From Molecular Biology to Epidemiology
Suzane Ramos da Silva
Fan Cheng
Shou‐Jiang Gao
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
This edition first published 2018
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Hardback: 9781119408642
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Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito‐borne flavivirus, is an emerging infectious agent associated with numerous neurological diseases. Discovered in 1947, the virus was silent for almost 60 years until the recent outbreaks in 2003 and 2013 in the Pacific Islands, and in 2015 in South and Central America. While the virus detected in Africa at the time of discovery was only associated with mild fever, rash, and pain, recent ZIKV outbreaks were associated with neurological disorders such as Guillain‐Barré Syndrome in adults and microcephaly in newborns. The dynamic changes in ZIKV‐associated pathology over the years has prompted extensive studies aimed at understanding the differences among the virus lineages (African vs. Asian/American) isolated from different regions with the goal of developing specific therapeutic drugs.
This book will describe the ZIKV story since its discovery in 1947 up to the most updated studies in 2017. We will cover more than 70 years of ZIKV history with details in the discovery, outbreaks, transmission, associated diseases, animal models that have been developed, ZIKV and cell/host interactions, the differences among ZIKV strains, and drugs that have been tested against ZIKV. This book should provide valuable information for both the general public and scientists.
Abbreviations | Full name |
2′‐CMA | 2′‐C‐methyladenosine |
2′‐CMC | 2′‐C‐methylcytidine |
2′‐CMG | 2′‐C‐methylguanosine |
2′‐CMU | 2′‐C‐methyluridine |
2′‐O‐Me | 2′‐O ribose methylation |
3‐MA | 3‐methyladenine |
7‐deaza‐2′‐CMA | 7‐deaza‐2′‐C‐methyladenosine |
7DMA | 7‐deaza‐2′‐C‐methyladenosine |
aa | amino acid |
AEN | apoptosis enhancing nuclease |
AIM | absent in melanoma |
ALKBH | Alkylation repair homologs |
AMPK | 5' adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase |
Atg | autophagy‐related protein |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
BPTI | bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor |
BUNV | Bunyamvera virus |
C | capsid protein |
CCL | Chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand |
CCN | cyclin |
CD | cluster of differentiation |
CDK | cyclin‐dependent kinase |
CDKi | CDK inhibitor |
CDKN | cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor |
CFS | cerebrospinal fluid |
CHIKV | chikungunya virus |
CM | conditioned medium |
Cmax | maximum plasma concentrations |
CPAP | centrosomal P4.1‐associated protein |
CPE | cytopathic effect |
CRISPR | Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats |
CXCL | Chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand |
CXCR | C‐X‐C motif chemokine receptor |
D.P.C. | days post‐coitus |
D.P.I. | days post‐infection |
DC | dendritic cell |
DC‐SIGN | Dendritic cell‐specific intercellular adhesion molecule‐3‐grabbing non‐integrin |
DENV | dengue virus |
DISC | death‐inducing signaling complex |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
dsRNA | double‐stranded RNA |
E | envelope protein |
EBV | Epstein‐Barr virus |
ELISA | enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay |
ELISA | enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay |
ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
FFU | focus forming units |
FLE | fusion loop epitope |
FLUAV | influenza A virus |
FLUBV | influenza B virus |
fNPC | fetal neural progenitor cell |
fNSC | fetal NSC |
FTO | fat mass and obesity‐associated protein |
GEF | guanine nucleotide exchange factor |
GM | genetically modified |
GO | gene ontology |
GTP | guanosine‐5'‐triphosphate |
H2AX | H2A histone family, member X |
HAEC | human amnion epithelial cell |
HC | Hofbauer cell |
HCV | hepatitis C virus |
hESC | human embryonic stem cell |
HI | hemagglutination‐inhibition |
hiPSC | human inducible pluripotent stem cell |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
hNPC | human neural progenitor cell |
hnRNP | heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein |
hpi | hour(s) post infection |
HSV | herpes simplex virus |
I.C. | intracerebrally |
I.P. | intraperitoneally |
IFIT | IFN‐induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats |
IFITM | IFN‐inducible transmembrane protein |
IFN | interferon |
IKK | IκB kinase |
IL | interleukin |
IP‐10 | Interferon gamma‐induced protein 10 |
IPS | interferon‐promoter stimulator |
iPSC | induced pluripotent stem cells |
IRF | IFN regulatory factor |
ISG | IFN‐stimulated gene |
