Cover
Dedication
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Types of Mobile Network by Multiple‐Access Scheme
Chapter 3: Cellular System
1. 3.1 Historical Background
2. 3.2 Cellular Concept
3. 3.3 Carrier‐to‐Interference Ratio
4. 3.4 Formation of Clusters
5. 3.5 Sectorization
6. 3.6 Frequency Allocation
7. 3.7 Trunking Effect
8. 3.8 Erlang Formulas
9. 3.9 Erlang B Formula
10. 3.10 Worked Examples
Chapter 4: Radio Propagation
1. 4.1 Propagation Mechanisms
Chapter 5: Mobile Radio Channel
1. 5.1 Channel Characterization
2. 5.2 Worked Examples
3. 5.3 Fading
4. 5.4 Diversity to Mitigate Multipath Fading
5. 5.5 Worked Examples
6. 5.6 Receiver Noise Factor (Noise Figure)
Chapter 6: Radio Network Planning
1. 6.1 Generic Link Budget
2. 6.2 Worked Examples
Chapter 7: Global System Mobile, GSM, 2G
1. 7.1 General Concept for GSM System Development
2. 7.2 GSM System Architecture
3. 7.3 Radio Specifications
4. 7.4 Background for the Choice of Radio Parameters
5. 7.5 Communication Channels in GSM
6. 7.6 Mapping the Logical Channels onto Physical Channels
7. 7.7 Signalling During a Call
8. 7.8 Signal Processing Chain
9. 7.9 Estimating Required Signalling Capacity in the Cell
10. References
Chapter 8: EGPRS: GPRS/EDGE
1. 8.1 GPRS Support Nodes
2. 8.2 GPRS Interfaces
3. 8.3 GPRS Procedures in Packet Call Setups
4. 8.4 GPRS Mobility Management
5. 8.5 Layered Overview of the Radio Interface
6. 8.6 GPRS/GSM Territory in a Base‐Station Transceiver
7. 8.7 Summary
8. References
Chapter 9: Third Generation Network (3G), UMTS
1. 9.1 The WCDMA Concept
2. 9.2 Major Parameters of 3G WCDMA Air Interface
3. 9.3 Spectrum Allocation for 3G WCDMA
4. 9.4 3G Services
5. 9.5 UMTS Reference Network Architecture and Interfaces
6. 9.6 Air‐Interface Architecture and Processing
7. 9.7 Channels on the Air Interface
8. 9.8 Physical‐Layer Procedures
9. 9.9 RRC States
10. 9.10 RRM Functions
11. 9.11 Initial Access to the Network
12. 9.12 Summary
13. References
Chapter 10: High‐Speed Packet Data Access (HSPA)
1. 10.1 HSDPA, High‐Speed Downlink Packet Data Access
2. 10.2 HSPA RRM Functions
3. 10.3 MAC‐hs and Physical‐Layer Processing
4. 10.4 HSDPA Channels
5. 10.5 HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink, E‐DCH)
6. 10.6 Air‐Interface Dimensioning
7. 10.7 Summary
8. References
Chapter 11: 4G‐Long Term Evolution (LTE) System
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Architecture of an Evolved Packet System
3. 11.3 LTE Integration with Existing 2G/3G Network
4. 11.4 E‐UTRAN Interfaces
5. 11.5 User Equipment
6. 11.6 QoS in LTE
7. 11.7 LTE Security
8. 11.8 LTE Mobility
9. 11.9 LTE Radio Interface
10. 11.10 Principle of OFDM
11. 11.11 OFDM Implementation using IFFT/FFT Processing
12. 11.12 Cyclic Prefix
13. 11.13 Channel Estimation and Reference Symbols
14. 11.14 OFDM Subcarrier Spacing
15. 11.15 Output RF Spectrum Emissions
16. 11.16 LTE Multiple‐Access Scheme, OFDMA
17. 11.17 Single‐Carrier FDMA (SC‐FDMA)
18. 11.18 OFDMA versus SC‐FDMA Operation
19. 11.19 SC‐FDMA Receiver
20. 11.20 User Multiplexing with DFTS‐OFDM
21. 11.21 MIMO Techniques
22. 11.22 Link Adaptation and Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling
23. 11.23 Radio Protocol Architecture
24. 11.24 Downlink Physical Layer Processing
25. 11.25 Downlink Control Channels
26. 11.26 Mapping the Control Channels to Downlink Transmission Resources
27. 11.27 Uplink Control Signalling
28. 11.28 Uplink Reference Signals
29. 11.29 Physical‐Layer Procedures
30. 11.30 LTE Radio Dimensioning
31. 11.31 Summary
32. References
Chapter 12: LTE‐A
1. 12.1 Carrier Aggregation
2. 12.2 Enhanced MIMO
3. 12.3 Coordinated Multi‐Point Operation (CoMP)
4. 12.4 Relay Nodes
5. 12.5 Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (E‐PDCCH)
6. 12.6 Downlink Multiuser Superposition, MUST
7. 12.7 Summary of LTE‐A Features
8. References
Chapter 13: Further Development for the Fifth Generation
1. 13.1 Overall Operational Requirements for a 5G Network System
2. 13.2 Device Requirements
3. 13.3 Capabilities of 5G
4. 13.4 Spectrum Consideration
5. 13.5 5G Technology Components
6. 13.6 5G System Architecture (Release 15)
7. 13.7 New Radio (NR)
8. 13.8 Summary
9. References
Chapter 14: Annex: Base‐Station Site Solutions
1. 14.1 The Base‐Station OBSAI Architecture
2. 14.2 Common Public Radio Interface, CPRI
3. 14.3 SDR and Multiradio BTS
4. 14.4 Site Solution with OBSAI Type Base Stations
5. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Channel allocation in a 7 × 3 cluster.
