Cover
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction and History
1. 1.1 Demulsifiers
2. 1.2 Corrosion Inhibitors
3. 1.3 Drilling Fluids and Additives
4. 1.4 Cementing
5. 1.5 Well Stimulation and Improving Recovery
6. 1.6 Water Treatments
7. 1.7 Crude Oil Treatments
8. 1.8 Other Chemical Products
9. 1.9 Oilfield Chemistry
10. References
Chapter 2: Polymer Chemistry
1. 2.1 General Organic Polymers: Synthetic Polymers
2. 2.2 Natural Polymers and Related Materials
3. 2.3 Dendritic Polymers and Other Unclassified Polymers
4. 2.4 Plastics, Fibres, Elastomers and Coatings
5. 2.5 Polymer Application and Injection
6. 2.6 Polymer Degradation and Biodegradation
7. 2.7 Polymer Recycling and Reuse
8. 2.8 Sustainable Polymers
9. References
Chapter 3: Surfactants and Amphiphiles
1. 3.1 How Surfactants Work
2. 3.2 Anionic Surfactants
3. 3.3 Non‐ionic Surfactants
4. 3.4 Cationic Surfactants
5. 3.5 Amphoteric Surfactants
6. 3.6 Polymeric and Other Surfactant Types
7. 3.7 Biosurfactants, Natural Surfactants and Some Environmental Considerations
8. 3.8 Oilfield Dispersants
9. 3.9 Degradation, Biodegradation and Environmental Fate of Surfactants
10. References
Chapter 4: Phosphorus Chemistry
1. 4.1 Phosphates
2. 4.2 Phosphonates and Phosphonic Acid Derivatives
3. 4.3 Polyphosphonates
4. 4.4 Phosphino Polymers and Polyphosphinate Derivatives
5. 4.5 Phosphoric Esters (Phosphate Esters)
6. 4.6 Phosphonium Quaternary Salts and Related Compounds
7. 4.7 Phospholipids
8. 4.8 Biophosphorus Chemistry and Environmental Considerations
9. References
Chapter 5: Metals, Inorganic Salts and Other Inorganics
1. 5.1 Alkali Metal Salts and Related Materials
2. 5.2 Aluminium and Its Salts
3. 5.3 Barium Salts
4. 5.4 Boron and Its Compounds
5. 5.5 Calcium and Its Salts
6. 5.6 Halogens
7. 5.7 Iron and Its Salts
8. 5.8 Zinc and Its Salts
9. 5.9 Other Metals, Other Inorganics and Related Compounds
10. 5.10 Environmental Issues Relating to Metals and Inorganics
11. References
Chapter 6: Low Molecular Weight Organic Chemicals and Related Additives
1. 6.1 Organic Acids, Aldehydes and Related Derivatives
2. 6.2 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers and Amines
3. 6.3 Nitrogen Heterocycles
4. 6.4 Sulphur and Oxygen Heterocycles
5. 6.5 Other Heterocycles
6. 6.6 Natural Products and Biological Molecules
7. 6.7 Other Non‐classified Products
8. 6.8 Environmental Impact of Low Molecular Weight Organic Molecules
9. References
Chapter 7: Silicon Chemistry
1. 7.1 Silica
2. 7.2 Silicates
3. 7.3 Silicones and Silicone Polymers
4. References
Chapter 8: Solvents, Green Solvents and Formulation Practices
1. 8.1 How Solvents Work
2. 8.2 Oilfield Solvents
3. 8.3 The Environmental Impact of Solvents and Green Solvents
4. 8.4 Formulation Practices
5. References
Chapter 9: The Regulation and Control of the Use and Discharge of Chemicals in the Oilfield
1. 9.1 Chemical Regulation in Europe: The OSPAR Treaty
2. 9.2 Chemical Regulation in the United States
3. 9.3 Chemical Regulation in Canada
4. 9.4 Chemical Regulation in Australia
