Cover Page

Blackwell Companions to Philosophy

This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today's leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key figures, terms, topics, and problems of the field. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, representing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike.

Already published in the series

  1. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, Second Edition

    Edited by Nicholas Bunnin and Eric Tsui-James

  2. A Companion to Ethics

    Edited by Peter Singer

  3. A Companion to Aesthetics, Second Edition

    Edited by Stephen Davies, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Robert Hopkins, Robert Stecker, and David E. Cooper

  4. A Companion to Epistemology, Second Edition

    Edited by Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa and Matthias Steup

  5. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy (two-volume set), Second Edition

    Edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit

  6. A Companion to Philosophy of Mind

    Edited by Samuel Guttenplan

  7. A Companion to Metaphysics, Second Edition

    Edited by Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa and Gary S. Rosenkrantz

  8. A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, Second Edition

    Edited by Dennis Patterson

  9. A Companion to Philosophy of Religion, Second Edition

    Edited by Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn

  10. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language

    Edited by Bob Hale and Crispin Wright

  11. A Companion to World Philosophies

    Edited by Eliot Deutsch and Ron Bontekoe

  12. A Companion to Continental Philosophy

    Edited by Simon Critchley and William Schroeder

  13. A Companion to Feminist Philosophy

    Edited by Alison M. Jaggar and Iris Marion Young

  14. A Companion to Cognitive Science

    Edited by William Bechtel and George Graham

  15. A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition

    Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer

  16. A Companion to the Philosophers

    Edited by Robert L. Arrington

  17. A Companion to Business Ethics

    Edited by Robert E. Frederick

  18. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science

    Edited by W. H. Newton-Smith

  19. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy

    Edited by Dale Jamieson

  20. A Companion to Analytic Philosophy

    Edited by A. P. Martinich and David Sosa

  21. A Companion to Genethics

    Edited by Justine Burley and John Harris

  22. A Companion to Philosophical Logic

    Edited by Dale Jacquette

  23. A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy

    Edited by Steven Nadler

  24. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages

    Edited by Jorge J. E. Gracia and Timothy B. Noone

  25. A Companion to African-American Philosophy

    Edited by Tommy L. Lott and John P. Pittman

  26. A Companion to Applied Ethics

    Edited by R. G. Frey and Christopher Heath Wellman

  27. A Companion to the Philosophy of Education

    Edited by Randall Curren

  28. A Companion to African Philosophy

    Edited by Kwasi Wiredu

  29. A Companion to Heidegger

    Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall

  30. A Companion to Rationalism

    Edited by Alan Nelson

  31. A Companion to Pragmatism

    Edited by John R. Shook and Joseph Margolis

  32. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy

    Edited by Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin

  33. A Companion to Nietzsche

    Edited by Keith Ansell Pearson

  34. A Companion to Socrates

    Edited by Sara Ahbel-Rappe and Rachana Kamtekar

  35. A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism

    Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall

  36. A Companion to Kant

    Edited by Graham Bird

  37. A Companion to Plato

    Edited by Hugh H. Benson

  38. A Companion to Descartes

    Edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero

  39. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology

    Edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski

  40. A Companion to Hume

    Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe

  41. A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography

    Edited by Aviezer Tucker

  42. A Companion to Aristotle

    Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos

  43. A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology

    Edited by Jan-Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, and Vincent F. Hendricks