ISRE | IFN‐stimulated responsive element |
IUGR | intrauterine growth restriction |
JEV | Japanese encephalitis virus |
KUNV | Kunjin virus |
LC3 | microtubule‐associated protein 1A/1B‐light chain 3 |
LDH | lactate dehydrogenace |
LGP2 | laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 |
LGTV | Langat virus |
M | membrane protein |
m6A | N6 methylation of adenosine |
MAVS | Mitochondrial antiviral‐signaling protein |
MAYV | Mayaro virus |
MBFV | mosquito‐borne flaviviruses virus |
MCM | Mauritian cynomolgus macaque |
MCP1 | monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 |
MDA 5 | melanoma‐differentiation‐associated gene 5 |
MDE | mean day of euthanasia |
MEF | mouse embryonic fibroblast |
METTL | methyltransferase‐like |
MHC | major histocompatibility complex |
MLD | mucin‐like domain |
moDC | monocyte‐derived DC |
MOI | multiplicity of infection |
MORF | MOZ‐related factor |
MOZ | monocytic leukemic zinc‐finger protein |
MPA | mycophenolic acid |
MR | monkey rhesus |
MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
mRNA | messanger RNA |
MTase | methyltransferase |
mTORC | mammalian target of rapamycin complex |
MyD88 | myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 |
NCX‐NES cells | neocortical NES cells |
NES cells | neuroepithelial stem cells |
NF‐κB | nuclear factor‐κB |
NKV | no known vector |
NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
NPC | neural progenitor cell |
NPC | neural progenitor cells |
NS | nonstructural protein |
NSC | neural stem cell |
NTPase | nucleoside triphosphatase |
OAS | 2'‐5'‐oligoadenylate synthetase |
ORF | open reading frame |
p.i. | post‐infection |
PAMP | pathogen‐associated molecular pattern |
PARP | poly‐ADP ribose polymerase |
PAS | pre‐autophagosomal structure |
PCD | programmed cell death |
PCNT | Pericentrin |
PE | phosphatidylethanolamine |
PFU | plaque‐forming units |
PG | phosphatidylglycerol |
PHT | primary human trophoblast |
PI3K | phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase |
PKR | protein kinase R |
PKA | protein kinase A |
PKI | PKA inhibitor |
pNGB | p‐nitrophenyl‐p‐guanidino benzoate |
PQS | potential quadruplex sequence |
prM | the precursor of membrane protein |
PRNT | plaque reduction neutralization tests |
PRNT50 | 50% plaque reduction neutralizing titer |
PRR | pattern recognition receptor |
PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog |
PTK | protein tyrosine kinase |
qPCR | quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
RANTES | regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted |
RdRp | RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase |
RF | replicative form |
RGC | radial glia cell |
RGP | radial glial progenitor |
RI | replicative intermediate |
RIG‐I | retinoid‐inducible gene I |
RLR | RIG‐I‐like receptors |
RNA | ribonucleic acid |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RPE cells | retinal pigment epithelial cells |
RSAD | radical S‐adenosyl methionine domain containing |
RSP | recombinant subviral particle |
RTPase | RNA triphosphatase |
RT‐PCR | reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction |
RT‐qPCR | quantitative reverse transcription PCR |
S.C. | subcutaneously |
SAM | S‐adenosyl‐methionine |
SARS | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
SD | standard deviation |
sfRNA | subgenomic flaviviral RNA |
SINV | Sindbis virus |
SPOV | Spondweni virus |
ssRNA | single stranded RNA |
STAT | signal transducer and activator of transcription |
STING | stimulator of interferon gene |
TAM | Tyro3‐Axl‐Mer |
TANK | TRAF family member‐associated NF‐κB activator |
TBFV | tick‐borne flavivirus |
TBK | TANK‐binding kinase |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
TIM | T‐cell immunoglobin and mucin domain |
TIR | Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor |
TLR | Toll‐like receptor |
tmax | duration to achieve Cmax |
TMD | transmembrane domain |
TMEV | Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
TRAF | tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor |
TRAIL | TNF‐related apoptosis inducing ligand |
TRIF | TIR‐domain‐containing adapter‐inducing interferon‐β |
TSC | tuberous sclerosis |
ULK1 | Unc‐51‐like kinase |
UTR | untranslated region |
VEEV | Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus |
VP | vesicle packet |
WDR | WD40 repeat |
WNV | West Nile virus |
WS | Webster Swiss |
xrRNA | Xrn1‐resistent RNA |
YF | yellow fever |
YFV | yellow fever virus |
YTH | YT521‐B homology |
YTHDF | YTH N6‐methyladenosine RNA binding protein |
ZFYVE | zinc finger FYVE‐type |
ZIKV | Zika virus |
ZIKVBR | ZIKV strain isolated in Brazil |
γH2AX | phosphorylated histone H2AX |