5. 9.5 Other National Authorities
6. 9.6 Conclusions and Critique
7. 9.7 Further Conclusions
8. References
Chapter 10: Sustainability and ‘Green’ Chemistry
1. 10.1 Sustainability and Sustainable Development
2. 10.2 Sustainable Development in the Oil and Gas Sector
3. 10.3 The Environmental Fate of Chemicals in the Upstream Oil and Gas Sector
4. 10.4 Environmental Pollution in the Oil and Gas Sector andIts Control
5. 10.5 Life Cycle Management
6. 10.6 ‘Green’ Chemistry
7. 10.7 The Future of Oilfield Chemicals and Some General Conclusions
8. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Poly(ethylene glycol).
2. Figure 2.2 Isoprene.
3. Figure 2.3 D‐Glucose‐based polysaccharide, cellulose.
4. Figure 2.4 Polyisobutylene.
5. Figure 2.5 1‐Tetradecene.
6. Figure 2.6 Poly(acrylic acid).
7. Figure 2.7 Polymaleic acid.
8. Figure 2.8 Acrylate ester copolymer.
9. Figure 2.9 Lauryl methacrylate.
10. Figure 2.10 Polyacrylamide (PAM).
11. Figure 2.11 Polyvinyl acetate copolymers.
12. Figure 2.12 Polyvinyl acrylonitrile copolymer.
13. Figure 2.13 Polystyrene.
14. Figure 2.14 Poylvinyl sulphonate.
15. Figure 2.15 Polyvinylcaprolactam.
16. Figure 2.16 Polyethylene oxide.
17. Figure 2.17 Glycerol or glycerine.
18. Figure 2.18 Sorbitol.
19. Figure 2.19 Polyglycerol.
20. Figure 2.20 Polyether amines.
21. Figure 2.21 Polybutyrate.
22. Figure 2.22 Polyorthoesters.
23. Figure 2.23 Polylactides.
24. Figure 2.24 Styrene/maleate ester.
25. Figure 2.25 Hyperbranched polyesteramide.
26. Figure 2.26 Pyroglutamic acid ester.
27. Figure 2.27 Polyether amines.
28. Figure 2.28 Polymethylene polyamine dipropionamides.
29. Figure 2.29 Diethylenetriamine.
30. Figure 2.30 Triethylenetetramine.
31. Figure 2.31 Butyl phenol‐formaldehyde resin polymer.
32. Figure 2.32 Alkylphenol alkoxylate polymer.
33. Figure 2.33 t‐Butyl phenol calixarene.
34. Figure 2.34 Nonylphenol.
35. Figure 2.35 Enzyme hydrolysis.
36. Figure 2.36 Hybrid polymer.
37. Figure 2.37 Formation of poly(2‐alkyl‐2‐oxazolines).
38. Figure 2.38 Polyamine type of corrosion inhibitor with hydrolysable backbone.
39. Figure 2.39 Segment of DNA molecule, a polynucleotide.
40. Figure 2.40 Peptide bond formation.
41. Figure 2.41 Aspartic acid.
42. Figure 2.42 Sodium salt of polyaspartic acid.
43. Figure 2.43 Commercial synthesis of polyaspartate.
44. Figure 2.44 Synthesis of polyaspartamides.
45. Figure 2.45 Poly(γ‐glutamic acid).
46. Figure 2.46 Proline.
47. Figure 2.47 Histidine.
48. Figure 2.48 Collagen.
49. Figure 2.49 Polysaccharides.
50. Figure 2.50 Examples of monosaccharides.
51. Figure 2.51 (a) Structure of cellulose. (b) Structure of CMC.
52. Figure 2.52 (a) Cellulose. (b) HEC.
53. Figure 2.53 Amylose.
54. Figure 2.54 Guar gum.
55. Figure 2.55 Alkyl polyglycoside.
56. Figure 2.56 Xanthan repeating unit.
57. Figure 2.57 Gellan gum repeating unit.
58. Figure 2.58 Chitosan.
59. Figure 2.59 Isopentyl pyrophosphate.
60. Figure 2.60 Structure of lignin.
61. Figure 2.61 Partial structure of lignosulphonate polymer.