2. Table 3.2 Erlang B table.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Pre‐set values for correction coefficients in semi‐empirical equation for propagation loss.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Tabularized LNF margin in a function of location probability at cell border.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Standard deviation of lognormal distribution in different environments.
2. Table 6.2 Typical values of building penetration loss.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Functionalities of the base station and controller.
2. Table 7.2 GSM frequency bands.
3. Table 7.3 GSM characteristics.
4. Table 7.4 Erlang capacity of the cell versus number of TRX.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 EGPRS modulation coding schemes [1].
2. Table 8.2 The relationship between carriers, time slots, voice traffic and Erlang capacity [2].
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Example of allocation of channelization codes in the cell [4].
2. Table 9.2 Main parameters of WCDMA.
3. Table 9.3 Comparison of GSM and WCDMA in air‐interface technology.
4. Table 9.4 Spectrum allocation for 3G FDD WCDMA.
5. Table 9.5 Traffic classes.
6. Table 9.6 Mapping traffic class to RAB.
7. Table 9.7 UTRA logical channels.
8. Table 9.8 Common transport channels.
9. Table 9.9 Different types of physical channels in UTRA‐FDD.
10. Table 9.10 Transport channel parameters.
11. Table 9.11 Multiplexing the DTCH and DCCH onto a single DPDCH [12].
12. Table 9.12 DPDCH fields [15].
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 HSPDA channels.
2. Table 10.2 CQI mapping for UE category 1–6 [4].
3. Table 10.3 CQI mapping for UE category 10 [4].
4. Table 10.4 Enhanced uplink physical channels.
5. Table 10.5 Typical assumptions for the mobile station.
6. Table 10.6 Typical assumptions for the base station.
7. Table 10.7 Example of the maximum available channel resources with pole capacity (100% load).
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 LTE UE equipment categories.
2. Table 11.2 Standardized QCI characteristics [4].
3. Table 11.3 UTRAN and E‐UTRAN differences in mobility [10].
4. Table 11.4 LTE channel arrangement.
5. Table 11.5 Layer mapping.
6. Table 11.6 Transmission bandwidth configuration N_RB in E‐UTRA.
7. Table 11.7 Channel coding scheme and coding rate for Transport Channels (TrCHs).
8. Table 11.8 Channel coding scheme and coding rate for control information.
9. Table 11.9 Codeword‐to‐layer mapping for spatial multiplexing [16].
10. Table 11.10 Codeword‐to‐layer mapping for transmit diversity.
11. Table 11.11 Codebook for transmission on antenna ports {0,1} [16].
12. Table 11.12 Large‐delay cyclic delay diversity [16].
13. Table 11.13 Multi‐antenna technique for physical channels.
14. Table 11.14 Root indices for the primary synchronization signal [16].
15. Table 11.15 Supported PDCCH formats [16].
16. Table 11.16 Modulation and TBS index table for PDSCH [19].
17. Table 11.17 Modulation, TBS index and redundancy version table for PUSCH [20].
18. Table 11.18 Transport‐block size table in bits versus number of the scheduled PRB and TBS index [20].
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 E‐UTRA operating bands [1].
2. Table 12.2 Possible carrier aggregation options.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Standardized SST values.
2. Table 13.2 RRM functional split between gNB‐CU and gNB‐DU.
3. Table 13.3 Supported transmission numerologies.
4. Table 13.4 Frame structure with scalable transmission numerology.
5. Table 13.5 Minimum and maximum number of resource blocks.
6. Table 13.6 Supported PDCCH aggregation levels.
7. Table 13.7 Resources within an SS/PBCH block for PSS, SSS, PBCH and DM‐RS for PBCH.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Common multiple‐access schemes.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Model of a cellular network with frequency reuse. Shadowed hexagons represent cells with the same set of allocated frequencies.
2. Figure 3.2 Frequency reuse and cluster formation.
3. Figure 3.3 Sectorization.
4. Figure 3.4 Antenna patterns for a cell site with three 120° sectors.
5. Figure 3.5 Illustration of frequency reuse cluster.
6. Figure 3.6 Illustration of the trunking effect.
7. Figure 3.7 Blocking an incoming call.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Path loss examples with different clutter loss factors.
