Cover
Preface
Structure of the Book
1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
Notation
1. English Symbols
2. Subscripts/Superscripts
3. Greek Symbols
4. Dimensionless Numbers
Chapter 1: Thermodynamic Systems
1. 1.1 Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. 1.2 Thermodynamic System Definitions
4. 1.3 Thermodynamic Properties
5. 1.4 Thermodynamic Processes
6. 1.5 Formation of Steam and the State Diagrams
7. 1.6 Ideal Gas Behaviour in Closed and Open Systems and Processes
8. 1.7 First Law of Thermodynamics
9. 1.8 Worked Examples
10. 1.9 Tutorial Problems
Chapter 2: Vapour Power Cycles
1. 2.1 Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. 2.2 Steam Power Plants
4. 2.3 Vapour Power Cycles
5. 2.4 Combined Heat and Power
6. 2.5 Steam Generation Hardware
7. 2.6 Worked Examples
8. 2.7 Tutorial Problems
Chapter 3: Gas Power Cycles
1. 3.1 Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. 3.2 Introduction to Gas Turbines
4. 3.3 Gas Turbine Cycle
5. 3.4 Modifications to the Simple Gas Turbine Cycle
6. 3.5 Gas Engines
7. 3.6 Worked Examples
8. 3.7 Tutorial Problems
Chapter 4: Combustion
1. 4.1 Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. 4.2 Mass and Matter
4. 4.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
5. 4.4 Combustion Terminology
6. 4.5 Energy Changes During Combustion
7. 4.6 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Combustion
8. 4.7 Oxidation of Nitrogen and Sulphur
9. 4.8 Worked Examples
10. 4.9 Tutorial Problems
Chapter 5: Control of Particulates
1. 5.1 Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. 5.2 Some Particle Dynamics
4. 5.3 Principles of Collection
5. 5.4 Control Technologies
6. 5.5 Worked Examples
7. 5.6 Tutorial Problems
Chapter 6: Carbon Capture and Storage
1. 6.1 Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. 6.2 Thermodynamic Properties of CO₂
4. 6.3 Gas Mixtures
5. 6.4 Gas Separation Methods
6. 6.5 Aspects of CO₂ Conditioning and Transport
7. 6.6 Aspects of CO₂ Storage
8. 6.7 Worked Examples
9. 6.8 Tutorial Problems
Chapter 7: Pollution Dispersal
1. 7.1 Overview
2. 7.2 Atmospheric Behaviour
3. 7.3 Atmospheric Stability
4. 7.4 Dispersion Modelling
5. 7.5 Alternative Expressions of Concentration
6. 7.6 Worked Examples
7. 7.7 Tutorial Problems
Chapter 8: Alternative Energy and Power Plants
1. 8.1 Overview
2. 8.2 Nuclear Power Plants
3. 8.3 Solar Power Plants
4. 8.4 Biomass Power Plants
5. 8.5 Geothermal Power Plants
6. 8.6 Wind Energy
7. 8.7 Hydropower
8. 8.8 Wave and Tidal (or Marine) Power
9. 8.9 Thermoelectric Energy
10. 8.10 Fuel Cells
11. 8.11 Energy Storage Technologies
12. 8.12 Worked Examples
13. 8.13 Tutorial Problems
Appendix A: Properties of Water and Steam
Appendix B: Thermodynamic Properties of Fuels and Combustion Products
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Typical steam table.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Table of common elements associated with combustion.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 C_D–Re empirical parameters.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Forms of the ideal gas law.
2. Table 6.2 Unit comparison of fundamental mixture laws.
3. Table 6.3 Comparison of gravimetric and volumetric analyses.
4. Table 6.4 Unit comparison of mixture thermodynamic properties.
5. Table 6.5 Unit comparison of mixture entropy change and exergy destruction.
6. Table 6.6 Comparison of total separation work expressions.
7. Table 6.7 Comparison of two‐component separation work expressions.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Approximate composition of ‘clean’ air.
2. Table 7.2 Pasquil climatological stability classifications.
3. Table 7.3 Height‐dependent wind velocity empirical parameters.
4. Table 7.4 Dispersion coefficient correlations suitable for a downwind range (x) of 100–10 000 m.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Biomass conversion technology matrix.
2. Table 8.2 Typical ultimate analysis of woody biomass.
3. Table 8.3 Seebeck effects for some common materials.