62. Figure 2.62 Model structure of humic acid.
63. Figure 2.63 Abietic acid.
64. Figure 2.64 Curdlan.
65. Figure 2.65 Poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
66. Figure 2.66 A triglyceride.
67. Figure 2.67 Structure of inulin and carboxymethyl inulin.
68. Figure 2.68 ‘Cascade’ synthesis of poly(propylenimine) by Vögtle and co‐workers [264].
69. Figure 2.69 Dendritic polymer types. (a) Dendron. (b) Dendrimer. (c) Hyperbranched polymer.
70. Figure 2.70 Dendritic polyester.
71. Figure 2.71 Polyamidine‐based flocculant.
72. Figure 2.72 Elimination of acetic acid from poly(vinyl acetate).
73. Figure 2.73 Oxidation of polyacetylene.
74. Figure 2.74 Thermolysis of polyethylene.
75. Figure 2.75 Idealised 1,1‐disubstituted monomer.
76. Figure 2.76 Laevoglucosan.
77. Figure 2.77 Polylactic acid.
78. Figure 2.78 Lactic acid stereoisomers.
79. Figure 2.79 Biodegration of polymers.
80. Figure 2.80 Poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline).
81. Figure 2.81 Alkyl polyglucosides.
82. Figure 2.82 A polytartaric acid derivative.
83. Figure 2.83 Alginate polysaccharide.
84. Figure 2.84 Polyglycolic acid.
85. Figure 2.85 Plastic recycling symbols.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Saponification.
2. Figure 3.2 Detergent cleaning action of a surfactant.
3. Figure 3.3 Micelle structure.
4. Figure 3.4 Relationship between surfactant concentration and CMC value.
5. Figure 3.5 The Young equation and contact angle.
6. Figure 3.6 The HLB scale.
7. Figure 3.7 Sodium lauryl sulphate, an alkyl sulphate.
8. Figure 3.8 An alkyl propoxy ethoxy sulphates.
9. Figure 3.9 Sodium lauryl ether sulphate, an alkyl ether sulphate.
10. Figure 3.10 Manufacture of alkylbenzene sulphonate.
11. Figure 3.11 4‐(5‐Dodecyl)benzenesulfonate.
12. Figure 3.12 A branched dodecylbenzenesulphonate.
13. Figure 3.13 Sulphoalkylated phenol surfactants.
14. Figure 3.14 4‐Isomer of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid.
15. Figure 3.15 Secondary alkane sulphonate.
16. Figure 3.16 α‐Olefin sulphonates.
17. Figure 3.17 A petroleum sulphonate.
18. Figure 3.18 Sodium lauryl sulphonate.
19. Figure 3.19 Succinic acid.
20. Figure 3.20 Sodium dioctyl sulphosuccinate.
21. Figure 3.21 Phosphoric acid.
22. Figure 3.22 Mono‐ and di‐2‐ethylhexyl (isooctyl) esters of phosphoric acid.
23. Figure 3.23 Laureth‐3 carboxylic acid.
24. Figure 3.24 Sodium stearate.
25. Figure 3.25 Sarcosine.
26. Figure 3.26 Alkyl sarcosinates.
27. Figure 3.27 Alkyl taurate.
28. Figure 3.28 Alkyl o‐xylene sulphonate.
29. Figure 3.29 Schematic for Gemini surfactants.
30. Figure 3.30 Manufacture of alcohol ethoxylates.
31. Figure 3.31 Hydrogen bonding of non‐ionic surfactant with water.
32. Figure 3.32 Hydrogenolysis of fatty acid to fatty alcohol.
33. Figure 3.33 Manufacture of secondary fatty alcohols.
34. Figure 3.34 Friedel–Crafts alkylation of phenol.
35. Figure 3.35 α‐Olefin synthesis of alkylphenols.
36. Figure 3.36 A phosphoric ester of an alkylphenol ethoxylate.
37. Figure 3.37 Polyethoxy ester.
38. Figure 3.38 Synthesis of triglyceride.
