomenon, as a significant sustainability issue, is gaining worldwide support for the development of renewable energy technologies. The term ‘polygeneration’ is referred to as “an energy supply system, which delivers more than one form of energy to the final user”, for example, electricity, cooling, and desalination can be delivered from the polygeneration process. The polygeneration process in a hybrid solar thermal power plant can deliver electricity with a lesser impact on the environment compared to a conventional fossil fuel based power generating system. It is the next generation energy production technique with a potential to overcome the intermittence of renewable energy.

In this study, the polygeneration process simultaneously with production of power, vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) cooling, and multi-effect humidification and dehumidification (MEHD) desalination systems from different heat sources in hybrid solar-biomass (HSB) systems with higher energy efficiencies (energy and exergy), primary energy savings (PES) and payback period, are investigated.

There are several aspects associated with hybrid solar-biomass power generation installations, such as state wise availability of biomass resources and solar direct normal irradiance (DNI), have been analyzed. Month wise solar and biomass heat utilization has also been analyzed for hybrid systems in four regions of India (East: Guwahati, Assam; West: Udaipur, Rajasthan; North: Delhi, South: Madurai, Tamil Nadu). The month wise daily average solar radiation is considered as 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% and remaining heat is taken from biomass resources in the northern region (Delhi) in the proposed hybrid plant.

The thermodynamic evaluation (energy and exergy) of the HSB power plant has also been investigated. The total input energy of the proposed hybrid system is taken from the heat transfer fluid through a parabolic trough collector (PTC) per availability of solar resources and from remaining biomass to maintain steam, at a superheated state of 500°C and 60 bar, and supplied to turbines at a steam mass flow rate of 5 kg/sec. The energy and exergy analyses of a 5 MW HSB system with series mode was carried out to identify the effects of various operating parameters like DNI, condenser pressure, turbine inlet temperatures, boiler pressure on net power output energy, and exergy efficiencies.

The VAR cooling system operates using the extracted heat taken from turbine and condenser heat of the VAR cooling system is used in a MEHD system for production of drinking water, per demand requirement. Though the production of electricity decreases due to extraction of heat from turbine for VAR cooling and MEHD desalination, the complete system meets the energy requirements & increases the PES.

The thermodynamic evaluation (energy and exergy), optimization and payback period of the polygeneration process in an HSB thermal power plant for combined power, cooling, and desalination is investigated to identify the effects of various operating parameters. The system has achieved a maximum energy efficiency of 49.85% and exergy efficiency of 20.94%. The primary energy savings of the polygeneration process (PESPP) in an HSB system is achieved at 50.5%. The electricity generation from the polygeneration process increased to 78.12%, as compared to a simple thermal power plant. The payback period of the polygeneration process in an HSB thermal power plant is 1.5 years, which is less than a solar thermal power plant, HSB thermal power plant, an cogeneration in an HSB thermal power plant.