2. Figure 4.2 Path loss in a mixed environment.
3. Figure 4.3 Three components in path loss.
4. Figure 4.4 Basic components of link budget.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Multipath propagation.
2. Figure 5.2 Beating diagram in a two‐ray channel model.
3. Figure 5.3 Power delay profile.
4. Figure 5.4 Phasor diagram in the narrowband channel.
5. Figure 5.5 Inter‐symbol interference in the wideband channel.
6. Figure 5.6 Inter‐symbol interference.
7. Figure 5.7 Average total BER versus SNR for different values of delay spread in Rayleigh channel: the solid line corresponds to a delay spread of 0.1‐bit duration, +s to 0.05 and s to 0.01, respectively; horizontal lines (dashes) correspond to irreducible BER values.
8. Figure 5.8 Projection of velocity vector |v| onto the direction of propagation k.
9. Figure 5.9 Probability density function of signal variations normalized at the global mean.
10. Figure 5.10 Effect of slow fading/shadowing on estimation of the cell range.
11. Figure 5.11 The Q function.
12. Figure 5.12 Illustration of fading margin and accessibility.
13. Figure 5.13 Rayleigh fading.
14. Figure 5.14 Geometry of scattering.
15. Figure 5.15 Channel coding with repetition.
16. Figure 5.16 Noisy two‐port network.
17. Figure 5.17 Cascade network.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Base‐station antenna system with a two‐port dual band cross‐polarization antenna and diplexer for combining 900 and 1800 MHz RF paths.
2. Figure 6.2 Base‐station antenna system with a four‐port dual band cross‐polarization antenna and MHA for 1800 MHz.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 GSM System architecture.
2. Figure 7.2 GSM system hierarchy.
3. Figure 7.3 Connection to the public telephone network.
4. Figure 7.4 Principle of subscriber authentication.
5. Figure 7.5 Generation of the cipher key Kc.
6. Figure 7.6 Combining payload data stream and ciphering stream.
7. Figure 7.7 Cell structure with cluster size 3 × 3.
8. Figure 7.8 The multiple‐access scheme in GSM.
9. Figure 7.9 Burst schedule at the BS. Time slot 2 is assigned to mobile user.
10. Figure 7.10 Duplex arrangement with three frequency channels allocated to a sector/cell. Total number of available channels is 3 × 8 = 24 channels.
11. Figure 7.11 The GSM channel models [2].
12. Figure 7.12 Structure of training sequence.
13. Figure 7.13 Equalizer window versus delay spread.
14. Figure 7.14 Frequency hopping concept.
15. Figure 7.15 Baseband frequency hopping.
16. Figure 7.16 RF synthesizer frequency hopping.
17. Figure 7.17 TDMA frame length constraints.
18. Figure 7.18 Timing alignment.
19. Figure 7.19 Logical channels. The abbreviations TCH/H and TCH/F correspond to full‐ and half‐rate traffic channels, respectively. The numbers 9.6, 4.8 and 2.4 refer to specific data service rates over circuit switch traffic channels.
20. Figure 7.20 Utilization of logical channels during call setup.
21. Figure 7.21 GSM frame formats.
22. Figure 7.22 TDMA structure for traffic channels, a 26‐frame multiframe.
23. Figure 7.23 Example of signalling channel allocation in a 51‐multiframe.
24. Figure 7.24 Mapping the control channels onto broadcast carrier with signalling over Time Slot 0.
25. Figure 7.25 Mobile‐initiated call setup.
26. Figure 7.26 Signalling on dedicated downlink control channel during the call setup.
27. Figure 7.27 Sliding frames [4].
28. Figure 7.28 Handover decision.
29. Figure 7.29 Transmit receive chain.
30. Figure 7.30 Channel coding.
31. Figure 7.31 Reordering and interleaving for TCH allocated to a user in TS2.
32. Figure 7.32 SDCCH configuration: (a) combined configuration and (b) separate SDCCH.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 GPRS/EDGE network.
2. Figure 8.2 GPRS interfaces.
3. Figure 8.3 GPRS procedures.
4. Figure 8.4 GPRS mobility management states.
5. Figure 8.5 PDP context activation procedure.
6. Figure 8.6 PDP states/phases.
7. Figure 8.7 GPRS MS: network reference model [1].
8. Figure 8.8 GPRS transformation data flow.
9. Figure 8.9 Radio block structure for GPRS data transfer.
10. Figure 8.10 Multiframe structure for PDCH [1].
11. Figure 8.11 MS initiated DL TBF establishment.
12. Figure 8.12 Downlink TBF assignment, MS monitors CCCH.
13. Figure 8.13 CS‐PS borders in the BS transceiver.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 UMTS architecture.