39. Figure 3.39 Polyglycerol.
40. Figure 3.40 The reduction of glucose to sorbitol.
41. Figure 3.41 Synthesis of sorbitan and isosorbide.
42. Figure 3.42 Polysorbate 20(polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monolaurate).
43. Figure 3.43 Sorbitan monooleate.
44. Figure 3.44 Polyisobutylene succinimide.
45. Figure 3.45 Coco‐diethanolamide.
46. Figure 3.46 Reaction of EO with an amine.
47. Figure 3.47 Ethoxylated fatty amine and diamine.
48. Figure 3.48 R1 and R2 are octyl or similar groups.
49. Figure 3.49 Imidazole.
50. Figure 3.50 Imidazoline.
51. Figure 3.51 An imidazolium ester.
52. Figure 3.52 Lauryldimethylamine oxide.
53. Figure 3.53 Tributylamine oxide.
54. Figure 3.54 Synthesis of alkyl glucosides.
55. Figure 3.55 Propylene oxide.
56. Figure 3.56 Ethanethiol.
57. Figure 3.57 The ammonium ion.
58. Figure 3.58 An alkyl quaternary ammonium chloride.
59. Figure 3.59 Synthesis of alkyl quaternary surfactants.
60. Figure 3.60 CETAB.
61. Figure 3.61 Synthesis of fatty nitrile.
62. Figure 3.62 Synthesis of primary fatty amine.
63. Figure 3.63 Synthesis of secondary and tertiary fatty amines.
64. Figure 3.64 Choline salt.
65. Figure 3.65 Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides.
66. Figure 3.66 N,N‐didecyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonium chloride.
67. Figure 3.67 An ester quat.
68. Figure 3.68 N‐dodecylpyridinium chloride.
69. Figure 3.69 Synthesis of fatty amides.
70. Figure 3.70 Synthesis of ester‐amines.
71. Figure 3.71 Synthesis of ether‐amines.
72. Figure 3.72 Alkyl betaine synthesis.
73. Figure 3.73 N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethyl‐3‐ammonio‐1‐propanesulphonate.
74. Figure 3.74 Uric acid.
75. Figure 3.75 Betaine imidazoline.
76. Figure 3.76 Amine imidazoline synthesis.
77. Figure 3.77 General structure of polymeric surfactants.
78. Figure 3.78 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
79. Figure 3.79 Acetylenic surfactants.
80. Figure 3.80 Bilayer and micelle structures.
81. Figure 3.81 Schematic representation of a Gemini surfactant.
82. Figure 3.82 Surfactants sourced from microbes.
83. Figure 3.83 A rhamnolipid.
84. Figure 3.84 Didodecyldimethyl‐ammonium bromide.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Phosphorus pentachloride.
2. Figure 4.2 Phosphonic and phosphorous acid.
3. Figure 4.3 Phosphoryl chloride.
4. Figure 4.4 Phospholipid.
5. Figure 4.5 PBTCA.
6. Figure 4.6 Phosphonosuccinic acid.
7. Figure 4.7 HEDP.
8. Figure 4.8 ATMP.
9. Figure 4.9 EDTMP.
10. Figure 4.10 DTPMP.
11. Figure 4.11 Hexamethylenetriaminepentakis(methylenephosphonic acid).
12. Figure 4.12 D,L‐leucine, L‐phenylalanine and L‐lysine.
13. Figure 4.13 Vinylphosphonic acid.
14. Figure 4.14 PPCA.
15. Figure 4.15 Phosphino polymers.
16. Figure 4.16 Phosphoric acid butyl octyl ester, a less volatile phosphate ester.
17. Figure 4.17 Isooctyl acid phosphate.
18. Figure 4.18 THPS.
19. Figure 4.19 Poly[oxyethylene(dimethyl‐iminio)ethylene (dimethyliminio)‐ethylene dichloride].
