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WILEY BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO WORLD HISTORY

This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of Europe’s past. Each volume comprises between 25 and 40 concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The aim of each contribution is to synthesize the current state of scholarship from a variety of historical perspectives and to provide a statement on where the field is heading.

The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. The Blackwell Companions to European History series is a cornerstone of the overarching Companions to History series, covering British, American, and World History.

A Companion to the French Revolution
by Peter McPhee (Editor)

A Companion to Eighteenth‐Century Europe
by Peter H. Wilson (Editor)

A Companion to Europe Since 1945
by Klaus Larres (Editor)

A Companion to the Medieval World
by Carol Lansing (Editor), Edward D. English (Editor)

A Companion to Nazi Germany
by Shelley Baranowski (Editor), Armin Nolzen (Editor), and Claus‐Christian W. Szejnmann (Editor)

A Companion to Europe 1900–1945
by Gordon Martel (Editor)

A Companion to Nineteenth‐Century Europe, 1789–1914
by Stefan Berger (Editor)

A Companion to the Reformation World
by R. Po‐chia Hsia (Editor)

A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance
by Guido Ruggiero (Editor)

A COMPANION TO NAZI GERMANY

Edited by

Shelley Baranowski,
Armin Nolzen,
and
Claus‐Christian W. Szejnmann





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Notes on Contributors

Aleida Assmann was Professor of English Literature and Literary Theory at the University of Konstanz, Germany (1993–2014), and holds guest professorships at various universities (Princeton, Yale, Chicago, and Vienna). Her main areas of research are the history of media and cultural memory, with special emphasis on Holocaust and trauma. Publications in English are Memory in a Global Age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories (ed. with Sebastian Conrad, 2010), Cultural Memory and Western Civilization: Functions, Media, Archives (2012), and Introduction to Cultural Studies: Topics, Concepts, Issues (2012).

Shelley Baranowski is Distinguished Professor of History Emerita at the University of Akron, Ohio. Her most recent books include Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler (2011) and Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich (2004). Her current book project is a study of mass violence among the Axis empires.

Frank Becker is Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at the University of Duisburg‐Essen. He received his doctorate in history at the University of Münster in 1992, where he received his habilitation in 1998. In 2003, he was Visiting Scholar at the German Historical Institute London and, in 2006, Visiting Professor at Vienna University. His publications include Bilder von Krieg und Nation: Die Einigungskriege in der bürgerlichen Öffentlichkeit Deutschlands (1864–1913) (2001), Den Sport gestalten: Carl Diems Leben (1882–1962) (2013), and Zivilisten und Soldaten. Entgrenzte Gewalt in der Geschichte (ed., 2015).

Marc Buggeln is a research assistant at the Humboldt‐University in Berlin. He received his PhD from the University of Bremen in 2008 with a study on the satellite camp system of the Neuengamme concentration camp. This study won the Herbert‐Steiner‐Preis in 2009 and the translation funding prize Geisteswissenschaften International in 2011. He is a member of the editorial board of HSozKult. Currently he is working on a history of public finance in West Germany.

David Clarke is Senior Lecturer in German at the University of Bath. He has published research on German literature and film, with a particular focus on the German Democratic Republic and cultural memory. His most recent research addresses the politics of memory in relation to human rights abuses in the German Democratic Republic. He is co‐author, with Ute Wölfel, of Remembering the German Democratic Republic: Divided Memory in a United Germany (2011).

Charles E. Closmann is an associate professor of history at the University of North Florida. His research interests include the environmental history of water pollution in Nazi Germany and the relationship between war and the environment. His current project concerns the history of militarized landscapes in Florida.

Debórah Dwork is the Rose Professor of Holocaust History and the founding director of the Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University. She is a leading authority on university education in this field, as well as her area of scholarship: Holocaust history. One of the first historians to record Holocaust survivors’ oral histories and to use their narratives as a scholarly source, Dwork’s books include Children With A Star (1991) and, with Robert Jan Van Pelt, Auschwitz; (1270–1996) and Flight from the Reich (2009).

