Cover
Title Page
1. Copyright
2. Dedication
List of Contributors
Editor Biographies
1. First Editor
2. Second Editor
3. Third Editor
Preface
Acknowledgement
Part I: IPTV Delivery Networks Fundamentals
1. Chapter 1: IPTV: Delivering TV Services over IP Networks
  1. 1.1 Overview
  2. 1.2 Internet Protocol Television
  3. 1.3 Evolution of TV to IPTV
  4. 1.4 IPTV Delivery Network
  5. 1.5 Evolution of the Delivery Network
  6. 1.6 The Key Issues of IPTV Delivery Networks
  7. 1.7 Conclusion
  8. References
2. Chapter 2: IPTV Streaming Classification
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Framework
  3. 2.3 Classification Scheme
  4. 2.4 Experimental Setup
  5. 2.5 Experimental Results
  6. 2.6 Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgement
  8. References
3. Chapter 3: Efficient IPTV Delivery over EPON
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Broadband Access Network Technologies
  3. 3.3 Live IPTV Delivery over EPON
  4. 3.4 Conclusions
  5. References
4. Chapter 4: Content Awareness in IPTV Delivery Networks
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 The Key Challenges in IPTV Delivery Networks
  3. 4.3 Content Status Issue in IPTV Delivery Networks
  4. 4.4 IPTV Content Status Modelling: A New Direction
  5. 4.5 Conclusion
  6. References
Part II: QoS and QoE for IPTV Delivery Networks
1. Chapter 5: Zapping Delay Reduction in IPTV Systems
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 A Review of the Existing Studies
  3. 5.3 Prediction-Based Prejoining Method in WiMAX Networks
  4. 5.4 Performance Evaluation
  5. 5.5 Future Directions for Research
  6. 5.6 Conclusion
  7. References
2. Chapter 6: Channel-Zapping Time in IPTV: Challenges and Solutions
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Challenges in Channel-Zapping Time
  3. 6.3 Proposed Methods for Reducing Channel-Zapping Time
  4. 6.4 Discussion
  5. 6.5 Summary
  6. References
3. Chapter 7: Delivering High-Definition IPTV Services over IP-Based Networks
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 HD Video Compression
  3. 7.3 Future Trends
  4. 7.4 Conclusion
  5. References
4. Chapter 8: IPTV Network Security: Threats and Countermeasures
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Threats on IPTV Delivery Networks
  3. 8.3 Security Issues of IPTV Delivery Networks
  4. 8.4 Countering the Threats
  5. 8.5 Open Research Issues
  6. 8.6 Conclusions
  7. References
5. Chapter 9: Anomaly Detection and Big Data in IPTV Networks
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Complex Data in IPTV Networks
  3. 9.3 Anomaly in the Context of IPTV Networks
  4. 9.4 A Case Study of Anomaly Detection Technique in IPTV Networks
  5. 9.5 Future Research Directions: Big Data
  6. 9.6 Conclusions
  7. References
Part III: Mobility and Next-Generation Delivery Networks
1. Chapter 10: Taxonomy of Intra-Domain Mobility Management Schemes in Wireless Mesh Network for Implementing Mobile IPTV
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Classification
  3. 10.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
  4. 10.4 Open Research Issues
  5. 10.5 Conclusion
  6. Acknowledgement
  7. References
2. Chapter 11: Towards Multi-Operator IPTV Services Over 5G Networks
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 Single-Provider IPTV Services
  3. 11.3 IPX Multi-Service Internetworking
  4. 11.4 Multi-Operator IPTV Services in 5G Networks
  5. 11.5 Future Research
  6. 11.6 Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgement
  8. References
3. Chapter 12: Technologies and Architectures for Future IP Television Services
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 The Evolution of Users' Experience: Usage, Expectations and Reluctances