  44. A Companion to Latin American Philosophy

    Edited by Susana Nuccetelli, Ofelia Schutte, and Otávio Bueno

  45. A Companion to the Philosophy of Literature

    Edited by Garry L. Hagberg and Walter Jost

  46. A Companion to the Philosophy of Action

    Edited by Timothy O'Connor and Constantine Sandis

  47. A Companion to Relativism

    Edited by Steven D. Hales

  48. A Companion to Hegel

    Edited by Stephen Houlgate and Michael Baur

  49. A Companion to Schopenhauer

    Edited by Bart Vandenabeele

  50. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy

    Edited by Steven M. Emmanuel

  51. A Companion to Foucault

    Edited by Christopher Falzon, Timothy O'Leary, and Jana Sawicki

  52. A Companion to the Philosophy of Time

    Edited by Heather Dyke and Adrian Bardon

  53. A Companion to Donald Davidson

    Edited by Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig

  54. A Companion to Rawls

    Edited by Jon Mandle and David Reidy

  55. A Companion to W.V.O Quine

    Edited by Gilbert Harman and Ernest Lepore

  56. A Companion to Derrida

    Edited by Zeynep Direk and Leonard Lawlor

  57. A Companion to David Lewis

    Edited by Barry Loewer and Jonathan Schaffer

  58. A Companion to Kierkegaard

    Edited by Jon Stewart

  59. A Companion to Locke

    Edited by Matthew Stuart

  60. The Blackwell Companion to Hermeneutics

    Edited by Niall Keane and Chris Lawn

  61. A Companion to Ayn Rand

    Edited by Allan Gotthelf and Gregory Salmieri

  62. The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism

    Edited by Kelly James Clark

  63. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language (two-volume set), Second Edition

    Edited by Bob Hale

The Blackwell Companion to Substance Dualism

Edited by

Jonathan J. Loose, Angus J. L. Menuge,
and
J. P. Moreland

Wiley Logo

Notes on Contributors

Lynne Rudder Baker is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus (formerly distinguished professor) at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and is the author of Naturalism and the First-Person Perspective (Oxford, 2013), The Metaphysics of Everyday Life (Cambridge, 2007), Persons and Bodies (Cambridge, 2000), Explaining Attitudes (Cambridge, 1995), and Saving Belief (Princeton, 1987), as well as numerous articles and book chapters in the philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and philosophical theology. She also has spoken widely in over twenty countries on five continents. See http://people.umass.edu/lrb.

Tim Bayne is a philosopher of mind and cognitive science, with a particular interest in the nature of consciousness. He is currently professor of philosophy at Monash University (Melbourne), having taught previously at Macquarie University, the University of Western Ontario, the University of Manchester, and the University of Oxford. He is the author of The Unity of Consciousness (2010) and Thought: A Very Short Introduction (2013); and an editor of Delusion and Self-Deception (Psychology Press, 2008), The Oxford Companion to Consciousness (Oxford University Press, 2009), and Cognitive Phenomenology (Oxford University Press, 2011).

John W. Cooper taught philosophy at Calvin College and since 1985 has been professor of philosophical theology at Calvin Theological Seminary. Among his publications are Body, Soul and Life Everlasting: Biblical Anthropology and the Monism-Dualism Debate (Eerdmans, 1989) and Panentheism – The Other God of the Philosophers: From Plato to the Present (Baker Academic, 2006).

Kevin Corcoran is Professor of Philosophy at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is the author or editor of three books – Soul, Body and Survival (Cornell University Press, 2001), Rethinking Human Nature (Baker Academic, 2006) and Church in the Present Tense (Baker, 2011)—as well as many articles, mostly dealing with the metaphysics of human nature and the philosophy of mind. In 2012, he was included in Princeton Review's The Best 300 Professors.

Edward Feser is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. His current research interests are in metaphysics and philosophy of nature, natural theology, and philosophical psychology. His books include Philosophy of Mind (Oneworld, 2013), Aquinas (Bolinda Audio, 2012), Scholastic Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction (Editiones Scholasticae, 2014), and Neo-Scholastic Essays (St. Augustine's Press, 2015).