Jörg Echternkamp is Associate Professor for Modern History at Martin Luther University, Halle‐Wittenberg, and Research Director at the Centre for Military History and Social Sciences, Potsdam. He held the Alfred Grosser chair at Sciences Po, Paris, in 2012–2013. Key publications are Soldaten im Nachkrieg (2014), Germany and the Second World War, Volume 9/1–2: German Wartime Society 1939–1945 (ed., 2008–2014), Der Aufstieg des deutschen Nationalismus (1998), and Experience and Memory: The Second World War in Europe (2010).

Geoff Eley is Karl Pohrt Distinguished University Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His most recent works include Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (2002), A Crooked Line: From Cultural History to the History of Society (2005), and Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany, 1930–1945 (2013). He is currently writing a general history of Europe in the twentieth century.

Manfred Gailus, DPhil, is apl. Professor of Modern German History at the Centre for Research on Antisemitism at the Technical University of Berlin. His major research interests are the social, political, cultural, and religious history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, especially the history of nationalism, Protestantism, and National Socialism. His main publications are Protestantismus und Nationalsozialismus: Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Durchdringung des protestantischen Sozialmilieus in Berlin (2001), Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten: Konturen, Entwicklungslinien und Umbrüche eines Weltbildes (ed. with Hartmut Lehmann, 2005), Mir aber zerriss es das Herz: Der stille Widerstand der Elisabeth Schmitz (2010), Täter und Komplizen in Theologie und Kirchen 1933–1945 (ed., 2015), and Friedrich Weißler: Ein Jurist und bekennender Christ im Widerstand gegen Hitler (2017).

Stephen G. Gross is an assistant professor at New York University in the Department of History and the Center for European and Mediterranean Studies. His first book, Export Empire: German Soft Power in Southeastern Europe, 1890–1945 (2015), explores the relationship between imperialism, economic development, and cultural exchange from the perspective of non‐state actors. His research has been supported by the Fulbright Fellowship, the DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst), and the Institute for New Economic Thinking, and he has published articles on political economy in Central European History, Contemporary European History, and German Politics and Society, among other journals. He is currently working on his second book, which will examine German energy policy in a European and global context, from 1945 to the present.

Michael Grüttner, is apl. Professor for Contemporary History at the Technische Universität Berlin. His research interests are the social history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the history of National Socialism, and the history of universities. Among his publications are Studenten im Dritten Reich (1995), Biographisches Lexikon zur nationalsozialistischen Wissenschaftspolitik (2004), Universities under Dictatorship (co‐ed. with John Connelly, 2005), Die Berliner Universität zwischen den Weltkriegen 1918–1945 (in cooperation with Christoph Jahr et al., 2012), and Das Dritte Reich 1933–1939 (2014).

Jens‐Uwe Guettel holds a Staatsexamen degree in History and English from the Freie Universität Berlin and a PhD in History from Yale University. He is Associate Professor of History and Germanic Languages and Literatures at the Pennsylvania State University and is currently working on a book project on radical democracy and reform in the German Empire before 1914. Recent publications include German Expansionism, Imperial Liberalism, and the United States, 1776–1945 (2012), ‘The US Frontier as Rationale for the Nazi East? Settler Colonialism and Genocide in Nazi‐occupied Eastern Europe and the American West’, Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 15, no. 4 (2013), and ‘The Myth of the Pro‐colonialist SPD: German Social Democracy and Imperialism before the First World War’, Central European History, vol. 45, no. 3 (2012).

Elizabeth Harvey is Professor of History at the University of Nottingham. She is the author of Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar Germany (1993) and Women and the Nazi East: Agents and Witnesses of Germanization (2003). She co‐edited, with Lynn Abrams, Gender Relations in German History (1996) and, with Johanna Gehmacher and Sophia Kemlein, Zwischen Kriegen: Nationen, Nationalismen und Geschlechterverhältnisse in Mittel‐ und Osteuropa 1918–1939 (2004). She co‐edited, with Johanna Gehmacher, a special issue on political travel for Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften (2011) and co‐edited, with Maiken Umbach, a special issue on photography and twentieth‐century German history for Central European History (2015). Her current research interests include the history of photography and photojournalism and the history of private life under National Socialism. She is currently working on a project on gender and forced labour under Nazism.

