Cover
Notes on Contributors
Foreword
1. References
Part I: The Policy of Education Governance
1. 1 A Discursive Analysis of Neoliberal Policies and Practices in Education
  1. Key Questions
  2. Background
  3. The Ideology and Tenets of Political Neoliberalism
  4. Paid Handmaidens of Neoliberal Views: The Rise of Neoliberal Foundations And Think Tanks
  5. Follow the Money: Who is Funding Whom about What?
  6. The Rise of Neoliberal Corporate Managerialism in Educational Administration
  7. Neoliberal Largesse and Self‐aggrandizement—The Issue of Executive Pay
  8. The International Context of Neoliberalism and An Alternative Movement
  9. Conclusions
  10. Key Ideas
  11. References
2. 2 The History of Educational Policy and Governance
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Conclusions
  4. Key Ideas
  5. References
3. 3 Dominant Trends in the Evolution of K‐12 Education Policy in the United States
  1. Key Questions
  2. Looking Back to Move Forward
  3. Examining U.S. Educational Policy Developments
  4. Trends Identified
  5. LGBTQ
  6. Discussion and Conclusion: A Look to The Future
  7. References
4. 4 Bridging the Research and Politics Gap to Set the Policy Agenda
  1. Key Questions
  2. Politicians vs. Policymakers
  3. What is The Research‐politics Gap?
  4. Knowledge and The Policymaking Process
  5. Are Academics Generating Enough Education Research?
  6. Are Academics Producing The Right Kind of Research?
  7. How Should Academics Change Research to Facilitate Its Use in The Policymaking Process?
  8. The Dissemination of Research in Policymaking Environments
  9. Setting the Policy Agenda Based on Education Research
  10. Conclusions
  11. Key Ideas
  12. References
5. 5 The Continuing Evolution of School Choice in America
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Charter Public Schools
  4. Choice Scholarships and Voucher Programs
  5. Education Tax Credits
  6. School Choice Effectiveness: A Brief Summary of The Findings
  7. Theoretical Perspectives on School Choice
  8. Future Research Possibilities
  9. Final Thoughts on Future School Choice Policy
  10. Key Ideas
  11. References
6. 6 The Training of School Leaders
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. “Good Enough” Was the Standard for Leadership and Education
  4. Professionalization of School Leadership
  5. Standards and Accreditation For Educational Leadership Improvement
  6. The Professional Context for Adopting Standards: External Forces
  7. The Wave of Standards Implementation
  8. Contested Political Space For Education in America
  9. Educational Leadership Standards Are a Floor and Not a Ceiling
  10. The Educational Leadership Marketplace For Training School Administrators: Regression to The Mean
  11. What Alternative Educational Leadership Preparation Looks Like
  12. Adapting The Profession to The Marketplace
  13. Adapting Leadership to a Global Context
  14. The Educational Leadership Preparation Student: Opportunity to Learn
  15. Twenty‐first Century Transition to High‐Quality Learning
  16. Conclusions
  17. Key Ideas
  18. References
7. 7 Potential Impacts on the Future of Public and Private Education in a Global Economy
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Globalization in The Context of Education
  4. Conclusions
  5. Key Ideas
  6. References
8. 8 Leading the Way Out of Neoliberal Devastation: Luchar y vivir con dignidad (To Fight and to Live with Dignity)
  1. Acknowledgments
  2. Key Questions
  3. México City 2015–2016
  4. The Global Education Reform Movement
  5. The Manufactured Crisis
  6. Dehumanizing Education Under a New Taylorism
  7. The New Taylorism and Manufactured Crisis Go Global
  8. GERM and Global Teacher Activism
  9. GERM in México: A sangre y fuego se impone la mal llamada Reforma Educativa [With Blood and Fire They Impose the Poorly Named Education Reform]
  10. A Social Justice Imaginary: El Normalismo Mexicano [Mexican Normalist Education]
  11. Conclusions
  12. Key Ideas
  13. Further Reading
  14. References
9. 9 Should Education be Considered a Commodity?
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Historical Aspects of Privatization
  4. Privatization v. the U.S. Constitution (Establishment Clause)
  5. The Myth Behind Educational Reform
  6. The Fallacy of Choice
  7. Methods of Educatonal Reform
  8. Conclusions
  9. Key Ideas
  10. References
Part II: American Politics and Citizenship
1. 10 The Impact of Education Policies on Black Students’ School Functioning
  1. Key Questions
  2. The Racial Achievement Gap: Statistical Trends and Explanations
  3. Education Policies and Their Impact on Black Students’ School Functioning
  4. Equitable Education Policies
  5. Zero‐tolerance Policies and Their Impact on Black Students’ School Functioning
  6. Equitable Discipline Practices
  7. Conclusions
  8. Key Ideas
  9. References
2. 11 Parents’ Social Justice Activism Shapes School Policy
  1. Key Questions
  2. Crisis in Grove
  3. Community Voices
  4. Parents, Students, and Schools
  5. From Empowerment to Policy Changes in Two Communities
  6. Concluding Thoughts
  7. Key Ideas
  8. References
3. 12 Contemporary Decolonolization
  1. Key Questions
  2. Narrative: Self‐Determination Starts in Chaos
  3. Colonialism: Reframing the Discourse Into Contemporary Constructs
  4. Narrative: Self‐determination Starts With Boundaries
  5. Federal American Indian Education Policy
  6. Accountability and Reform Policies
  7. Narrative: Self‐determination Starts with Positioning