Stewart Goetz is the Ross Frederick Wicks Distinguished Professor in philosophy and religion at Ursinus College. He has written extensively on the freedom of choice and the nature of the self. His books include Naturalism (co-authored with Charles Taliaferro, Eerdmans, 2008), Freedom, Teleology, and Evil (Continuum, 2008), The Soul Hypothesis (co-edited with Mark Baker, Continuum, 2011), A Brief History of the Soul (co-authored with Charles Taliaferro, Wiley Blackwell, 2011), The Purpose of Life: A Theistic Perspective (Continuum, 2012), The Routledge Companion to Theism (coedited with Charles Taliaferro and Victoria Harrison, Routledge, 2012), A Philosophical Walking Tour with C. S. Lewis: Why It Did Not Include Rome (Bloomsbury, 2014), and God and Meaning (co-edited with Joshua Seachris; Bloomsbury, 2016). Goetz is the senior editor of the Bloomsbury book series Bloomsbury Studies in Philosophy and Religion and co-senior editor of the forthcoming Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Religion.

Joel B. Green (PhD, Aberdeen) is Provost and Professor of New Testament interpretation at Fuller Theological Seminary. He has written or edited more than forty-five books, including Body, Soul, and Human Life: The Nature of Humanity in the Bible (Baker Academic, 2008) and What About the Soul? Neuroscience and Christian Anthropology (Abingdon Press, 2004). He is the editor of the New International Commentary on the New Testament series (Eerdmans), editor-in-chief of the Journal of Theological Interpretation, and serves on the editorial boards of Theology and Science and Science and Christian Belief.

Gary R. Habermas (PhD, Michigan State University) is the distinguished research professor and chair of the Philosophy Department at Liberty University. He has authored or edited over forty books (more than twenty of these on Jesus's resurrection). Besides this chief area of research, he has published many other items on near-death experiences, the historical Jesus, religious doubt, and personal suffering. He has also published more than seventy chapters or articles in other books, plus approximately 150 articles in journals and periodicals. He has been a visiting or adjunct professor at 15 different graduate schools and seminaries (teaching about fifty courses) in the United States and abroad. See his website at www.garyhabermas.com.

William Hasker (PhD, Edinburgh) is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Huntington University, where he taught from 1966 until 2000. He was the editor of Christian Scholar's Review from 1985 to 1994, and the editor of Faith and Philosophy from 2000 until 2007. He has contributed numerous articles to journals and reference works, and is the author of Metaphysics (InterVarsity Press, 1983), God, Time, and Knowledge (Cornell University Press, 1989), The Emergent Self (Cornell University Press, 1999), Providence, Evil, and the Openness of God (Routledge, 2004), The Triumph of God Over Evil (InterVarsity Press, 2008), and Metaphysics and the Tri-Personal God (Oxford University Press, 2013).

Ross Inman is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. His research to date has focused primarily on metaphysics and philosophy of religion and has appeared in Philosophical Studies, Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysica, and Philosophia Christi. He is a former Templeton research fellow at both the University of Notre Dame's Center for Philosophy of Religion and Saint Louis University. He holds an MA in philosophy, an MA in Theology from Talbot School of Theology (Biola University), and a PhD in philosophy from Trinity College, Dublin.

Jaegwon Kim is the William Perry Faunce Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Brown University, where he taught for over 30 years. He also taught at Swarthmore College, Cornell University, and, for many years, the University of Michigan. Kim was educated at Seoul National University, Dartmouth College, and Princeton University. His books include Supervenience and Mind (1993), Philosophy of Mind (1996), Mind in a Physical World (1998), Physicalism, or Something Near Enough (2005), and Essays in the Metaphysics of Mind (2010).

Robert C. Koons is a professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin. He specializes in metaphysics, philosophy of religion, and philosophical logic. He is the author, with Timothy Pickavance, of The Atlas of Reality (Wiley Blackwell, 2016) and Metaphysics: The Fundamentals (Wiley Blackwell, 2014). He coedited The Waning of Materialism (Oxford University Press, 2010) with George Bealer, and he is the author of Realism Regained (Oxford University Press, 2000) and Paradoxes of Belief and Strategic Rationality (Cambridge University Press, 1992). Koons's most recent work is on neo-Aristotelian metaphysics, especially as a basis for a metaphysics of modern science.