Isabel Heinemann is Assistant Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Münster University, Germany. Her main fields of interest are National Socialist racial policies and the history of the US American family in the twentieth century. Among her publications are ‘Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut’: Das Rasse‐ und Siedlungshauptamt der SS und die rassenpolitische Neuordnung Europas (2nd edn, 2003), Inventing the Modern American Family: Family Values and Social Change in 20th Century United States (2012), and ‘Defining “(Un)wanted Population Addition”: Anthropology, Racist Ideology, and Mass Murder in the Occupied East’, in Racial Science in Hitler’s New Europe 1938–1945 (ed. Anton Weiss‐Wendt and Rory Yeomans, 2013).

Konrad H. Jarausch is Lurcy Professor of European Civilization and Senior Fellow of the Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung in Potsdam/Germany. He has written and/or edited over 40 books on German and European history, among them, most recently, Out of Ashes: A New History of Europe in the 20th Century (2015).

Sven Keller is a research fellow (2009–2012) at the University of Augsburg, since 2012 a research fellow at the Institute of Contemporary History, Munich, and since 2015 also curator of the Dokumentation Obersalzberg. Recent publications are Volksgemeinschaft am Ende: Gesellschaft und Gewalt 1944/45 (2013), Dr. Oetker und der Nationalsozialismus: Geschichte eines Familienunternehmens 1933–1945 (with Jürgen Finger und Andreas Wirsching; 2013), and Tagebuch einer jungen Nationalsozialistin: Die Aufzeichnungen Wolfhilde von König 1939–1946 (ed., 2015).

Thomas Kühne (PhD, University of Tübingen) is the Strassler Professor of Holocaust History at Clark University. His research inquires into the cultural history of war and genocide. His most recent book is The Rise and Fall of Comradeship: Hitler’s Soldiers, Male Bonding and Mass Violence in the 20th Century (2017). His awards include fellowships from the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and the German Bundestag Research Prize.

Andrea Löw is Deputy Director of the Centre for Holocaust Studies, Institute of Contemporary History, Munich. Her research is on the Holocaust, especially on ghettos. Some of her publications are Alltag im Holocaust: Jüdisches Leben im Großdeutschen Reich 1941–1945 (ed., with Doris L. Bergen and Anna Hájková, 2013), Das Warschauer Getto: Alltag und Widerstand im Angesicht der Vernichtung (together with Markus Roth, 2013), and Juden im Getto Litzmannstadt: Lebensbedingungen, Selbstwahrnehmung, Verhalten (2nd edn, 2010).

Wendy Lower is the John K. Roth Professor of History and Director of the Mgrublian Center for Human Rights, Claremont McKenna College. Her most recent study, Hitler’s Furies: German Women in the Nazi Killing Fields (2013), was a finalist for the National Book Award and the National Jewish Book Award. She is the author of Nazi Empire Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine (2005), and editor of The Diary of Samuel Golfard and the Holocaust in Galicia (2011).

Lars Lüdicke, DPhil, is an historian and publisher. His major research interests are modern history with a special focus on the history of Germany in its international context, politics, and constitutional and social history. His main publications are Griff nach der Weltherrschaft: Die Außenpolitik des Dritten Reiches 1933–1945 (2009), Constantin von Neurath: Eine politische Biographie (2014), and Hitlers Weltanschauung: Von ‘Mein Kampf’ bis zum ‘Nero‐Befehl’ (2016).

Daniel Mühlenfeld, MA, is working on a PhD thesis dealing with the Reich Ministry for People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda. Recently he has published essays on Nazi propaganda and the ‘people’s community’: ‘Die Vergesellschaftung von “Volksgemeinschaft” in der sozialen Interaktion: Handlungs‐ und rollentheoretische Überlegungen zu einer Gesellschaftsgeschichte des Nationalsozialismus’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, vol. 61 (2013); ‘Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der “Volksgemeinschaft” für die Zeitgeschichte. Neuere Debatten und Forschungen zur gesellschaftlichen Verfasstheit des “Dritten Reiches”’, Sozialwissenschaftliche Literaturrundschau, vol. 36 (2013) ; ‘Between State and Party: Position and Function of the Gau Propaganda Leader in National Socialist Leadership’, German History, vol. 28 (2010); and ‘Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man NS‐Propaganda? Neuere Forschungen zur Geschichte von Medien, Kommunikation und Kultur während des “Dritten Reiches”’, Archiv für Sozialgeschichte, vol. 49 (2009).