  3. 12.3 Architectural Evolution of IPTV: Towards a Smart Meld with OTT
  4. 12.4 Technical focus
  5. References
4. Contributor Biographies
5. Index
End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: IPTV: Delivering TV Services over IP Networks
1. Figure 1.1 IPTV domains (Lee et al., 2009).
2. Figure 1.2 Central and distributed delivery network architecture.
3. Figure 1.3 Hierarchical delivery network architecture.
4. Figure 1.4 iCloud network architecture (Meng, Liu and Yin, 2010).
5. Figure 1.5 Peer-service area architecture (Li and Wu, 2010).
6. Figure 1.6 IPTV delivery networks issues taxonomy.
Chapter 2: IPTV Streaming Classification
1. Figure 2.1 Framework for IPTV video streaming.
2. Figure 2.2 Scheme of IPTV packet structure.
3. Figure 2.3 Example of IPTV piecewise constant-rate of a streamed DVB-S programme.
4. Figure 2.4 Averaged ROC curves for TSS vs. OFS classification for both partitioning methods. The square and diamond symbols locate the SB-Ops. Coupled programme-wise AUC = 0.98; disjoint programme-wise AUC = 0.97.
5. Figure 2.5 Averaged ROC curves for DVB-S/T TSS classification for both partitioning methods. The square and diamond symbols locate the SB-Ops. Block-wise AUC = 0.89; programme-wise AUC = 0.84.
6. Figure 2.6 Averaged ROC curves for DVB-S/T OFS classification for both partitioning methods. The square and diamond symbols locate the SB-Ops. Block-wise AUC = 0.91; programme-wise AUC = 0.86.
Chapter 3: Efficient IPTV Delivery over EPON
1. Figure 3.1 Typical IPTV architecture.
2. Figure 3.2 Modern telecommunication network of an optical access network.
3. Figure 3.3 Varieties of optical access network.
4. Figure 3.4 PON architecture and its operation.
5. Figure 3.5 Inter- and intra-scheduling.
6. Figure 3.6 Broadcast and multicast filtering frame in EPON.
7. Figure 3.7 Proposed OLT architecture.
8. Figure 3.8 Proposed ONU architecture.
9. Figure 3.9 Joining the channel.
10. Figure 3.10 Leaving the channel.
11. Figure 3.11 Joining the broadcast channel.
12. Figure 3.12 Continue/stop the broadcasting mechanism.
13. Figure 3.13 System throughput with different traffic loads and 10 Mbps video transmission rate.
14. Figure 3.14 Packet loss with different traffic loads.
Chapter 4: Content Awareness in IPTV Delivery Networks
1. Figure 4.1 IPTV delivery networks: issues taxonomy.
2. Figure 4.2 Taxonomy of load-balancing algorithms.
3. Figure 4.3 Random content size distribution.
4. Figure 4.4 The distribution of expected content load.
5. Figure 4.5 The relation between expected load and popularity.
6. Figure 4.6 The relation between expected load and popularity.
Chapter 5: Zapping Delay Reduction in IPTV Systems
1. Figure 5.1 Companion stream to reduce zapping delay.
2. Figure 5.2 Channel prejoining to decrease zapping delay.
3. Figure 5.3 Scalable video coding (SVC) to decrease zapping delay.
4. Figure 5.4 Categorisation of zapping delay reduction schemes.
5. Figure 5.5 Multicast and unicast in a WiMAX cell.
6. Figure 5.6 Channel zapping (z) and viewing (v).
7. Figure 5.7 User behaviour automaton for IPTV user (TV-UBA) (Abdollahpouri et al., 2011).
8. Figure 5.8 Output of the TV-UBA model in LoadSpec tool (Abdollahpouri et al., 2011).
9. Figure 5.9 Prejoin1 (C_i) probability state diagram; C_max = 50.
10. Figure 5.10 Channel-switching events over a period of time.
11. Figure 5.11 WiMAX network with MBS server.
12. Figure 5.12 Required slots when multicasting N most popular channels and unicast the rest of the requested channels (N = 1, …, 50).
13. Figure 5.13 Simulation flowchart.
14. Figure 5.14 Average zapping delay with and without prejoining (95% confidence intervals).
Chapter 6: Channel-Zapping Time in IPTV: Challenges and Solutions