The modeling, simulation, optimization, and cost analysis of polygeneration hybrid solar biomass systems has been carried out in this book. The simulation is performed in EES Software. Availability of both solar resources (DNI, ambient temperature, and wind speed) and biomass in the same regions/places is highly desirable to design and simulate for a hybrid solar thermal power plant. An introduction to this discussion begins in Chapter 1 and state of art of concentrated solar thermal technologies for end use applications are addressed in Chapter 2. Resource assessment of solar and biomass technologies for hybrid thermal power plants in India is discussed in Chapter 3. In this chapter, several aspects associated with hybrid solar and biomass power generation installations, such as state wise availability of biomass resources and DNI, have been discussed. The DNI is based on daily averaging of DNI mapping, resulting from the data available with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE). These DNI resource analysis results are a reliable indication of solar potential. For assessing the solar energy potential, only 10% of the total waste land area available has been considered in major biomass energy contributing states like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Kerala, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam. For biomass resources, the assessment of scale up potential on biomass has been carried out separately for biomass crop residues and energy plantations. The major agricultural based biomass crop wise potential for different states of India are mapped by analyzing the energy potential of the biomass. The solar thermal power plant and case study is discussed in Chapter 4. A simulation study of biomass consumption in the power plant at different radiation conditions to meet heat requirements for the operation of solar hybrid power plants is also carried out. The modeling and simulation of hybrid solar and biomass thermal power plants is discussed in Chapter 5. For the hybrid system, a biomass boiler arrangement is taken to operate on the biomass whenever it is needed at different load conditions. A solar field is utilized to heat the heat transfer fluid per availability of DNI. Hot water from a feed water heater gets heated through heat transfer fluid using a heat exchanger. The total input energy of the proposed hybrid system is taken from the heat transfer fluid through PTC per availability of solar resource and remaining biomass to maintain the steam at a superheated state supplied to turbine. The detailed performance analysis (energy and exergy) of solar and biomass hybrid thermal power plants are carried out to identify the effects of various operating parameters like DNI, condenser pressure, turbine inlet temperatures, boiler pressure on net power output energy, and exergy efficiencies. A 5 MW hybrid solar and biomass power plant has been designed. The hybrid solar and biomass power plant is an extremely promising energy system and is likely to provide a major share of renewable bulk electricity production. Taking this into account, the government of India is creating biomass policies to minimize biomass feed stock in the hybrid power plant for establishing the market. The energy demand for cooling and process heat applications are increasing continuously due to increasing industries, office campuses, and institutions demanding results requiring huge amounts of electricity. Globally, in the industrial sector, about two-thirds of total consumption of energy is used for process heat applications. This increasingly huge amount of electricity demand results in higher consumption of conventional energy, for example coal and fossil fuels, which results in increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the negative impact of climate change in this country. Presently, these industries either buy power from the state electricity boards or generate their own power largely. Finally, to reduce their net power consumption, some of industries produce power, as well as process heat, for their use through cogeneration. Although cogeneration is playing as advanced technology for generation of both electricity and process heat application, it is not possible to provide more than two such outputs, like space cooling and water desalination, for their requirement. To reduce energy demand and provide more than two such outputs like cooling and water desalination using different reject heat sources, a new concept of polygeneration processes has been developed in hybrid solar-biomass power plants. The modeling, simulation, and optimization of polygeneration hybrid solar and biomass system for power, cooling, and desalination and, for the economic aspect, cost analysis are discussed in the Chapter 6 of the book. In the polygeneration process, simultaneous production of power, cooling, and desalination from different heat sources in hybrid solar-biomass systems with higher energy efficiency takes place. It is one of the solutions to fulfill energy requirements from renewable sources and helps in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The turbine is designed so that condensation heat of a power plant can be input for vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) and condensation heat of a VAR cooling system is used as a heat input source for the desalination system. The VAR cooling system operates using the extracted heat taken from the turbine and condenser heat of the VAR cooling system and is used in the desalination system for production of drinking water per demand requirement. Though the production of electricity decreases due to extraction of heat from the turbine for the VAR cooling system and the evaporator load decreases due to heat taken from the condenser of a VAR cooling system for desalination, the complete system meets the energy requirements and increases the overall performance and PES. The technical modeling and thermodynamic analysis (energy and exergy) of polygeneration processes in HSB thermal power plants for combined power, cooling, and desalination has been analyzed. Specifically, the energy and exergy analysis are taken to better understand the performance of the polygeneration process in a solar-biomass hybrid system. The optimization of the polygeneration process in a hybrid solar thermal power plant has been done in this chapter of the book. Various scenarios are examined parametrically in order to present the system performance for various operating conditions. In this section, optimization using EES software (genetic method) is conducted with respect to the aforementioned analyses and utilized to compensate for the shortcomings of traditional objective approaches by allowing a larger perspective and determining a more complete spectrum of solutions. The results and discussions of the system are discussed in Chapter 6 of the book. It is observed that the heat input sources from solar and biomass technologies are very important for improving the overall efficiency of systems and these supplement with each other. From this study, it becomes apparent that the heat utilization from solar and biomass technologies are considered to be 37% and 63%, respectively, for modeling of an HSB system in the polygeneration process. The evaporator load and output of distilled water continuously increases at a faster rate up to a generator temperature of 150 °C. Thereafter, the rate of increase in the evaporator load and output distillation declines with increase in generator temperature while keeping other parameters of the system constant. For better understanding the effect of generator temperature on cooling load and desalination water output, we should concentrate on the effect of temperature on work output, VAR cooling, and distilled water output. The optimization of the proposed system has also been carried out for increasing the energy efficiency, VAR cooling load, output of desalination system, and total output. Though the production of electricity decreases due to extraction of pressure from turbine, the complete system (combined power, cooling, and desalination) meets the energy requirements and its overall efficiency increases.

This textbook should provide the researcher, student, and engineer with the intellectual tools needed for understanding new ideas in this rapidly emerging field. A new concept on polygeneration is included for the use of the engineering and science student. The book is also intended to serve as a general source and reference book for the professional (consultant, designer, contractor, etc.) who is working in the field of solar thermal, biomass, power plant, polygeneration, cooling, and process heating and the teachers teaching courses in solar thermal tehnologies.

I express my deep gratitude to Shri Sudhir Kumar Singh, Dr. Arun Kumar Tripathi, Prof. Hari Prakash Garg, Dr. Pradeep Chandra Pant, Prof. Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Chandan Banerjee, Mr. Sanjay Kumar, Dr. M.R.Nouni, Mr. Ramayan Singh and colleagues of the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) for their continuous inspiration and support during this work. I would like to thank to Mr. Lokesh Rana, Mr. Sunil Kumar, Mrs. Anju Singh, Mrs. Alka Solanki, Mr. Vikrant Yadav and Mr. Senthil Kumar for many discussions held during and after normal work hours on various nuances associated with certain systems and design work.

Special thanks to my brother Rakesh Ranjan Sahoo for helping in drafting and encouraging me to work on this manuscript rather than playing chess or watching TV.

Finally, I would like to thank my family for the patience they have shown during the lengthy period required to write this book.

Dr. Umakanta Sahoo
National Institute of Solar Energy