2. Figure 9.2 Modular functionality split in the UMTS.
3. Figure 9.3 Modular architecture of UE [2].
4. Figure 9.4 WCDMA timing arrangement.
5. Figure 9.5 Combining data and spreading sequences with SF = 4.
6. Figure 9.6 Spreading with OSVF codes.
7. Figure 9.7 OVSF code tree.
8. Figure 9.8 Spreading and scrambling for a single data stream.
9. Figure 9.9 Channelization code tree example with control channels allocated in the cell.
10. Figure 9.10 Outer‐loop power control.
11. Figure 9.11 Closed‐loop power control.
12. Figure 9.12 Closed‐loop power control compensates for a fading channel.
13. Figure 9.13 Softer handover.
14. Figure 9.14 Soft handover.
15. Figure 9.15 Discontinuous transmission during compressed mode.
16. Figure 9.16 Channel estimation and recovery of the multipath component of the signal.
17. Figure 9.17 RAKE receiver with MRC [7].
18. Figure 9.18 UMTS QoS architecture [8].
19. Figure 9.19 Logical role of the RNC for one UE UTRAN connection.
20. Figure 9.20 Air‐interface protocol reference architecture [9].
21. Figure 9.21 Example of mapping services to radio interface channels [10].
22. Figure 9.22 Multiplexing the transport channels.
23. Figure 9.23 Transport channel multiplexing structure for the uplink [11].
24. Figure 9.24 Complex‐valued scrambling for the physical channel.
25. Figure 9.25 I/Q multiplexing with complex scrambling [5].
26. Figure 9.26 Spreading for uplink DPCCH/DPDCHs [14].
27. Figure 9.27 Modulation process [14].
28. Figure 9.28 Composition of DPDCH and DPCCH in the uplink direction [15].
29. Figure 9.29 Power control and variable bit‐rate transmission in the uplink direction.
30. Figure 9.30 Spreading for all downlink physical channels except SCH [14].
31. Figure 9.31 Combining downlink physical channels [14].
32. Figure 9.32 Frame structure for the common pilot channel [15].
33. Figure 9.33 Structure of the synchronization channel [16].
34. Figure 9.34 RRC states and state transitions including GSM and E‐UTRA [16].
35. Figure 9.35 RRC connection establishment.
36. Figure 9.36 Service establishment process between the UE and core network.
37. Figure 9.37 Network‐initiated state transition.
38. Figure 9.38 Estimation of load increase caused by the admission of additional traffic.
39. Figure 9.39 Initial UE radio access.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 HSDPA mapping to physical channels with a fixed spreading factor [1].
2. Figure 10.2 Sharing by means of time multiplex as well as code multiplex [1].
3. Figure 10.3 Channel‐dependent scheduling.
4. Figure 10.4 Packet retransmission principle in NodeB.
5. Figure 10.5 Protocol architecture of HS‐DSCH, configuration with MAC‐c/sh [2].
6. Figure 10.6 Protocol architecture of E‐DCH [3].
7. Figure 10.7 HARQ retransmission and soft combining.
8. Figure 10.8 Principle N‐channel stop‐and‐wait HARQ (N = 4) [1].
9. Figure 10.9 UTRAN side MAC architecture/MAC‐hs details [2].
10. Figure 10.10 Fractional DPCH [4].
11. Figure 10.11 Link adaptation based on CIR.
12. Figure 10.12 Use of power control commands for DL channel‐quality report adjustment [1].
13. Figure 10.13 Enhanced Uplink scheduling.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 EPS architecture for 3GPP accesses.