1. Figure 6.1 Basic architecture of the IPTV system.
2. Figure 6.2 Architecture of an IP multicast IPTV system.
3. Figure 6.3 Architecture of a peer-to-peer IPTV system.
4. Figure 6.4 Delay factors in channel-zapping time.
5. Figure 6.5 Channel sequences of (a) NWCO, (b) FCO and (c) FIO.
6. Figure 6.6
7. Figure 6.7 Dataflow in (a) a conventional system and (b) the system proposed in Lee et al. (2008).
8. Figure 6.8 Architecture of the IPTV service and its components in GEPON.
9. Figure 6.9 IPTV service architecture.
10. Figure 6.10 IPTV network architecture and components.
11. Figure 6.11 Steps of the multicast ICC method.
12. Figure 6.12 Channel selection scenario in the programme-driven method.
Chapter 7: Delivering High-Definition IPTV Services over IP-Based Networks
1. Figure 7.1 Evolution of Internet technology.
2. Figure 7.2 Global ICT developments (ITU-T, 2015).
3. Figure 7.3 Packet loss rate for isolated loss events (DSL Forum, 2006).
4. Figure 7.4 Video degradation by packet loss.
5. Figure 7.5 Network architecture for Ethernet-based Gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) aggregation.
Chapter 8: IPTV Network Security: Threats and Countermeasures
1. Figure 8.1 Main threats to IPTV and IPTV networks.
2. Figure 8.2 An example of an MITM attack.
3. Figure 8.3 An example of a replay attack.
4. Figure 8.4 An example of a DDoS attack.
5. Figure 8.5 An example of SYN flood attack.
Chapter 9: Anomaly Detection and Big Data in IPTV Networks
1. Figure 9.1 IPTV system (O'Driscoll, 2008).
2. Figure 9.2 The three Vs of big data.
Chapter 10: Taxonomy of Intra-Domain Mobility Management Schemes in Wireless Mesh Network for Implementing Mobile IPTV
1. Figure 10.1 Scenario for intra-domain mobility of MCs accessing IPTV services.
2. Figure 10.2 Taxonomy of mobility management scheme.
3. Figure 10.3 ANT mechanism.
4. Figure 10.4 Mesh mobility management.
5. Figure 10.5 Static anchor scheme.
6. Figure 10.6 Dynamic anchor scheme.
7. Figure 10.7 OLSR Fastsync.
8. Figure 10.8 MEMO architecture.
Chapter 11: Towards Multi-Operator IPTV Services Over 5G Networks
1. Figure 11.1 Examples and illustrations of IPTV service-level indicators.
2. Figure 11.2 MLD proxy, upstream and downstream interfaces.
3. Figure 11.3 The IPX network model.
4. Figure 11.4 Core and value-added communication services.
5. Figure 11.5 Simplified conceptual architecture of the 5G exchange.
6. Figure 11.6 Levels of 5GEx services and value proposition.
7. Figure 11.7 The sending party network pays principle.
8. Figure 11.8 Wholesale and retail charging layers.
Chapter 12: Technologies and Architectures for Future IP Television Services
1. Figure 12.1 The cloud resources at the service of IPTV providers for quality and cost optimisation.
2. Figure 12.2 Video delivery over the Internet without any CDN.
3. Figure 12.3 Video delivery over the Internet with the use of a CDN. Peering links and caches close to the users help the delivery.
4. Figure 12.4 (a) Between the server (on the left) and the three clients, a unicast session is established for each client. (b) With multicast, flows are aggregated as much as possible to save bandwidth resources by avoiding unnecessary replicated transmissions.
5. Figure 12.5 Even though CP and core network are multicast-enabled, many edge networks remain unicast-only, as the one on the bottom left. Multicast in the global Internet is an all-or-nothing solution: If at least one network of the path is not multicast-enabled, a unicast connection is used end-to-end.
6. Figure 12.6 The negotiation between the AMT gateway and AMT relay enables the aggregation of the flows. The AMT relay replicates to downstream receivers, adding a unicast header.
7. Figure 12.7 Principle of P2P assistance to CDN delivery.

