Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
1. Reference
Editors' Biographies
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Overview of the Book
3. References
Chapter 2: Survivability: Design, Formal Modeling, and Validation of Cloud Storage Systems Using Maude
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Apache Cassandra
3. 2.3 Formalizing, Analyzing, and Extending Google's Megastore
4. 2.4 RAMP Transaction Systems
5. 2.5 Group Key Management via ZooKeeper
6. 2.6 How Amazon Web Services Uses Formal Methods
7. 2.7 Related Work
8. 2.8 Concluding Remarks
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
Chapter 3: Risks and Benefits: Game-Theoretical Analysis and Algorithm for Virtual Machine Security Management in the Cloud
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Vision: Using Cloud Technology in Missions
3. 3.3 State of the Art
4. 3.4 System Model
5. 3.5 Game Model
6. 3.6 Game Analysis
7. 3.7 Model Extension and Discussion
8. 3.8 Numerical Results and Analysis
9. 3.9 The Future
10. References
Chapter 4: Detection and Security: Achieving Resiliency by Dynamic and Passive System Monitoring and Smart Access Control
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Vision: Using Cloud Technology in Missions
3. 4.3 State of the Art
4. 4.4 Dynamic VM Monitoring Using Hypervisor Probes
5. 4.5 Hypervisor Introspection: A Technique for Evading Passive Virtual Machine Monitoring
6. 4.6 Identifying Compromised Users in Shared Computing Infrastructures
7. 4.7 Integrating Attribute-Based Policies into Role-Based Access Control
8. 4.8 The Future
9. References
Chapter 5: Scalability, Workloads, and Performance: Replication, Popularity, Modeling, and Geo-Distributed File Stores
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Vision: Using Cloud Technology in Missions
3. 5.3 State of the Art
4. 5.4 Data Replication in a Cloud File System
5. 5.5 Summary
6. 5.6 The Future
7. References
Chapter 6: Resource Management: Performance Assuredness in Distributed Cloud Computing via Online Reconfigurations
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Vision: Using Cloud Technology in Missions
3. 6.3 State of the Art
4. 6.4 Reconfigurations in NoSQL and Key-Value Storage/Databases
5. 6.5 Scale-Out and Scale-In Operations
6. 6.6 Priorities and Deadlines in Batch Processing Systems
7. 6.7 Summary
8. 6.8 The Future
9. References
Chapter 7: Theoretical Considerations: Inferring and Enforcing Use Patterns for Mobile Cloud Assurance
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Vision
3. 7.3 State of the Art
4. 7.4 Code Offloading and the IMCM Framework
5. 7.5 Coordinating Actors
6. 7.6 Session Types
7. 7.7 The Future
8. Acknowledgments
9. References
Chapter 8: Certifications Past and Future: A Future Model for Assigning Certifications that Incorporate Lessons Learned from Past Practices
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Vision: Using Cloud Technology in Missions
3. 8.3 State of the Art
4. 8.4 Comparison among Standards
5. 8.5 The Future
6. References
Chapter 9: Summary and Future Work
1. 9.1 Survivability
2. 9.2 Risks and Benefits
3. 9.3 Detection and Security
4. 9.4 Scalability, Workloads, and Performance
5. 9.5 Resource Management
6. 9.6 Theoretical Considerations: Inferring and Enforcing Use Patterns for Mobile Cloud Assurance
7. 9.7 Certifications
8. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Figure 2.1
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Figure 4.16
Figure 5.1
Figure 6.1
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Figure 6.8
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Figure 6.14
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Figure 6.18
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Figure 6.20
Figure 6.21
Figure 6.22
Figure 7.1
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Assured Cloud Computing

Edited by Roy H. Campbell, Charles A. Kamhoua, and Kevin A. Kwiat

This edition first published 2018

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Campbell, Roy Harold, editor. | Kamhoua, Charles A., editor. | Kwiat, Kevin A., editor.

Title: Assured cloud computing / edited by Roy H. Campbell, Charles A. Kamhoua, Kevin A. Kwiat.

Subjects: LCSH: Cloud computing.

Classification: LCC QA76.585 (ebook) | LCC QA76.585 .A87 2018 (print) | DDC 004.67/82–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018025067

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Preface

Starting around 2009, higher bandwidth networks, low-cost commoditized computers and storage, hardware virtualization, large user populations, service-oriented architectures, and autonomic and utility computing together provided the foundation for a dramatic change in the scale at which computation could be provisioned and managed. Popularly, the resulting phenomenon became known as cloud computing. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), tasked with addressing the phenomenon, defines it in the following way:

“Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.” [1]

In 2011, the U.S. Air Force, through the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), established the Assured Cloud Computing Center of Excellence (ACC-UCoE) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to explore how cloud computing could be used to better support the computing and communication needs of the Air Force. The Center then pursued a broad program of collaborative research and development to address the core technical obstacles to the achievement of assured cloud computing, including ones related to design, formal analysis, runtime configuration, and experimental evaluation of new and modified architectures, algorithms, and techniques. It eventually amassed a range of research contributions that together represent a comprehensive and robust response to the challenges presented by cloud computing. The team recognized that there would be significant value in making a suite of key selected ACC-UCoE findings readily available to the cloud computing community under one cover, pulled together with newly written connective material that explains how the individual research contributions relate to each other and to the big picture of assured cloud computing. Thus, we produced this book, which offers in one volume some of the most important and highly cited research findings of the Assured Cloud Computing Center.