2. Figure 11.2 Non‐roaming architecture within EPS using S5, S2a, S2b.
3. Figure 11.3 E‐UTRAN and EPS with S1‐flex interface [1].
4. Figure 11.4 LTE bearer services architecture [1].
5. Figure 11.5 3GPP LTE security architecture.
6. Figure 11.6 Mobility anchor points.
7. Figure 11.7 Inter‐eNB handover with an X2 interface.
8. Figure 11.8 User‐plane switching in handover with an X2 interface.
9. Figure 11.9 Inter‐eNB handover without an X2 interface.
10. Figure 11.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access concept.
11. Figure 11.11 Subcarrier shape in time and frequency domains.
12. Figure 11.12 OFDM modulator [11].
13. Figure 11.13 Basic principle of OFDM demodulation [11].
14. Figure 11.14 OFDM modulation by means of IFFT processing [11].
15. Figure 11.15 Architecture of an OFDM transceiver.
16. Figure 11.16 CP insertion.
17. Figure 11.17 CP role in a multipath environment.
18. Figure 11.18 Cell‐specific reference‐symbol arrangement in the case of normal CP length for one antenna port.
19. Figure 11.19 Transmitter RF spectrum [13].
20. Figure 11.20 OFDM as a user multiplexing/multiple‐access scheme.
21. Figure 11.21 Block diagram of a SC‐FDMA transmitter [14].
22. Figure 11.22 Physical‐layer processing: downlink link‐OFDMA and uplink‐SC‐FDMA.
23. Figure 11.23 Basic principle of DFTS‐OFDM demodulation [14].
24. Figure 11.24 Uplink user multiplexing in the case of DFTS‐OFDM.
25. Figure 11.25 MIMO principle with a 2 × 2 antenna configuration.
26. Figure 11.26 Cyclic delay diversity.
27. Figure 11.27 LTR radio interface user‐plane protocol stack [1].
28. Figure 11.28 LTE radio interface control plane protocol stack [1].
29. Figure 11.29 Downlink channel mapping [1].
30. Figure 11.30 Uplink channel mapping [1].
31. Figure 11.31 Mapping between downlink transport channels and downlink physical channels [1].
32. Figure 11.32 Mapping between uplink transport channels and uplink physical channels [1].
33. Figure 11.33 Frame structure of FDD LTE [16].
34. Figure 11.34 Downlink resource grid [16].
35. Figure 11.35 Definition of the channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration for one E‐UTRA carrier [17].
36. Figure 11.36 OFDMA transmission time‐frequency grid.
37. Figure 11.37 Transport block processing for DL‐SCH, PCH and MCH channel coding [18].
38. Figure 11.38 Physical‐layer processing [16].
39. Figure 11.39 Mapping of downlink reference signals to the resource grid (normal cyclic prefix) [16].
40. Figure 11.40 Time‐domain position of PSS and SSS for FDD.
41. Figure 11.41 Definition and structure of PSS.
42. Figure 11.42 Frequency domain structure of secondary synchronization signal in FDD LTE.
43. Figure 11.43 Mapping of synchronization signals to a resource grid.
44. Figure 11.44 PBCH structure and mapping to resource grid [12].
45. Figure 11.45 Example of mapping of PCFICH to a resource grid.
46. Figure 11.46 Illustration of a LTE downlink resource grid.
47. Figure 11.47 PHICH signal construction [12].
48. Figure 11.48 Transport‐block processing for UL‐SCH [18].
49. Figure 11.49 Mapping of UCI to PUSCH [19].
50. Figure 11.50 Uplink physical channel processing [16].
51. Figure 11.51 Mapping to physical resource blocks for PUCCH format 2/2a/2b [16].
52. Figure 11.52 Random access with PRACH [16].
53. Figure 11.53 Uplink subframe configuration with an SRS symbol.
54. Figure 11.54 Multiplexing of SRS transmissions from different terminals [11].
55. Figure 11.55 Sounding RS symbol structure with RPF = 2 [12].
56. Figure 11.56 UL power control with variable data rate [19].
57. Figure 11.57 Timing diagram of the downlink HARQ [12].
58. Figure 11.58 Timing diagram of the uplink HARQ [12].
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Intra‐band versus inter‐band carrier aggregation: contiguous and non‐contiguous.
2. Figure 12.2 Uplink carrier aggregation.
3. Figure 12.3 Layer 2 structure for DL with CA configured [2].
4. Figure 12.4 Layer 2 structure for UL with CA configured [2].
5. Figure 12.5 RF coverage with inter‐band carrier aggregation.
6. Figure 12.6 MIMO DL with precoding and reference signal for demodulation. DM‐RS is UE and data stream specific signal.
7. Figure 12.7 DM‐RS pattern for rank 3 and 4 [4].
8. Figure 12.8 Scenario 1: Homogeneous network with intra‐site CoMP [5].
9. Figure 12.9 Scenario 2: Homogeneous network with high Tx power RRHs.
10. Figure 12.10 Scenario 3/4: Network with low‐power RRHs within the macrocell coverage.
11. Figure 12.11 Joint transmission CoMP.
12. Figure 12.12 Uplink CoMP reception.
13. Figure 12.13 Relay configuration.
14. Figure 12.14 Overall E‐UTRAN architecture supporting relay node [2].
15. Figure 12.15 Functional entities in relaying architecture [7].
16. Figure 12.16 User‐plane protocol stack [7].
17. Figure 12.17 Packet delivery with relay architecture [7].
18. Figure 12.18 Control‐plane protocol stack in relay architecture [7].
19. Figure 12.19 Signalling connection in relay architecture.
20. Figure 12.20 Relay Node DL radio frame configuration: normal subframes (left) composed with reference, control signals and user data, and gap in transmission to UE on Uu in declared MBSFN subframes (right). This gap is used for reception of Un by RN from DeNB [8].
21. Figure 12.21 Resource allocation for PDCCH and E‐PDCCH.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Planned frequency spectrum allocation for 5G.