List of Tables

Chapter 2: IPTV Streaming Classification
1. Table 2.1 Results obtained by using different subsets of statistics in the source classification problem
Chapter 3: Efficient IPTV Delivery over EPON
1. Table 3.1 Comparison of the access networks technologies
2. Table 3.2 Traffic proportion
Chapter 5: Zapping Delay Reduction in IPTV Systems
1. Table 5.1 An example of zapping delay reduction with prejoining
Chapter 6: Channel-Zapping Time in IPTV: Challenges and Solutions
1. Table 6.1 Comparison Table for various business models
2. Table 6.2 Comparison Table for the five groups of proposed methods
Chapter 8: IPTV Network Security: Threats and Countermeasures
1. Table 8.1 List of assets, attacks, severity levels, person involved and likelihood of IPTV networks according to the ITU-T Focus Group on IPTV (2006)
2. Table 8.2 Suggested network security mechanisms by ITU-T Focus Group on IPTV (Focus Group on IPTV, 2006)

IPTV Delivery Networks

Next Generation Architectures for Live and
Video-on-Demand Services

Edited by

Suliman Mohamed Fati

Faculty of Information Technology and Science, INTI International University, Malaysia

Saiful Azad

Faculty of Computer Systems & Software Engineering, University
Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia

Al-Sakib Khan Pathan

CSE Department, Southeast University, Bangladesh

This edition first published 2018

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‘To my parents, whose utmost efforts and prayers are always with me To my beloved wife, and my kids - Suhail and Sama’

Suliman Mohamed Fati

‘To my beloved late father, for his constant encouragement, love and belief’

Saiful Azad

‘To my two little daughters - Rumaysa and Rufaida’

Al-Sakib Khan Pathan

List of Contributors

Alireza Abdollahpouri

Department of Computer Engineering

University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

Mohiuddin Ahmed

University of New South Wales

Canberra, Australia

Saiful Azad

Faculty of Computer Systems & Software Engineering

University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia

Gergely Biczók

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics

Budapest, Hungary

Pedro Comesaña

Signal Theory and Communications Department

University of Vigo, E. E. Telecomunicación, Spain

Luis M. Contreras

Distrito Telefónica

Madrid, Spain

Subhrajyoti Deb

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India

Manos Dramitinos

Athens University of Economics and Business

Athens, Greece

Suliman Mohamed Fati

Faculty of Information Technology and Science

INTI International University, Malaysia

Niaz-Ul Haque

Mediaroom Field Engineering

Ontario, Canada

Seongik Hong

Amazon Web Services

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

I-Shyan Hwang

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Yuan-Ze University, Taiwan

Nazrul Kabir

Department of Computer Science

American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Andrew Tanny Liem

Department of Computer Science

Klabat University, Manado, Indonesia

Håkon Lønsethagen

Telenor Research, Telenor Group

Norway

Abhishek Majumder

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, India

Miguel Masciopinto

Signal Theory and Communications Department

University of Vigo, E. E. Telecomunicación, Spain

Marie-José Montpetit

Research Laboratory of Electronics

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

AliAkbar Nikoukar

Department of Mathematics, College of Science

Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

N. Nourin Nisa

Department of Computer Science

American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Fernando Pérez-González