Military computing requirements are complex and wide-ranging. Indeed, rapid technological advances and the advent of computer-based weapon systems have created the need for network-centric military superiority. However, network-centricity is stretched in the context of global networking requirements and the desire to use cloud computing. Furthermore, cloud computing is heavily based on the use of commercial off-the-shelf technology. Outsourcing operations on commercial, public, and hybrid clouds introduces the challenge of ensuring that a computation and its data are secure even as operations are performed remotely over networks over which the military does not have absolute control. Finally, nowadays, military superiority requires agility and mobility. This both increases the benefits of using cloud computing, because of its ubiquitous accessibility, and increases the difficulty of assuring access, availability, security, and robustness.

However, although military requirements are driving major research efforts in this area, the need for assured cloud computing is certainly not limited to the military. Cloud computing has also been widely adopted in industry, and the government has asked its agencies to adopt it as well. Cloud computing offers economic advantages by amortizing the cost of expensive computing infrastructure and resources over many client services. A survivable and distributed cloud-computing-based infrastructure can enable the configuration of any dynamic systems-of-systems that contain both trusted and partially trusted resources (such as data, sensors, networks, and computers) and services sourced from multiple organizations. To assure mission-critical computations and workflows that rely on such dynamically configured systems-of-systems, it is necessary to ensure that a given configuration does not violate any security or reliability requirements. Furthermore, it is necessary to model the trustworthiness of a workflow or computations' completion to gain high assurances.

The focus of this book is on providing solutions to the problems of cloud computing to ensure a robust, dependable computational and data cyberinfrastructure for operations and missions. While the research has been funded by the Air Force, its outcomes are relevant and applicable to cloud computing across all domains, not just to military activities. The Air Force acknowledges the value of this interdomain transfer as exemplified by the Air Force's having patented – with an intended goal of commercialization – some of the cloud computing innovation described in this book.

This material is based on research sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under agreement number FA8750-11-2-0084, and we would like to thank AFRL and AFOSR for their financial support, collaboration, and guidance.¹ The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. The work described in this book was also partially supported by the Boeing Company and by other sources acknowledged in individual chapters.

The editors would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following individuals (in alphabetical order): Cristina L. Abad, Gul Agha, Masooda N. Bashir, Rakesh B. Bobba, Chris X. Cai, Roy H. Campbell, Tej Chajed, Brian Cho, Domenico Cotroneo, Fei Deng, Carlo Di Giulio, Peter Dinges, Zachary J. Estrada, Jatin Ganhotra, Mainak Ghosh, Jon Grov, Indranil Gupta, Gopalakrishna Holla, Jingwei Huang, Jun Ho Huh, Ravishankar K. Iyer, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, Charles A. Kamhoua, Manoj Kumar, Kevin A. Kwiat, Luke Kwiat, Luke M. Leslie, Tianwei Li, Philbert Lin, Si Liu, Yi Lu, Andrew Martin, José Meseguer, Priyesh Narayanan, Sivabalan Narayanan, Son Nguyen, David M. Nicol, Shadi A. Noghabi, Peter Csaba Ölveczky, Antonio Pecchia, Boyang Peng, Cuong Pham, Mayank Pundir, Muntasir Rahman, Nathan Roberts, Aashish Sharma, Reza Shiftehfar, Yosub Shin, Stephen Skeirik, Read Sprabery, Sriram Subramanian, Jian Tang, Gary Wang, Wenting Wang, Le Xu, Lok Yan, Mindi Yuan, and Mammad Zadeh. We would also like to thank Todd Cushman, Robert Herklotz, Tristan Nguyen, Laurent Njilla, Andrew Noga, James Perretta, Anna Weeks, and Stanley Wenndt. Finally, we would like to thank and acknowledge Jenny Applequist, who helped edit and collect the text into its final form, as well as Mary Hatcher, Vishnu Narayanan, Victoria Bradshaw, and Melissa Yanuzzi of Wiley and Vinod Pandita of Thomson Digital for their kind assistance in guiding this book through the publication process.

Note

Reference

1 Mell, P. and Grance, T., The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Special Publication 800-145, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sep. 2011. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145.

Editors' Biographies

Roy H. Campbell is Associate Dean for Information Technology of the College of Engineering, the Sohaib and Sara Abbasi Professor in the Department of Computer Science, and Director of the NSA-designated Center for Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education and Research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC); previously, he was Director of the Air Force-funded Assured Cloud Computing Center in the Information Trust Institute at UIUC from 2011 to 2017. He received his Honors B.S. degree in Mathematics, with a Minor in Physics, from the University of Sussex in 1969 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1972 and 1976, respectively. Professor Campbell's research interests are the problems, engineering, and construction techniques of complex system software. Cloud computing, data analytics, big data, security, distributed systems, continuous media, and real-time control pose system challenges, especially to operating system designers. Past research includes path expressions as declarative specifications of process synchronization, real-time deadline recovery mechanisms, error recovery in asynchronous systems, streaming video for the Web, real-time Internet video distribution systems, object-oriented parallel processing operating systems, CORBA security architectures, and active spaces in ubiquitous and pervasive computing. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.