Armin Nolzen, MA, is a member of the editorial board of Beiträge zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus (www.beitraege‐ns.de). He is currently working on a history of the NSDAP, 1919–1945. Among his publications are ‘Charismatic Legitimation and Bureaucratic Rule: The NSDAP in the Third Reich, 19331945’, German History, vol. 23 (2005), and ‘The NSDAP, the War, and German Society’, in Germany and the Second World War, vol 9. pt. 1: German Wartime Society 1939–1945: Politicization, Disintegration, and the Struggle for Survival (2008), edited by Jörg Echternkamp, translated by Derry Cook‐Radmore. His major research interests are the societal history of the Nazi regime, the comparative history of fascist movements, socialization research, and the Frankfurt School.

Richard Overy is Professor of History at the University of Exeter, UK. He has published more than 30 books on the European dictatorships, the Second World War, and the history of air power, including Why the Allies Won (1995), Russia’s War (1998), and Chronicle of the Third Reich (2010). His book The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia (2004) was winner of the Wolfson Prize; his book The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945 (2013) won a Cundill Award for Historical Literature in 2014. He is a Fellow of the British Academy.

Kiran Klaus Patel is Jean Monnet professor of European and global history at Maastricht University. He is a member of the historians’ committee researching the history of the Reich Ministry of Labour during the Nazi regime. Key publications include Soldiers of Labor: Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945 (2005), The New Deal: A Global History (2016), and Special Section of Journal of Contemporary History (ed. with Sven Reichardt), ‘The Dark Sides of Transnationalism: Social Engineering and Nazism, 1930s–1940s’ (2016).

Thomas Pegelow Kaplan is the Leon Levine Distinguished Professor and Director of the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies at Appalachian State University in North Carolina. His research focuses on histories of violence, language, and culture of Nazi Germany and the 1960s global youth revolts. He is the author of The Language of Nazi Genocide: Linguistic Violence and the Struggle of Germans of Jewish Ancestry (2009) and numerous chapters and articles.

Lisa Pine is Reader in History at London South Bank University. Her research interests include the social history of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust. Her main publications are Life and Times in Nazi Germany (2016), Education in Nazi Germany (2010), Hitler’s ‘National Community’: Society and Culture in Nazi Germany (2007), and Nazi Family Policy, 1933–1945 (1997). She teaches courses on modern and contemporary history.

Dieter Pohl is Professor of Contemporary History at the Alpen Adria University in Klagenfurt, Austria. He also serves as a member of the executive board of the European Holocaust Research Infrastructure and several other advisory boards. Among his publications are Verfolgung und Massenmord in der NS‐Zeit (2003), Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht: Deutsche Militärbesatzung und einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941–1944 (2008), Zwangsarbeit in Hitlers Europa (co‐ed., 2013), Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland 1933–1945 (co‐editor, since 2007; to date 9 vols.).

Karl Heinrich Pohl teaches history and history didactics at the University of Kiel. His academic interests are history of the bourgeoisie, labour history, regional and local history as well as history didactics of museums and memorial sites. His recent publications are Gustav Stresemann, Biografie eines Grenzgängers (2015), Historische Museen und Gedenkstätten in Norddeutschland (ed., 2015), and Der kritische Museumsführer: Neun Historische Museen im Fokus (2013).

Kim Christian Priemel is Associate Professor of Contemporary European History at the University of Oslo. His major publications are The Betrayal: The Nuremberg Trials and German Divergence (2016) and Flick: Eine Konzerngeschichte vom Kaiserreich bis zur Bundesrepublik (2007).