20. Figure 4.20 TTPC.
21. Figure 4.21 Sodium tripolyphosphate.
22. Figure 4.22 Typical phospholipid structure.
23. Figure 4.23 2‐Aminoethylphosphonic acid.
24. Figure 4.24 2‐Aminoethanol.
25. Figure 4.25 ATP.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Aluminium hydroxychloride.
2. Figure 5.2 Polydimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride.
3. Figure 5.3 Calcium dodecylbenzene sulphonate.
4. Figure 5.4 Bronopol.
5. Figure 5.5 DBNPA.
6. Figure 5.6 1‐Bromo‐1‐(bromomethyl)‐1,3‐propanedicarbonitrile.
7. Figure 5.7 2,2‐Dibromo‐2‐nitroethanol.
8. Figure 5.8 Propargyl alcohol.
9. Figure 5.9 Iron(III) acetylacetonate.
10. Figure 5.10 Bismuth 2‐ethyl hexanoate.
11. Figure 5.11 The dissociation behaviour of hydrogen sulphide.
12. Figure 5.12 Ammonium ferric oxalate.
13. Figure 5.13 Hydrazine.
14. Figure 5.14 Hydroxylamine.
15. Figure 5.15 Carbonic dihydrazide.
16. Figure 5.16 Sodium dithionite.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Formic acid.
2. Figure 6.2 Lactic acid.
3. Figure 6.3 Erythorbic acid.
4. Figure 6.4 Peracetic acid.
5. Figure 6.5 Citric acid.
6. Figure 6.6 Sodium salicylate.
7. Figure 6.7 Thioglycolic acid.
8. Figure 6.8 Gallic acid.
9. Figure 6.9 Aldehydes used in upstream oil and gas industry.
10. Figure 6.10 1,3,5‐Trithiane.
11. Figure 6.11 o‐Phthalaldehyde.
12. Figure 6.12 trans‐Cinnamaldehyde.
13. Figure 6.13 Glyoxal.
14. Figure 6.14 Dissociation behaviour of H₂S.
15. Figure 6.15 Acrolein.
16. Figure 6.16 Acetophenone.
17. Figure 6.17 General structure for acetals.
18. Figure 6.18 Thioacetal derivative of cinnamaldehyde
19. Figure 6.19 Isononanoic acid.
20. Figure 6.20 n‐Octanol.
21. Figure 6.21 Neopentyl glycol.
22. Figure 6.22 Cyclohexylammonium benzoate.
23. Figure 6.23 Tripropyl orthoformate.
24. Figure 6.24 Abietic acid.
25. Figure 6.25 N‐Vinylformamide.
26. Figure 6.26 Simple amidine.
27. Figure 6.27 Nitrilotriacetamide.
28. Figure 6.28 An aldol.
29. Figure 6.29 General structure of (a) thioureas and (b) ureas.
30. Figure 6.30 1,3‐Dibutylthiourea.
31. Figure 6.31 Dimethyldithiocarbamate anion.
32. Figure 6.32 Nitrosamine.
33. Figure 6.33 A sulphonic acid.
34. Figure 6.34 Methane sulphonic acid.
35. Figure 6.35 Dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid.
36. Figure 6.36 Benzylsulphonyl acetic acid.
37. Figure 6.37 2‐Aminoethanesulphonic acid.
38. Figure 6.38 2‐Acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulphonic acid (AMPS).
39. Figure 6.39 Biodegradation of methanesulphonic acid.
40. Figure 6.40 Ethylene glycol.
41. Figure 6.41 Triethylene glycol.
42. Figure 6.42 Aminoethanol
43. Figure 6.43 Propargyl alcohol.
44. Figure 6.44 tert‐Amyl alcohol.
45. Figure 6.45 Thioethanol.
46. Figure 6.46 n‐Butanol.
47. Figure 6.47 Isopropanol.
48. Figure 6.48 2‐Butoxyethanol.
49. Figure 6.49 Dodecyl resorcinol.
50. Figure 6.50 Cardanol.
51. Figure 6.51 4‐Hydroxybenzoic acid.
52. Figure 6.52 Thioglycerol.
53. Figure 6.53 2‐Mercaptoethyl sulphide.
54. Figure 6.54 tert‐Dodecyl mercaptan.
55. Figure 6.55 Tri‐thiones.