Charles A. Kamhoua is a researcher at the Network Security Branch of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in Adelphi, MD, where he is responsible for conducting and directing basic research in the area of game theory applied to cyber security. Prior to joining the Army Research Laboratory, he was a researcher at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Rome, New York for 6 years and an educator in different academic institutions for more than 10 years. He has held visiting research positions at the University of Oxford and Harvard University. He has coauthored more than 100 peer-reviewed journal and conference papers. He has presented over 40 invited keynote and distinguished speeches and has co-organized over 10 conferences and workshops. He has mentored more than 50 young scholars, including students, postdocs, and AFRL Summer Faculty Fellowship scholars. He has been recognized for his scholarship and leadership with numerous prestigious awards, including the 2017 AFRL Information Directorate Basic Research Award “For Outstanding Achievements in Basic Research,” the 2017 Fred I. Diamond Award for the best paper published at AFRL's Information Directorate, 40 Air Force Notable Achievement Awards, the 2016 FIU Charles E. Perry Young Alumni Visionary Award, the 2015 Black Engineer of the Year Award (BEYA), the 2015 NSBE Golden Torch Award – Pioneer of the Year, and selection to the 2015 Heidelberg Laureate Forum, to name but a few. He received a B.S. in electronics from the University of Douala (ENSET), Cameroon, in 1999, an M.S. in Telecommunication and Networking from Florida International University (FIU) in 2008, and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from FIU in 2011. He is currently an advisor for the National Research Council, a member of the FIU alumni association and ACM, and a senior member of IEEE.

Kevin A. Kwiat retired in 2017 as Principal Computer Engineer with the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) in Rome, New York after more than 34 years of federal service. During that time, he conducted research and development in a wide range of areas, including high-reliability microcircuit selection for military systems, testability, logic and fault simulation, rad-hard microprocessors, benchmarking of experimental computer architectures, distributed processing systems, assured communications, FPGA-based reconfigurable computing, fault tolerance, survivable systems, game theory, cyber-security, and cloud computing. He received a B.S. in Computer Science and a B.A. in Mathematics from Utica College of Syracuse University, and an M.S. in Computer Engineering and a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from Syracuse University. He holds five patents. He is co-founder and co-leader of Haloed Sun TEK of Sarasota, Florida, which is an LLC specializing in technology transfer and has joined forces with the Commercial Applications for Early Stage Advanced Research (CAESAR) Group. He is also an adjunct professor of Computer Science at the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, and a Research Associate Professor with the University at Buffalo.

List of Contributors

Cristina L. Abad

Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral

ESPOL

Guayaquil

Ecuador

Gul Agha

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Masooda Bashir

School of Information Sciences

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Champaign, IL

USA

Rakesh Bobba

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR

USA

Roy H. Campbell

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Minas Charalambides

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Domenico Cotroneo

Dipartimento di Ingegneria

Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell'Informazione

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Naples

Italy

Fei Deng

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Carlo Di Giulio

Information Trust Institute

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

and

European Union Center

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Champaign, IL

USA

Zachary Estrada

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Terre Haute, IN

USA

and

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Mainak Ghosh

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Jon Grov

Gauge AS

Oslo

Norway

Indranil Gupta

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Jingwei Huang

Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering

Old Dominion University

Norfolk, VA

USA

and

Information Trust Institute

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Jun Ho Huh

Samsung Research

Samsung Electronics

Seoul

South Korea

Ravishankar K. Iyer

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Coordinated Science Laboratory

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Zbigniew Kalbarczyk

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Coordinated Science Laboratory

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Charles A. Kamhoua

Network Security Branch

Network Sciences Division

U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Adelphi, MD

USA

Kevin A. Kwiat

Haloed Sun TEK

Sarasota, FL

USA

Luke Kwiat

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering

University of Florida

Gainesville, FL

USA

Si Liu

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Kirill Mechitov

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

José Meseguer

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

David M. Nicol

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and

Information Trust Institute

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Shadi A. Noghabi

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Peter Csaba Ölveczky

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

and

Department of Informatics

University of Oslo

Oslo

Norway

Karl Palmskog

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Antonio Pecchia

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell'Informazione

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Naples

Italy

Cuong Pham

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Atul Sandur

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Aashish Sharma

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

Berkeley, CA

USA

Reza Shiftehfar

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Stephen Skeirik

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Jian Tang

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Syracuse University

Syracuse, NY

USA

Gary Wang

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Le Xu

Department of Computer Science

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Urbana, IL

USA

Lok Yan

Air Force Research Laboratory

Rome, NY

USA