Alexandra Przyrembel is Professor of Modern European History at the University of Hagen. She is especially interested in the global history of capitalism, the history of knowledge, and the history of emotions. She has co‐edited, with Rebekka Habermas, Von Käfern, Märkten und Menschen: Wissen und Kolonialismus in der Moderne (2013), and authored Verbote und Geheimnisse: Das Tabu und die Genese der europäischen Moderne (1784–1913) (2011), ‘Ambivalente Gefühle: Sexualität und Antisemitismus im Nationalsozialismus’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, vol. 39 (2013), and ‘Rassenschande’: Reinheitsmythos und Vernichtungslegitimation im Nationalsozialismus (2003).

Thomas Schaarschmidt is Head of Department at the Centre for Contemporary History Potsdam (ZZF). In 2007 he edited Die NS‐Gaue: Regionale Mittelinstanzen im zentralistischen Führerstaat together with Jürgen John and Horst Möller. Previously he was based at Leipzig University. He has published on international relations and on the idea of regionality in Nazi and Communist Germany. His current research project deals with political and social mobilization in Nazi Berlin.

Detlef Schmiechen‐Ackermann is Professor of Modern History at Leibnitz University, Hanover. His most recent major publications are Der Ort der ‘Volksgemeinschaft’ in der deutschen Gesellschaftsgeschichte (ed., 2018), ‘Volksgemeinschaft’: Mythos, wirkungsmächtige soziale Verheiβung oder soziale Realität im ‘Dritten Reich’? Zwischenbilanz einer kontroversen Debatte (ed., 2012), Grenzziehungen – Grenzerfahrungen – Grenzüberschreitungen: Die innerdeutsche Grenze 1945–1990 (ed., 2011), Geschichte Niedersachsens: Volume 5: Von der Weimarer Republik bis zur Wiedervereinigung (2010), and Diktaturen im Vergleich (2010; 3rd. edn).

Astrid Schwabe teaches history and history didactics at the European University of Flensburg (Germany). After her MA in Cultural Studies she pursued a doctorate at the Institute for Regional Contemporary History of Schleswig‐Holstein. Her academic interests are contemporary regional history and public history, in particular teaching and learning history through digital media. Her publications include Historisches Lernen im World Wide Web (2012), Filme erzählen Geschichte (2010), and Schleswig‐Holstein und der Nationalsozialismus (2nd edn, 2006).

Alexa Stiller is a research associate in the Department of History at the University of Berne, Switzerland. Her PhD thesis was on the Nazis’ Germanization policy in the annexed territories of Poland, France, and Slovenia. She has published several articles on Nazi Germanization policy, the Holocaust, and the Nuremberg trials. Her major publications are Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography (2012) and NMT: Die Nürnberger Militärtribunale zwischen Geschichte, Gerechtigkeit und Rechtschöpfung (2013).

Pamela E. Swett is Professor of History at McMaster University in Canada. She has published articles and books on daily life and its intersections with political and commercial developments in Weimar and National Socialist Germany, including Selling under the Swastika: Advertising and Commercial Culture in Nazi Germany (2014) and Neighbors and Enemies: The Culture of Radicalism in late Weimar Berlin (2004).

Claus‐Christian W. Szejnmann is Professor of Modern History at Loughborough University. His major publications are Heimat, Region, and Empire: Spatial Identities under National Socialism (ed. with M. Umbach, 2012), Rethinking History, Dictatorship and War: New Approaches and Interpretations (ed., 2009), Ordinary People as Mass Murderers: Perpetrators in Comparative Perspective (ed. with O. Jensen, 2006), Vom Traum zum Alptraum: Sachsen in der Weimarer Republik (2000), and Nazism in Central Germany: The Brownshirts in “Red” Saxony (1999).

Benjamin Ziemann is Professor of Modern German History at the University of Sheffield, UK. His many publications include Contested Commemorations: Republican War Veterans and Weimar Political Culture (2013), Encounters with Modernity: The Catholic Church in West Germany, 1945–1975 (2014), Understanding the Imaginary War: Culture, Thought and Nuclear Conflict, 1945–90 (ed. with Matthew Grant, 2016), and Reading Primary Sources: The Interpretation of Texts from Nineteenth‐ and Twentieth‐Century History (ed. with Miriam Dobson, 2008).