2. Figure 13.2 Concept of successive interference cancellation.
3. Figure 13.3 Downlink NOMA power allocation.
4. Figure 13.4 Concept of NOMA.
5. Figure 13.5 General AAS BS radio architecture [12].
6. Figure 13.6 Active Antenna System architecture [12].
7. Figure 13.7 Beamforming in the elevation plane with an Active Antenna System.
8. Figure 13.8 5G network slices implemented on a common infrastructure.
9. Figure 13.9 5G stand‐alone system architecture [21].
10. Figure 13.10 Overall architecture [22].
11. Figure 13.11 Functional split between NG‐RAN and 5GC [22].
12. Figure 13.12Figure 13.12 NG interface architecture.
13. Figure 13.13 NG interface protocol stack [22].
14. Figure 13.14 Xn protocol stack: (a) user plane and (b) control plane [22].
15. Figure 13.15 NG‐RAN gNB architecture [23].
16. Figure 13.16 Interface protocol structure for F1 [23].
17. Figure 13.17 User‐plane protocol stack [22].
18. Figure 13.18 Control plane protocol stack [22].
19. Figure 13.19 Downlink layer 2 structure [22].
20. Figure 13.20 Uplink layer 2 structure [22].
21. Figure 13.21 Inter‐subcarrier interference.
22. Figure 13.22 Resource grid and resource block [25].
23. Figure 13.23 MgNB Bearers for Dual Connectivity [22].
24. Figure 13.24 SgNB Bearers for Dual Connectivity [22].
25. Figure 13.25 Control plane architecture for EN‐DC [30].
26. Figure 13.26 Control plane architecture for MR‐DC with 5GC [30].
27. Figure 13.27 Radio Protocol Architecture for MCG, MCG split, SCG and SCG split bearers in MR‐DC with EPC (EN‐DC) [30].
28. Figure 13.28 Radio Protocol Architecture for MGC, MCG split, SCG and SCG split bearers in MR‐DC with 5GC (NGEN‐DC, NE‐DC) [30].
29. Figure 13.29 U‐plane connectivity for EN‐DC (left) and MR‐DC with 5GC (right) [30].
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Typical GSM site solution.
2. Figure 14.2 OBSAI BTS reference architecture [2].
3. Figure 14.3 Logical structure of RP3–01 interface [3].
4. Figure 14.4 Generalized modular SDR architecture [7].
5. Figure 14.5 OBSAI base‐station architecture with separate RF and system modules [8].
6. Figure 14.6 Feederless site solution example with OBSAI architecture.
7. Figure 14.7 SFP, a small form factor pluggable optical transceiver.
8. Figure 14.8 Compact Nokia RF module site solutions [9].
9. Figure 14.9 Integration of RF modules into an antenna array forming an Active Antenna System (AAS) [9].
10. Figure 14.10 Centralized (Cloud) RAN architecture.

Abbreviations

3G	Third Generation
3GPP	3rd Generation Partnership Project
5G	Fifth Generation of mobile networks
5GC	5G Core network
5G‐S	5G System
TMSI	Temporary Mobile Subscription Identifier
AA	Antenna Array
AAA	Authentication, Authorization & Accounting
AAS	Active Antenna System
ACK	ACKnowledgement
ADC	Analogue to Digital Converter
AF	Application Function
AGCH	Access Grant CHannel
AICH	Acquisition Indicator CHannel
AKA	Authentication and Key Agreement
AM	Acknowledged Mode
AMC	Adaptive Modulation and Coding
AMF	Access and Mobility Management Function
AMR	Adaptive Multi‐Rate (coding)
ARFCN	Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
ARQ	Automatic Repeat reQuest
ATCA	Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture
AUC	AUthentication Centre
AUSF	Authentication Server Function
BALUN	BALanced to UNbalanced conversion
BBU	Base Band Unit
BCCH	Broadcast Control CHannel
BCH	Broadcast CHannel
BLER	BLock Erasure Rate
BMC	Broadcast/Multicast Control
BS	Base Station
BSC	Base Station Controller
BSIC	Base Station Identity Code
BSS	Base Station Subsystem
CA	Carrier Aggregation
CAC	Call Admission Control
CC	Component Carrier
CCCH	Common Control Channel
CCE	Control Channel Element
CCPCH	Common Control Physical Channel
CCTrCH	Coded Composite Transport Channel
CDD	Cyclic Delay Diversity
CDM	Code Division Multiplexing
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access
CIR	Carrier to Interference Ratio
COMP	COordinated MultiPoint transmission and reception
CP	Cyclic Prefix
CPCH	Common Packet Channel
CPICH	Common Pilot Channel
CP‐OFDM	Cyclic Prefix‐OFDM
CPRI	Common Public Radio Interface
CQI	Channel Quality Indicators
C‐RAN	Centralized Radio Access Network
CRC	Cyclic Redundancy Check
CRNC	Controlling RNC
CRNTI	Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier
CRS	Cell RS
CSCH	Compact Synchronization Channel
CSFB	Circuit Switched Fall Back
CSI	Channel State Information
CSI‐RS	Channel State Information Reference Signal
CTCH	Common Traffic Channel
DAC	Digital‐to‐Analogue Convertor
DC	Dual Connectivity
DCCH	Dedicated Control Channel
DCH	Dedicated Transport Channel