56. Figure 6.56 Dazomet.
57. Figure 6.57 1,4‐Dioxane.
58. Figure 6.58 The biodegradation of alkyl ethers.
59. Figure 6.59 n‐Butyl glycidyl ether.
60. Figure 6.60 Trimethylamine.
61. Figure 6.61 Oleylamine.
62. Figure 6.62 N,N′‐Dialkyl derivatives of polyhydroxyalkyl alkylenediamines.
63. Figure 6.63 2‐Ethylhexylamine.
64. Figure 6.64 N,N‐bis(3‐Aminopropyl)dodecylamine.
65. Figure 6.65 Isophorone diamine.
66. Figure 6.66 Diisopropanolamine.
67. Figure 6.67 Diglycolamine.
68. Figure 6.68 Methyl diethanolamine.
69. Figure 6.69 Triethanolamine.
70. Figure 6.70 Lauric acid diethanolamide.
71. Figure 6.71 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
72. Figure 6.72 Ethylenediamine‐N,N′‐disuccinic acid trisodium salt.
73. Figure 6.73 Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid.
74. Figure 6.74 Glutamic acid diacetic acid (GLDA).
75. Figure 6.75 Diethylhydroxylamine.
76. Figure 6.76 Methyl ethyl ketoxime.
77. Figure 6.77 Dicyclohexylamine nitrite.
78. Figure 6.78 Polyaminopropyl biguanide.
79. Figure 6.79 N‐Octanoylmethionine.
80. Figure 6.80 Alkylimidazoline derivative.
81. Figure 6.81 Aminoethyl imidazoline reacted with acrylic acid.
82. Figure 6.82 Metronidazole.
83. Figure 6.83 2‐Phenylbenzimidazole.
84. Figure 6.84 Mixture of isomers of tolyltriazole.
85. Figure 6.85 Pyrrole.
86. Figure 6.86 N‐Vinylpyrrolidinone.
87. Figure 6.87 N‐Vinylcaprolactam.
88. Figure 6.88 Maleimide.
89. Figure 6.89 1‐Aminopyrrolidine.
90. Figure 6.90 Pyridine and quinoline.
91. Figure 6.91 Collidine.
92. Figure 6.92 Pyrithione.
93. Figure 6.93 Tetramethylpyrazine.
94. Figure 6.94 Aminopyrazine.
95. Figure 6.95 Piperazinone.
96. Figure 6.96 Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐tri(hydroxyethyl)‐s‐triazine.
97. Figure 6.97 Hexahydro‐1,3,5‐tri(methyl)‐s‐triazine.
98. Figure 6.98 Terbuthylazine.
99. Figure 6.99 Melamine.
100. Figure 6.100 Hydantoin.
101. Figure 6.101 BCDMH.
102. Figure 6.102 Thiohydantoin.
103. Figure 6.103 Pyrimidine.
104. Figure 6.104 Furfuryl alcohol.
105. Figure 6.105 Hydrofurfuramide.
106. Figure 6.106 Furfurylidene acetone.
107. Figure 6.107 Coumarone.
108. Figure 6.108 2‐Mercaptobenzothiazole.
109. Figure 6.109 2‐Aminobenzothiazole.
110. Figure 6.110 Thiadiazole and oxadiazole structure.
111. Figure 6.111 Base structure of isothiazolinones.
112. Figure 6.112 2‐Hydroxybenzothiazole.
113. Figure 6.113 Alkylated thiazolidines.
114. Figure 6.114 Reaction of H₂S with hexahydrotriazine to form dithiazine and monoethanolamine.
115. Figure 6.115 Oxazole.
116. Figure 6.116 Oxazolidine.
117. Figure 6.117 4,4′‐Dimethyloxazolidine.
118. Figure 6.118 N,N′‐Methylenebis‐oxazolidine.
119. Figure 6.119 1,3‐Oxazin‐6‐one.
120. Figure 6.120 Methyl glucoside.
121. Figure 6.121 The aldose antioxidants.
122. Figure 6.122 Polyols for gel complex formation.
123. Figure 6.123 Dextrin.
124. Figure 6.124 Diglycidal ether.
125. Figure 6.125 Carboxymethyl innulin.
126. Figure 6.126 Aspartic acid.
127. Figure 6.127 Sarcosine or methylglycine.
128. Figure 6.128 Folic acid.