Signal Theory and Communications Department

University of Vigo, E. E. Telecomunicación, Spain

Akbar Ghaffarpour Rahbar

Electrical Engineering Department

Sahand University of Technology

Tabriz, Iran

Mohammed Mostafizur Rahman

Department of Computer Science

American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

M. S. A. Noman Ranak

Faculty of Computer Systems & Software Engineering

University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia

Sudipta Roy

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India

B. M. F. Kamal Ruhee

Department of Computer Science

American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Lucile Sassatelli

Université Nice Sophia Antipolis

France

George D. Stamoulis

Athens University of Economics and Business

Athens, Greece

Putra Sumari

School of Computer Sciences

Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Laszlo Toka

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Department of Telecommunications and Media Informatics

Budapest, Hungary

Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Verki

Payame Noor University of Qazvin

Qazvin, Iran

Kamal Z. Zamli

Faculty of Computer Systems & Software Engineering

University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia

Sajjad Zare

Payame Noor University in Qazvin

Qazvin, Iran

Editor Biographies

First Editor

Name: Suliman Mohamed Fati

Position: Senior Lecturer, INTI International University, Malaysia

Biography: Suliman Mohamed Fati completed his bachelor's and master's degrees from Ain Shams University and Cairo University in Egypt, respectively. He received his PhD in computer sciences from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, in 2014. After completing his PhD, he joined as an assistant professor in Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. Currently, he is working as a senior lecturer (assistant professor) in Faculty of Information Technology and Sciences, INTI International University, Malaysia. The focus of his PhD work was on optimising IPTV delivery networks. His current research interests are in multimedia applications, content distribution networks, optimisation, cloud computing and the Internet of Things. He has authored many papers in international conferences and peer-reviewed journals. He also serves as a reviewer for renowned peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He is a member of IEEE, ICIT and IAENG.

Second Editor

Name: Saiful Azad

Position: Senior Lecturer, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia

Biography: Saiful Azad received his PhD in information engineering from the University of Padova, Italy, in 2013. He completed his BSc from the Islamic University of Technology, Bangladesh, in computer and information technology, and his MSc from International Islamic University Malaysia, in computer and information engineering. After completion of his PhD, he joined as a faculty member in the Department of Computer Science at American International University – Bangladesh. He is currently with the Faculty of Computer Systems and Software Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia. He started working on Underwater Acoustic Networks during his PhD, and it remains the main focus of his research. His research interests also lie in designing and implementing communication protocols for different network architectures, QoS issues, network security and simulator design. He is one of the developers of the DESERT underwater simulator. He is also the author of many scientific papers published in renowned international peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He is an editor/author of the 2014 book Practical Cryptography: Algorithms and Implementations using C++ (CRC Press, USA). He also serves as a reviewer and technical program committee member for many renowned peer-reviewed journals and conferences.

Third Editor

Name: Al-Sakib Khan Pathan

Position: Associate Professor, Southeast University, Bangladesh

Biography: Al-Sakib Khan Pathan received his master's degree and PhD in computer engineering from Kyung Hee University, South Korea, in 2009, and his bachelor's degree in computer science and information technology from the Islamic University of Technology, Bangladesh, in 2003. He is currently an associate professor at the Computer Science and Engineering department, Southeast University, Bangladesh. During 2010–2015, he was with the Computer Science department at the International Islamic University Malaysia, and, during 2009–2010, with the BRAC University, Bangladesh. He also worked as a researcher at Networking Lab, Kyung Hee University, South Korea, during 2005–2009. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, network security, cloud computing and e-services technologies. He is the recipient of several recognitions and best paper awards, and has several notable publications in these areas. He serves in various positions in renowned journals and magazines, and is the editor/author of 15 books. He is also a senior member of IEEE.

Preface

At the onset, we would like to clarify that this is not a textbook. We prefer to use the term ‘comprehensive guide’, as the book covers many critical aspects of IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) and IPTV delivery networks. When thinking about working on such a book, we observed that most of the books available in the market had covered only or mainly the basics of IPTV. There was no book available for researchers, academicians, students and practitioners that discussed in depth the IPTV delivery networks for both live and on-demand IPTV services. We also felt the pressing need to capture the issues of delivering IPTV over various emerging networking and communications technologies in a book or volume that could be used as reference material – both by general readers of the topic and experts in the field.