DCI	Downlink Control Information
DeNB	Donor eNB
DFT	Discrete Fourier Transform
DFTS‐OFDM	DFT Spread‐OFDM
DL PCC	Downlink Primary Component Carrier
DL SCC	Downlink Secondary Component Carrier
DLL	Data Link Layer
DL‐SCH	Downlink Shared CHannel
DMRS	DeModulation Reference Signal
DN	Data Network
DNN	Data Network Name
DPCCH	Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
DPCH	Dedicated Physical CHannel
DPD	Digital Pre‐Distortion
DPDCH	Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DRNC	Drift RNC
DRX	Discontinuous Transmission and Reception
DSCH	Downlink Shared Channel
DTCH	Dedicated Traffic Channel
e2e	End to End
E‐AGCH	E‐DCH Absolute Grant CHannel
ECCE	Enhanced Control Channel Element
ECM	EPS Connection Management
E‐DCH	Enhanced Dedicated Channel
EDGE	Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
E‐DPCCH	E‐DCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
E‐HICH	E‐DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator CHannel
EIR	Equipment Identity Register
eMBB	Enhanced Mobile Broadband
EN‐DC	E‐UTRA‐NR Dual Connectivity
EPC	Evolved Packet Core
EPDCCH	Enhanced Physical Downlink Control CHannel
EPS	Evolved Packet System
EREG	Enhanced Resource Element Group
E‐RGCH	E‐DCH Relative Grant Channel
E‐TFC	E‐DCH Transport Format Combination
ETSI	European Telecommunications Standards Institute
E‐UTRA	Evolved UMTS Radio Access
E‐UTRAN	Evolved UTRAN
FACCH	Fast Associated Control Channel
FACH	Forward Access Channel
FBI	Feedback Information
FCCH	Frequency Correction Channel
FDD	Frequency Division Duplex
FDM	Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDMA	Frequency Division Multiple Access
F‐DPCH	Fractional DPCH
FDPS	Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling
FEC	Forward Error Correction
FER	Frame‐Error Rate
FFT	Fast Fourier Transform
FN	Frame Number
FR	Full Rate
GBR	Guaranteed Bit Rate
GGSN	Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC	Gateway MSC
GMSK	Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying modulation
GPRS	GSM Packet Radio Service
GSM	Global System Mobile
GTP	GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
HARQ	Hybrid ARQ
HLR	Home Location Register
HR	Half Rate
HSDPA	High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HS‐DPCCH	High‐Speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel
HS‐DSCH	High‐Speed Downlink Shared CHannel
HSS	Home Subscriber Server
HS‐SCCH	High‐Speed Shared Control Channel
HSUPA	High Speed Uplink Packet Access
HW	Hardware
iFFT	inverse FFT
IMEI	International Mobile Station Equipment Identity
IMS	IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI	International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IPsec	IP Security protocol
ISHO	Inter‐System Handover
ISI	Inter‐Symbol Interference
IWF	Interworking Function
LA	Location Area
LAC	Location Area Code
LAI	Location Area Identifier
LAN	Local Area Network
LLC	Logical Link Control
LNA	Low Noise Amplifier
LOS	Line Of Sight
LPMA	Lattice Partition Multiple Access
LTE	Long Term Evolution
M2M	Machine to Machine communications
MAC	Medium Access Control
MAHO	Mobile Assisted HandOver
MAPL	Maximum Allowable Path Loss
MCC	Mobile Country Code
MCG	Master Cell Group
MCS	Modulation Coding Scheme
MeNB	Master eNB
MgNB	Master gNB
MHA	Mast Head Amplifier
MIB	Master Information Block
MIMO	Multiple Input Multiple Output
MME	Mobility Management Entity
MMI	Man‐Machine Interface
MN	Master Node
MNC	Mobile Network Code
MRC	Maximum Ratio Combining
MR‐DC	Multi‐RAT Dual Connectivity
MS	Mobile Station (mobile phone)
MSC	Mobile Switching Centre
MSISDN	Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
MSRN	Mobile Station Routing Number
MT	Mobile Termination
MTC	Machine Type Communications
MTCH	Multicast Traffic Channel
MU‐MIMO	Multi‐User MIMO
MUST	Multiuser Superposition Transmission
NACK	Negative ACKnowledgement
NAS	Non‐Access Stratum
NB‐IoT	Narrow‐Band Internet of Things
NDC	National Destination Code
NE‐DC	MR‐DC with the 5GC
NEF	Network Exposure Function
NF	Network Functions
NFV	Network Function Virtualization
NGEN‐DC	NG‐RAN E‐UTRA‐NR Dual Connectivity
NGMN	Next Generation Mobile Network Alliance
NG‐RAN	New Generation Radio Access Network
NOMA	Non‐Orthogonal Multiple Access
NR	New Radio
NRF	NF Repository Function
NSS	Network Switching Subsystem
NSSAI	Network Slice Selection Assistance Information
NSSF	Network Slice Selection Function
OAM	Operation, Administration and Maintenance
OBSAI	Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
OFDMA	Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OMC	Operation and Maintenance Center
OSI	Open System Interconnect