  8. Colonizing Problematics: The Arrogance of the Straight Line
  9. Narrative: Self‐determination Starts with Resistance
  10. Conclusions
  11. Key Ideas
  12. References
4. 13 Toward a New Democracy
  1. Acknowledgments
  2. Key Questions
  3. La CNTE and Its Democratizing Presence
  4. Los Foros [Forums]
  5. Blockades
  6. The Parents’ Blockade
  7. Labor Stoppage
  8. Conclusions
  9. The Government’s Intransigency
  10. Key Ideas
  11. Further Reading
  12. References
5. 14 Potential Legal Challenges in Educating Undocumented Immigrant Populations
  1. Key Questions
  2. Background
  3. Conclusions
  4. Key Ideas
  5. Multi‐media References
  6. References
Part III: Democracy in Action
1. 15 Opening Doors
  1. Key Questions
  2. Colorblind Myth of Educational Policy
  3. Policymaking for Systemic Change
  4. Cultural Proficiency as a Frame For Change
  5. Conclusion: Looking Back to Look Forward
  6. Key Ideas
  7. References
2. 16 Democracy in Action
  1. Key Questions
  2. Democracy in Action: Educational Organizing in the Neoliberal South
  3. Research Illustrating Participatory Democracy as A Form of Social Resistance
  4. Context of Research on North Carolina
  5. Case Study 1: The Moral Mondays Movement
  6. Case Study 2: Organize 2020
  7. Conclusions
  8. Key Ideas
  9. References
3. 17 Gun Violence and School Safety in American Schools
  1. Key Questions
  2. What Does Safe in School Mean?
  3. History of Gun Violence in Schools
  4. School Attacks Analysis
  5. Mississippi Principals and Armed Teachers
  6. Gun Violence
  7. Violent Assaults and Active Shooters
  8. Reactions to School Shootings and Violent Crimes in Schools
  9. Duly Authorized Gun Carriers
  10. Staff Safety
  11. School Climate, School Safety, and Violence
  12. Can Policy Solutions Work?
  13. Conclusions
  14. Key Ideas
  15. References
4. 18 Grade Retention
  1. Key Questions
  2. What is Grade Retention?
  3. Legislation
  4. Efficacy of the Practice
  5. Retention Research
  6. Alternatives
  7. Conclusions
  8. Key Ideas
  9. References
5. 19 Who Is Caring for Our Youngest Citizens?
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Contexts of Early Childhood
  4. The Achievement Gap Starts Early
  5. The Value of Early‐Childhood Investments
  6. The Early‐Childhood Workforce
  7. Conclusions
  8. Key Ideas
  9. Further Reading
  10. References
Part IV: Trending Education Policy Through Technology and Data
1. 20 Technology as a Focus of Education Policy
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Different Forms of Government Education Technology Policymaking
  4. Critiques of Government Education Technology Policymaking
  5. The Rise of Education and Technology as a Concern for Corporate Policy Actors
  6. Critiques of Corporate Influences on Education Technology Policymaking
  7. Toward Revitalized Public Policymaking
  8. Conclusions
  9. Key Ideas
  10. References
2. 21 Understanding Ethical Concerns Surrounding Big Data and Learning Analytics in Higher Education
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. What is Big Data?
  4. Analytics in Academia
  5. Identifying Ethical Concerns of Learning Analytics
  6. Conclusions
  7. Key Ideas
  8. Further Reading
  9. References
3. 22 Modeling the Virtuous
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Ethics
  4. Ethics in Technology/Computer Science
  5. Ethics in Education
  6. Governance
  7. Acceptable Use Policies (AUPs)
  8. Current Status of AUPs
  9. Ethical Technology Use
  10. Iterative Process
  11. Accessibility
  12. Social Responsibility
  13. Conclusion
  14. Key Ideas
  15. References
4. 23 Digital Lifelong‐Learning Literacy
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Digital Lifelong Learning
  4. Educational Institution’s Role
  5. Network‐Learning Literacy
  6. Conclusions
  7. Key Ideas
  8. References
5. 24 A Matrix to Address Ethical Concerns in the Design, Application, and Documentation of Learning Analytics in Postsecondary Education
  1. Key Questions
  2. Introduction
  3. Summarizing Definitions of Ethics
  4. Reviewing Pedagogical Frameworks
  5. Building the Matrix
  6. Discussion and Conclusion
  7. Key Ideas
  8. Further Reading
  9. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 03
1. Table 3.1 Chronological Order of Important Education Acts in the United States.
Chapter 09
1. Table 9.1 State Wide Referendum for Public Funds to Church Schools‐ 28‐No, 1 Yes (South Dakota—textbooks)
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Nation of Origin, Gender, and Age Percentages of Unaccompanied Children—FY 2012
2. Table 14.2 Examples of Documentation Required for Employment Eligibility Verification
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Federal Firearms in School Legislation
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Potential Facebook Data Available via NodeXL
2. Table 21.2 Learning Analytics and Persuasive Species
3. Table 21.3 Learning Analytics and Rhetorical Persuasion
4. Table 21.4 Learning Analytics and Ethical Frames
5. Table 21.5 Learning Analytics and Power Moves
6. Table 21.6 Learning Analytics and Social Semiotics
7. Table 21.7 Learning Analytics and Visual Design
8. Table 21.8 Learning Analytics and Features of the Internet
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Combined Pedagogy Framework
2. Table 24.2 Guide for Developing Responses to Ethical Concerns
3. Table 24.3 Design Information for the Final Matrix
4. Table 24.4 Application Information for Final Matrix
5. Table 24.5 Documentation Information for Final Matrix