4. Table 8.4 Types of fuel cell. Adapted from Hodge, B.K. (2010) Alternative Energy Systems and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Table 8.5 Geometric k factors.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Thermodynamic system, boundary and surroundings.
2. Figure 1.2 Thermodynamic processes.
3. Figure 1.3 (a) Formation of vapour (steam); (b) state diagram; (c) two‐phase definitions.
4. Figure 1.4 Temperature–entropy chart for water/steam.
5. Figure 1.5 Concept of isentropic efficiency.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Typical steam power plant.
2. Figure 2.2 The Carnot cycle.
3. Figure 2.3 The simple Rankine cycle.
4. Figure 2.4 The Rankine superheat cycle.
5. Figure 2.5 The Rankine reheat cycle.
6. Figure 2.6 Effects of irreversibilities in a steam cycle.
7. Figure 2.7 Single‐feed‐heater cycle.
8. Figure 2.8 Multiple‐feed‐heater cycle.
9. Figure 2.9 Organic Rankine cycle.
10. Figure 2.10 A simple power‐only plant.
11. Figure 2.11 A process‐heating‐only plant.
12. Figure 2.12 Combined heat and power plant.
13. Figure 2.13 Comparison of (a) separate heat and power systems with (b) CHP.
14. Figure 2.14 Types of boiler. (a) Water‐tube boiler; (b) fire‐tube boiler.
15. Figure 2.15 Superheat control techniques. (a) Burner arrangements; (b) desuperheater; (c) gas recirculation.
16. Figure 2.16 Types of steam condenser. (a) Non‐contact condenser; (b) evaporative jet condenser.
17. Figure 2.17 Cooling towers.
18. Figure 2.18 Pump types. (a) Single‐acting reciprocating pump; (b) double‐acting reciprocating pump; (c) centrifugal pump; (d) lobe pump; (e) vane pump; (f) gear pump.
19. Figure 2.19 Steam turbines. (a) Impulse turbine; (b) reaction turbine.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Ideal gas turbine cycle.
2. Figure 3.2 Real gas turbine processes.
3. Figure 3.3 Regenerative gas turbine.
4. Figure 3.4 Gas turbine with intercooling.
5. Figure 3.5 Gas turbine with reheating.
6. Figure 3.6 Compound gas turbine cycle.
7. Figure 3.7 Optimal intermediate pressures for expansion and compression.
8. Figure 3.8 Combined gas turbine/steam turbine system.
9. Figure 3.9 The Otto cycle P–v diagram.
10. Figure 3.10 The Diesel cycle P–v diagram.
11. Figure 3.11 The dual combustion cycle P–v diagram.
12. Figure 3.12 Diesel engine power plant.
13. Figure 3.13 Ideal Stirling cycle.
14. Figure 3.14 Stirling engine types.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Packed column SO₂ scrubbing tower arrangement.
2. Figure 4.2 Typical flue gas desulphurization (FGD) waste recovery system.
3. Figure Worked Example 4.12 Figure 4.3 Adiabatic flame temperature graphical solution.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Particle forces on a body falling under the effects of gravity.
2. Figure 5.2 Generalized drag coefficient–Reynolds number relationships for spherical bodies.
3. Figure 5.3 Cylindrical collector geometry.
4. Figure 5.4 Spherical collector geometry.
5. Figure 5.5 Collector operating parameters.
6. Figure 5.6 Schematic of collectors in series.
7. Figure 5.7 Schematic of collectors in parallel.
8. Figure 5.8 Gravity settler overall dimensions.
9. Figure 5.9 Gravity settler ‘unmixed’ or ‘laminar’ model parameters.
10. Figure 5.10 Gravity settler ‘well‐mixed’ model parameters.
11. Figure 5.11 Generalized collection efficiency–particle size relationship for well‐mixed model assumptions.
12. Figure 5.12 Curved duct collection principles. (a) Particle collection path and model parameters; (b) well‐mixed model, i.e. redistribution of uncaptured particles across duct.
13. Figure 5.13 Particle forces in a cyclone.
14. Figure 5.14 Typical or ‘classical’ cyclone dimensions based on the cylinder diameter (D_o).
15. Figure 5.15 Simple plate and wire electrostatic precipitator arrangement.
16. Figure 5.16 Schematic of coronal discharge and particle collection in a single channel.
17. Figure 5.17 Particle forces in an ESP.
18. Figure 5.18 Wire and single‐plate ESP parameters.
19. Figure 5.19 Fibre collection mechanisms.
20. Figure 5.20 Fabric filter parameters.
21. Figure 5.21 Baghouse filter operation.