OSS	Operation Support Subsystem
OVP	Over Voltage Protection
OVSF	Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
PACCH	Packet Associated Control Channel
PAPR	Peak‐to‐Average Power Ratio
PCC	Primary Component Carrier
PCCCH	Packet Common Control Channel
P‐CCPCH	Primary Common Control Physical Channel
PCell	Primary Cell
PCF	Policy Control Function
PCFICH	Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PCH	Paging Channel
PCPCH	Physical Common Packet Channel
PCRF	Policy Charging and Rules Function
PCU	Packet Control Units
PDCH	Packet Data CHannel
PDCP	Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDP	Packet Data Protocol
PDSCH	Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
PDTCH	Packet Data Traffic CHannel
PDU	Packet Data Unit
P‐GW	Packet Data Network Gateway
PHICH	Physical Hybrid‐ARQ Indicator Channel
PICH	Paging Indicator Channel
PIN	Personal Identification Number
PLMN	Public Land Mobile Networks
PMI	Precoder Matrix Indication
PRACH	Physical Random Access Channel
PRB	Power Resource Block
P‐RNTI	Paging Group Identity
PSC	Primary Scrambling Code
P‐SCH	Primary Synchronization Channel
PSS	Primary Synchronization Signal
PSTN	Public Switching Telephone Network
PTCCH	Packet Timing advance Control Channel
PTCH	Packet Traffic Channel
PT‐RS	Phase‐Tracking Reference Signals
PUCCH	Physical Uplink Control CHannel
QCI	QoS Class Indicator
QoE	Quality Of user Experience
QoS	Quality of Service
RAB	Radio Access Bearer
RACH	Random Access CHannel
RAN	Radio Access Network
RAT	Radio Access Technology
RAU	Routing Area Update
RB	Resource Block
RDN	Radio Distribution Network
REG	Resource Element Group
RF	Radio Frequency
RI	Rank Indication
RLC	Radio Link Control
RN	Relay Node
RNC	Radio Network Controller
RP	Reference Point
RRC	Radio Resource Control
RRH	Remote Radio Head
RRM	Radio Resource Management
RRU	Remote Radio Unit
RS	Reference Signals
SACCH	Slow Associated Control Channel
SAE	System Architecture Evolution
SAW	Stop‐And‐Wait
SCC	Secondary Component Carrier
SCell	Secondary Cell
SC‐FDMA	Single Carrier FDMA
SCG	Secondary Cell Group
SCH	Synchronization Channel
S‐CPICH	Secondary Common Pilot Channel
SDCCH	Standalone Dedicated Control Channel
SDN	Software Defined Networking
SDR	Software Designed Radio
SDU	Service Data Unit
SF	Spreading Factor
SFN	System Frame Number
SFP	Small Form factor Pluggable
SgNB	Secondary gNB
SGSN	Serving GPRS Support Node
S‐GW	Serving Gateway
SIB	System Information Block
SIC	Successive Interference Cancellation
SIM	Subscriber Identity Module
SINR	Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio
SIP	Session Initiation Protocol
SIR	Signal to Interference Ratio
SM	System Module
SMF	Session Management Function
SMG	Special Mobile Group
SN	Subscriber Number
SecN	Secondary Node
SNDCP	Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol
S‐NSSAI	Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information
SON	Self‐Organizing Network
SRB	Signalling Radio Bearer
SRNC	Serving RNC
SRS	Sounding RS
S‐SCH	Secondary Synchronization Channel
SSS	Secondary Synchronization Signal
STR	Simultaneous Transmission and Reception
SU‐MIMO	Single User‐MIMO
SVD	Singular‐Value Decomposition
SW	Software
TA	Terminal Adapter
TAB	Transceiver Array Boundary
TAG	Timing Advance Group
TAU	Tracking Area Update
TB	Transport Block
TBF	Temporary Block Flow
TCH	Traffic Channel
TCP	Transmission Control Protocol
TDMA	Time Division Multiple Access
TE	Terminal Equipment
TF	Transport Format
TFC	Transport Format Combination
TFCS	Transport Format Combination Set
TFI	Temporary Flow Identifier
TM	Transparent Mode
TMA	Tower Mounted Amplifier
TMSI	Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TPC	Transmit Power Control
TrCH	Transport Channel
TRXUA	Transceiver unit array
TS	Time Slot
TTI	Transmission Time Interval
UDM	Unified Data Management Function
UE	User Equipment
UL PCC	UpLink Primary Component Carrier
UL SCC	UpLink Secondary Component Carrier
UL‐SCH	UpLink Shared CHannel
UM	Unacknowledged mode
UMTS	Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UPF	User Plane Function
URLLC	Ultra‐Reliable and Low Latency Critical Communications
USB	Universal Serial Bus
USF	Uplink State Flag
USIM	Universal Subscriber Identity Module
VAS	Value Added Services
VLR	Visited Location Centre
VoIP	Voice over Internet Protocol
WCDMA	Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Wi‐Fi	Wireless local area networking

Introduction to Mobile Network Engineering

GSM, 3G-WCDMA, LTE and the Road to 5G

Copyright

Dedication

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Chapter 1
Introduction