Jonathan J. Loose is a senior lecturer in philosophy and psychology and director of learning and teaching at Heythrop College, University of London. He has research interests in philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and philosophy of religion arising from prior work in cognitive science and psychology. Recent work focuses on contemporary dualist and physicalist views of human persons in relation to theological and practical concerns and he is currently working on a monograph exploring these issues.

E. J. Lowe (1950–2014), Durham University, United Kingdom, authored, among other books, Kinds of Being (Blackwell, 1989), Subjects of Experience (Cambridge University Press, 1996), The Possibility of Metaphysics (Oxford University Press, 1998), The Four-Category Ontology (Oxford University Press, 2006), Personal Agency (Oxford University Press, 2008), and More Kinds of Being (Blackwell, 2009).

William G. Lycan is William Rand Kenan Jr. Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of North Carolina, and currently Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Connecticut. He is the author of Logical Form in Natural Language (1984, MIT Press), Knowing Who (with Steven Boër, 1986, MIT Press), Consciousness (1987, MIT Press), Judgement and Justification (Cambridge University Press, 1988), Modality and Meaning (Kluwer Academic, 1994), Consciousness and Experience (MIT Press, 1996), Philosophy of Language: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge, 1999), and Real Conditionals (Oxford University Press, 2001).

Michael N. Marsh's career was in academic clinical and biomedical research (Department of Medicine, Manchester, and professor of intestinal immunopathology in Ankara), his major interests being the host's graded intestinal mucosal responses to environmental antigenic challenge, particularly with celiac disease, tropical infectious and parasitic diarrheas, and host–host transplantation histo-incompatibility, resulting in the international “Marsh Classification.” He published three books and over two hundred papers, holding visiting professorships in America (2), New Zealand (Otago) and Australia (Adelaide). On approaching retirement, he read the Oxford theology degree, subsequently writing his DPhil thesis on the neuropathology and theology of near-death and out-of-body experiences (Oxford Theology Monographs Series, 2010). He currently writes on bioethical issues arising from developments in medical science and clinical practice. Now at Wolfson College, he was formerly a fellow at The Oxford Centre for Christianity & Culture, Regent's Park College, University of Oxford.

Angus J. L. Menuge is a professor and Chair of Philosophy at Concordia University Wisconsin and president of the Evangelical Philosophical Society. Menuge is author of many journal articles and book chapters on the philosophy of mind and has broad interests in philosophical and theological anthropology. He is editor of several books, including Reading God's World (Concordia Academic Press, 2004) and Legitimizing Human Rights: Secular and Religious Perspectives (Ashgate, 2013), and author of Agents Under Fire: Materialism and the Rationality of Science (Rowman and Littlefield, 2004). His most recent edited book is Religious Liberty and the Law (Routledge, 2017).

Trenton Merricks is Commonwealth Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia. He is the author of Objects and Persons (Oxford University Press, 2001), Truth and Ontology (Oxford University Press, 2007), and Propositions (Oxford University Press, 2015). He has also written many articles in metaphysics, philosophy of religion, epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind.

J. P. Moreland is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology, Biola University. He has authored, edited, or contributed papers to ninety-five books, including Does God Exist? (Prometheus), Universals (McGill-Queen's), Consciousness and the Existence of God (Routledge), Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology (Blackwell), and Debating Christian Theism (Oxford). He has also published over eighty-five articles in journals such as Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, American Philosophical Quarterly, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, MetaPhilosophy, Philosophia Christi, Religious Studies, and Faith and Philosophy. In August 2016 he was named by The Best Schools as one of the 50 most influential living philosophers.