22. Figure 5.22 Spray chamber parameters.
Chapter 6
1. 6.1 Pressure–temperature (P–T) property diagram for carbon dioxide.
2. Figure 6.2 Compressibility chart. Reproduced with permission from Moran, Shapiro, Boettner and Bailey (2012) Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th edition, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Figure 6.3 Illustration of Dalton's Law.
4. Figure 6.4 Illustration of Amagat's Law.
5. Figure 6.5 Absorber/stripper plant layout schematic.
6. Figure 6.6 Recirculation of flue gases in an oxyfuel combustion system.
7. Figure 6.7 Chemical looping system.
8. Figure 6.8 Membrane partial pressure enhancement strategies.
9. Figure 6.9 Comparison of gas compression (1–2) processes.
10. Figure 6.10 Gas compression with intercooling.
11. Figure 6.11 Dehydration/pressurization cascade.
12. Figure 6.12 Structure of chlorophyll.
13. Figure 6.13 Simplified schematic of photosynthetic pathway.
14. Figure 6.14 Example of structural trapping in an anticline.
15. Figure 6.15 Salt dome CO₂ storage.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Layered structure of the atmosphere.
2. Figure 7.2 Temperature–elevation relationships.
3. Figure 7.3 Pasquil stability temperature–elevation gradients.
4. Figure 7.4 Stack plume behaviour for non‐inversion conditions.
5. Figure 7.5 Stack plume behaviour for inversion conditions.
6. Figure 7.6 Gaussian plume dispersion spatial parameters. (a) Ground‐level (elevation) view; (b) aerial (plan) view.
7. Figure 7.7 Horizontal dispersion coefficient graph for ‘rural’ topography.
8. Figure 7.8 Vertical dispersion coefficient graph for ‘rural’ topography.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 World electricity generation 1990–2040. Data courtesy of EIA 2013 report.
2. Figure 8.2 Pressurized‐water reactor (PWR).
3. Figure 8.3 Solar thermal and solar PV global capacity 2005–2015. Data courtesy of REN21 Global status report 2016.
4. Figure 8.4 Typical current–voltage relationship for a PV cell.
5. Figure 8.5 Effect of series/parallel arrangement on PV electrical characteristics. (a) PVs in series; (b) PVs in parallel.
6. Figure 8.6 Solar thermal power generation plants. (a) Parabolic trough collector; (b) linear Fresnel collector; (c) central receiver system with dish collector; (d) central receiver system with distributed reflectors.
7. Figure 8.7 Global bio‐power generation by region, 2006–2016. Data courtesy of REN21 Global status report 2017.
8. Figure 8.8 Digester zones.
9. Figure 8.9 Biomass gasifier.
10. Figure 8.10 Geothermal power capacity for top ten countries in 2015. Data courtesy of REN21 Global status report 2016.
11. Figure 8.11 Geothermal steam power plant variations. (a) Dry steam; (b) flash steam plant; (c) binary plant.
12. Figure 8.12 Global wind power 2005–2015. Data courtesy of REN21 Global status report 2016.
13. Figure 8.13 Ideal wind energy theory.
14. Figure 8.14 Variation in power coefficient with velocity ratio.
15. Figure 8.15 Wind turbine types – vertical and horizontal axis.
16. Figure 8.16 World capacity of hydropower. Data courtesy of EIA, international energy statistics.
17. Figure 8.17 Run‐of‐river system characteristics.
18. Figure 8.18 Typical storage hydropower plant.
19. Figure 8.19 Typical hydraulic turbine specifications.
20. Figure 8.20 Archimedean screw turbine.
21. Figure 8.21 Wave variables.
22. Figure 8.22 Wave power device – wave capture absorber.
23. Figure 8.23 Wave power device – oscillating‐column absorber.
24. Figure 8.24 Wave power device – floating point absorber.
25. Figure 8.25 Wave power device – static‐pressure point absorber.
26. Figure 8.26 Wave power device – wave‐profile‐following device.
27. Figure 8.27 Wave power device – wave surge system.
28. Figure 8.28 General characteristics of a tidal barrage scheme.
29. Figure 8.29 Seebeck effect.
30. Figure 8.30 Peltier circuit.
31. Figure 8.31 Thermoelectric generator.
32. Figure 8.32 Generic fuel cell.
33. Figure 8.33 Pump storage scheme.
34. Figure 8.34 CAES scheme.
35. Figure 8.35 Flow battery schematic.