129. Figure 6.129 Sulphur amino acids and derivatives.
130. Figure 6.130 Methionine.
131. Figure 6.131 Tyrosine.
132. Figure 6.132 Casein.
133. Figure 6.133 Decyl glucoside.
134. Figure 6.134 Rotenone.
135. Figure 6.135 Tannic acid.
136. Figure 6.136 Squalene.
137. Figure 6.137 Vitamin A (retinol).
138. Figure 6.138 D‐Limonene.
139. Figure 6.139 Propane‐based biocides.
140. Figure 6.140 1‐Bromo‐1‐(bromomethyl)‐1,3‐propanedicarbonitrile.
141. Figure 6.141 Anthraquinone.
142. Figure 6.142 para‐Benzoquinone.
143. Figure 6.143 Bicyclic aromatics.
144. Figure 6.144 Isopropyl benzoate.
145. Figure 6.145 t‐Butylhydroxytoluene.
146. Figure 6.146 2‐(Decylthio)ethanamine hydrochloride.
147. Figure 6.147 Fluorescein.
148. Figure 6.148 Rhodamine B.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Sodium silicate.
2. Figure 7.2 Stearamide.
3. Figure 7.3 Methyl silicate polymer.
4. Figure 7.4 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), n = 200–1500.
5. Figure 7.5 Silicone resin.
6. Figure 7.6 Fluorosilicone polymer.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Isopropanol.
2. Figure 8.2 2‐Ethylhexanol.
3. Figure 8.3 Phenoxyethanol.
4. Figure 8.4 Monoethylene glycol.
5. Figure 8.5 Hexylene glycol.
6. Figure 8.6 Triethylene glycol.
7. Figure 8.7 Monobutyl glycol ether.
8. Figure 8.8 Butyl diglycol ether.
9. Figure 8.9 Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
10. Figure 8.10 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether.
11. Figure 8.11 Aromatic solvents.
12. Figure 8.12 Quinoline.
13. Figure 8.13 Bicyclic aromatics.
14. Figure 8.14 Phenol.
15. Figure 8.15 Pyridine.
16. Figure 8.16 Dec‐1‐ene, an α‐olefin.
17. Figure 8.17 Isoprene.
18. Figure 8.18 The terpenes.
19. Figure 8.19 Dicyclopentadiene.
20. Figure 8.20 Dimethyl sulphoxide.
21. Figure 8.21 Sulpholane.
22. Figure 8.22 Isopropyl benzoate.
23. Figure 8.23 Examples of crown ethers.
24. Figure 8.24 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride.
25. Figure 8.25 Methyl oleate.
26. Figure 8.26 Ethyl lactate.
27. Figure 8.27 Tripropyl orthoformate.
28. Figure 8.28 A biodegradable drilling fluid.
29. Figure 8.29 Some typical well cleaner formulations.
30. Figure 8.30 Propargyl alcohol.
31. Figure 8.31 Hexamethylenetetramine.
32. Figure 8.32 Cinnamaldehyde.
33. Figure 8.33 Chelant and reducing agent concentrations.
34. Figure 8.34 Anionic versus cationic surfactants.
35. Figure 8.35 Chemical compatibility matrix.
36. Figure 8.36 Tetrahydroxy‐p‐benzoquinone.
37. Figure 8.37 2‐Ethylhexylamine.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Decision tree to determine additional toxicity testing.
2. Figure 9.2 OCNS HQ and colour bands.
3. Figure 9.3 Bioconcentration zinc in marine species.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Table of chemical additives.
2. Figure 10.2 The structure of guar gum.
3. Figure 10.3 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.
4. Figure 10.4 Fugacity complexity levels.
5. Figure 10.5 Poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline).