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 The Need for Change from Neoliberalism
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8.1 From “Coordinadora Primero de Diciembre, 2015.”
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 A visual overview of tuition benefits for immigrants. Retrieved July 25, 2016, from http://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/tuition‐benefits‐for‐immigrants.aspx.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Nested Levels of Organizational Change.
2. Figure 15.2 The Conceptual Framework for Culturally Proficient Practices.
3. Figure 15.3 Cycles of Interrelatedness: Culturally Proficient Leadership.
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Word Cloud of Words from ten AUPs in Authors' Study.
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Digital Lifelong‐Learning Literacy.
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Matrix for Understanding Ethical Concerns in the Design, Application, and Documentation and of Learning Analytics in Postsecondary Education.

The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy

The Wiley Handbooks in Education

The Wiley Handbooks in Education offer a capacious and comprehensive overview of higher education in a global context. These state‐of‐the‐art volumes offer a magisterial overview of every sector, sub‐field and facet of the discipline‐from reform and foundations to K‐12 learning and literacy. The Handbooks also engage with topics and themes dominating today's educational agenda‐mentoring, technology, adult and continuing education, college access, race and educational attainment. Showcasing the very best scholarship that the discipline has to offer, The Wiley Handbooks in Education will set the intellectual agenda for scholars, students, researchers for years to come.

The Wiley Handbook of Diversity in Special Education

by Marie Tejero Hughes (Editor), Elizabeth Talbott (Editor)

The Wiley International Handbook of Educational Leadership

by Duncan Waite (Editor), Ira Bogotch (Editor)

The Wiley Handbook of Social Studies Research

by Meghan McGlinn Manfra (Editor), Cheryl Mason Bolick (Editor)

The Wiley Handbook of School Choice

by Robert A. Fox (Editor), Nina K. Buchanan (Editor)

The Wiley Handbook of Home Education

by Milton Gaither (Editor)

The Wiley Handbook of Cognition and Assessment: Frameworks, Methodologies, and Applications

by Andre A. Rupp (Editor), Jacqueline P. Leighton (Editor)

The Wiley Handbook of Learning Technology

by Nick Rushby, Dan Surry

The Wiley Handbook of Educational Policy

by Rosemary Papa (Editor), Shadow W. J. Armfield (Editor)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Rosemary Papa and Shadow W. J. Armfield to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office(s)
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd, 1 Fusionopolis Walk, #07‐01 Solaris South Tower, Singapore 138628

Editorial Office
101 Station Landing, Medford, MA 02155, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for

[Hardback] 9781119218418