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This edition first published 2018

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Packer, Neil, author. | Al-Shemmeri, Tarik, author.

Title: Conventional and alternative power generation : thermodynamics, mitigation and sustainability / Neil Packer, Prof. Tarik Al-Shemmeri.

Description: 1 edition. | Chichester, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2018006236 (print) | LCCN 2018012068 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119479376 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119479406 (epub) | ISBN 9781119479352 (cloth)

Subjects: LCSH: Electric power production. | Renewable energy sources. | Thermodynamics.

Classification: LCC TK1001 (ebook) | LCC TK1001 .P325 2018 (print) | DDC 621.31/21-dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018006236

Cover Design: Wiley

Preface

Thermodynamics, often translated as ‘movement of heat’, is simply the science of energy and work. Energy itself is described as the capacity to do work.

French steam engineer Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot, who was well aware that the realization of water power is a function of water level or head difference across a turbine, suggested in 1824 that capacity for work and power across a heat engine would be dependent on the prevailing temperature difference.

Between 1840 and 1850, British scientist and inventor James Joule investigated the nature of work in a range of forms, for example, electrical current, gas compression and the stirring of a liquid. He concluded from his work that ‘lost’ mechanical energy would express itself as heat, for example, friction, air resistance etc., and hence spoke of the mechanical equivalent of heat.

In 1847, German physicist, Hermann Von Helmholtz first postulated the principle of energy accountancy and energy conservation. In 1849, British physicist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) is thought to have coined the term Thermodynamics to describe the subject of energy study, and the Helmholtz principle became enshrined as the First law of thermodynamics.

In 1850, German physicist Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius used the term entropy to describe non‐useful heat and proposed that, in universal terms, entropy increase is a natural, spontaneous process, leading to the development of a Second law of thermodynamics. This can be stated in several ways but perhaps the simplest is that it is not possible for an engine operating in a cycle to convert heat into work with 100% efficiency.

Civilizations are often judged on their cultural legacy, described in terms of their contribution to architecture, art and literature, and its spread across the globe.

It could be argued that the current manifestation of human civilization will be judged on the legacy of its technological ingenuity and, in particular, its endeavours to supply energy to a rapidly expanding planetary population seeking ever‐increasing standards of living.

The challenge is to make the most efficient use of energy sources and produce power at the minimum cost and least environmental impact. Failure to achieve this has global consequences in terms of an unwanted environmental legacy.

This book examines currently available conventional and renewable power‐generation technologies and describes the allied pollution‐control technologies associated with the alleviation of their environmental impact.

Neil Packer and Tarik Al‐Shemmeri

Conventional and Alternative Power Generation

Thermodynamics, Mitigation and Sustainability

Copyright

Preface