To introduce the theme of the book for general readers, let us say what IPTV is about. IPTV is basically a system that exploits high-speed broadband networks to deliver TV services to subscribers. It has been made possible today due to the advancements in high-speed broadcasting networks and the great evolution in digital video broadcasting techniques. From the service provider viewpoint, the prime challenge in the IPTV system involves providing high-quality service at minimum costs through existing and emerging delivery networks. In fact, IPTV delivery networks have witnessed several developments starting from the central architecture, which delivers content using a single main server. Subsequently, it was replaced by server farms or clusters. Then, the hierarchical architecture was introduced, which distributes content from a set of cache servers. At a later stage, the distributed architecture was proposed to replicate content into a set of servers distributed at different geographical locations. Given all these past developments, a recent and one of the most promising architectural solutions for IPTV delivery network is the cloud-based architecture. These are the issues that we discuss in this book, so that readers can understand the latest advancements alongside the required basics. And hence, we call it a ‘comprehensive guide’.

We are glad that we were able to complete this book by incorporating the contributions of researchers from around the globe, some of who are known names from renowned universities and institutions. We have divided the book into three main parts, each of which contains some chapters, organised as follows:

Part I: IPTV Delivery Networks Fundamentals

Chapter 01 – IPTV: Delivering TV Services over IP Networks
Chapter 02 – IPTV Streaming Classification
Chapter 03 – Efficient IPTV Delivery over EPON
Chapter 04 – Content Awareness in IPTV Delivery Networks

Part II: QoS and QoE for IPTV Delivery Networks

Chapter 05 – Zapping Delay Reduction in IPTV Systems
Chapter 06 – Channel Zapping Time in IPTV: Challenges and Solutions
Chapter 07 – Delivering High-Definition IPTV Services over IP-Based Networks
Chapter 08 – IPTV Network Security: Threats and Countermeasures
Chapter 09 – Anomaly Detection and Big Data in IPTV Networks

Part III: Mobility and Next-Generation Delivery Networks

Chapter 10 – Taxonomy of Intra-Domain Mobility Management Schemes in Wireless Mesh Network for Implementing Mobile IPTV
Chapter 11 – Towards Multi-Operator IPTV Services over 5G Networks
Chapter 12 – Technologies and Architectures for Future IP Television Services

As may be understood, the book has a total of 12 chapters. The first part (which contains four chapters) talks about the fundamental issues of IPTV delivery networks. This part could give some basic idea to the general readers of the topic whilst also being useful to experts. The second part (which contains five chapters) discusses Quality-of-Service (QoS) issues for IPTV delivery networks. We have also considered matters of security and anomaly detection as core issues related to quality. The last part addresses mobility issues and next-generation delivery networks. This part has three chapters that expose the readers to some futuristic thoughts and visions. As technological advancements are very rapid in this field, more novel ideas and methods of delivering IPTV may emerge soon. However, in this book, we have captured the latest available and usable technologies at the time of publication. Hence, we hope that this book will be appreciated by readers as a reference material that has no parallel at this time.

The Editors

Suliman Mohamed Fati

Saiful Azad

Al-Sakib Khan Pathan

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Almighty Allah for allowing us to complete this book, which has indeed taken a long time and continuous efforts. We are indebted to the chapter authors for their valuable contributions to this book. Special thanks are owed to the Wiley editorial staff, who made the task easy for us and gave us timely assistance during the preparation of the chapters. We would also like to sincerely thank our family members, who inspire us to excel in our professional fields and extend us their mental support.

Part I
IPTV Delivery Networks Fundamentals

Next Generation Architectures for Live and Video-on-Demand Services

First Editor

Second Editor

Third Editor

Next Generation Architectures for Live and
Video-on-Demand Services