Nancey Claire Murphy is Senior Professor of Christian Philosophy at Fuller Seminary, Pasadena. She received her PhD. from University of California, Berkeley (philosophy of science) and the ThD from the Graduate Theological Union. Her first book, Theology in the Age of Scientific Reasoning, won the American Academy of Religion award for excellence. She is author of eight other books and coeditor of twelve. Her most recent is (with Warren Brown) Did My Neurons Make Me Do It? Philosophical and Neurobiological Perspectives on Moral Responsibility and Free Will. Her research focuses on the role of modern and postmodern philosophy in shaping Christian theology, on relations between theology and science, and on neuroscience and philosophy of mind.

Timothy O'Connor is Professor of Philosophy at Indiana University. He has held visiting research fellowships at the Universities of Notre Dame, St. Andrews, and Oxford and has given 160 academic lectures in 22 countries. His main areas of scholarship are metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of religion. He has published over seventy scholarly articles, edited seven books, and written two monographs, Persons and Causes: The Metaphysics of Free Will (Oxford University Press, 2000) and Theism and Ultimate Explanation (Blackwell, 2008). He is now writing a third book for a broader audience, Thinking About Faith: Philosophy, Science, and Christian Belief.

Eric T. Olson is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield. He is the author of The Human Animal (Oxford University Press, 1997) and What Are We? (Oxford University Press, 2007), and of more than fifty articles on metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and ethics.

Joshua Rasmussen is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Azusa Pacific University. He works on topics in metaphysics, with a focus on basic categories, minds, and necessary existence. He is also interested in the intersection between these topics and natural theology. He is author of Defending the Correspondence Theory of Truth (Cambridge University Press, 2014) and coauthor of Necessary Existence (with Pruss; Oxford University Press, 2017). He has published more than two dozen articles on these and related topics. Rasmussen values collaboration across disciplines and perspectives.

Ian Ravenscroft is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Flinders University, South Australia. He works in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science, with occasional sallies into applied social theory. Amongst other publication, he is author of Philosophy of Mind: A Beginner's Guide (Oxford University Press, 2005). Strongly influenced by Frank Jackson and the late J. J. C. Smart, it is not surprising that he is an atheist, a physicalist, and a consequentialist. He lives in the Adelaide Hills with his wife and children to whom he is greatly devoted.

Brandon L. Rickabaugh is currently a doctoral student in the Department of Philosophy at Baylor University. He has earned degrees in philosophy from University of California, Irvine and Biola University. Rickabaugh's research focuses on the intersection of epistemology and metaphysics regarding issues in the philosophy of mind (consciousness, intentionality, the mind/body problem), the ontology or human persons, and philosophy of religion. His work has been published in a number of academic journals including the International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, Heythrop Journal, and Philosophia Christi.

Richard Swinburne is a fellow of the British Academy. He was Professor of the Philosophy of Religion at the University of Oxford from 1985 until his retirement in 2002. Since then he has lectured or taught for extended periods in various countries. He is the author of many books on different philosophical topics, especially books on the nature and existence of God. His most recent new book, Mind, Brain, and Free Will (2013), advocates substance dualism and libertarian free will. A largely rewritten second edition of his The Coherence of Theism was published in 2016.

Charles Taliaferro is Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Department of Philosophy, St. Olaf College. He is the author, coauthor or editor of over twenty books, including Consciousness and the Mind of God, Evidence and Faith; Philosophy and Religion since the 17th Century, The Image in Mind with Jil Evans; and A Brief History of the Soul with Stewart Goetz. He is the philosophy of religion editor for Religious Studies Review.

Luke van Horn is an instructor in philosophy for Ashford University. He has authored or coauthored articles in the journals Faith and Philosophy, Philosophical Studies, and Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society.

Peter van Inwagen is the John Cardinal O'Hara Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. In addition to numerous articles, some of his most prominent books include Thinking about Free Will (Cambridge University Press, 2017), Existence: Essays in Ontology (Cambridge University Press, 2014), The Problem of Evil (Oxford University Press, 2006), and Ontology, Identity, and Modality (Cambridge University Press, 2001).