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Craddock, Henry A., 1956- author.

Title: Oilfield chemistry and its environmental impact / Henry A. Craddock

(HC Oilfield and Chemical Consulting, Angus, United Kingdom).

Description: Hoboken : Wiley, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018000479 (print) | LCCN 2018000920 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119244264 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119244271 (epub) | ISBN 9781119244257 (cloth)

Demulsification. | Oil well drilling-Environmental aspects. | Drilling muds. | Oil field brines-Environmental aspects.

Classification: LCC TN870 (ebook) | LCC TN870 .C73 2018 (print) | DDC 622/.3381-dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018000479

Cover Design: Wiley

Preface

In writing this book I have designed it primarily as a reference book for chemists and environmentalists practicing in the upstream oil and gas industry. The oilfield presents a large number of technical challenges to the chemist and many of these are set against a background of increasing regulation and control of environmental impacts. This book focuses on the key chemistries used across the oilfield as defined by various upstream oil and gas exploration, drilling, development, production, processing and transportation. It is an attempt to be as comprehensive as reasonable, however other sources should be consulted particular in reference to particular chemistries or issues of interest. The work includes chemistries used in cementing, completion, work‐over and stimulation, and further covers a number of chemistries involved in enhanced oil recovery, however these areas are not as comprehensively covered as others such as drilling and production.

A number of other books and reference works have examined the subject matter but all from the viewpoint of function and then chemistry applied. This book is an attempt to look at chemistry types and their use and potential use alongside their actual and possible environmental impacts. In the final two chapters I have attempted to focus on issues concerned with the environmental impact and fate of chemicals used in the oilfield sector. An outline of the regulatory conditions in a number of regions of the globe is included as well as also a critique of these in terms of overall environmental protection and sustainability.

The organisation of the book is laid out to examine specific chemistry types (Chapters 2–8) with Chapter 1 laying out the historical context of the subject, from its early application as a fairly piecemeal approach to solving certain oilfield problems, to its development into a fully‐fledged chemical discipline. Chapter 8 also includes the key area of formulation as this is a critical part of the application of chemicals to the oilfield as rarely can neat products be added or used directly. Chapters 9 and 10 are concerned with environmental issues which in the last 20 years have been a critical part of the discipline and a growing requirement for any oilfield chemist to understand. Chapter 10 is particularly focused on issues of sustainability which at the time of writing are becoming of growing importance and I believe will become vital in the continued use of chemicals and the application of chemistry to the oilfield.

I would like to acknowledge the works of Professors Johannes Fink and Malcolm Kelland whose books on ‘Oilfield Chemicals and Fluids’ and ‘Production Chemicals’ respectively were an invaluable source of information and guided me to numerous primary references. Laurent Schramm's seminal work on oilfield surfactants was of particular use in Chapter 3, and Malcolm Stevens third edition in Polymer Chemistry kept me on the straight and narrow in Chapter 2.

Both the Royal Society of Chemistry and Society of Petroleum Engineers library databases were extremely useful in affording primary sources of chemicals and chemistry applied in the oilfield context.

Finally, I would like to thank my daughter Dr Emma Craddock for her invaluable sense check on the critique and argument in Chapter 9.

Oilfield chemistry is a fascinating subject and continues to excite and stimulate and is sure to do so into the future. It is hoped this book will aid chemists and others to enjoy it further.

October 2017

Henry A. Craddock

Kirriemuir, Angus, UK