Cover
Title Page
List of Contributors
Foreword
1. Reference
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. References
Part I: Bed Bugs in Society
1. 1 Bed Bugs Through History
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Origins and Spread
  3. 1.3 Early Extermination Methods
  4. 1.4 Propagation Within Cities (1880s–1950s)
  5. 1.5 Determination – and a Silver Bullet
  6. 1.6 Past is Present
  7. References
2. 2 Bed Bugs in Popular Culture
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Bed Bugs in Poetry
  3. 2.3 Bed Bugs in the Figurative Arts
  4. 2.4 Bed Bugs in Theatre
  5. 2.5 Bed Bugs in Literature
  6. 2.6 Bed Bugs in Music
  7. 2.7 Bed Bugs in Television
  8. 2.8 Bed Bugs in Linguistics
  9. 2.9 Bed Bugs in Erotica
  10. 2.10 The Use of Bed Bugs in Popular Culture Through Time
  11. References
Part II: The Global Bed Bug Resurgence
1. 3 The Bed Bug Resurgence in North America
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Bed Bug Resurgence in the United States
  3. 3.3 Bed Bug Resurgence in Canada
  4. 3.4 Summary
  5. References
2. 4 The Bed Bug Resurgence in Latin America
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Bed Bugs in Brazil
  3. 4.3 The Resurgence of Bed Bugs in Brazil
  4. 4.4 Elsewhere in Latin America
  5. References
3. 5 The Bed Bug Resurgence in Europe and Russia
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 History of Bed Bugs in the Region
  3. 5.3 Historical Laws to Control Bed Bugs Pre‐resurgence
  4. 5.4 Documented Evidence for the Bed Bug Decline
  5. 5.5 Early Evidence for the Resurgence
  6. 5.6 The Degree of the Resurgence
  7. 5.7 Region‐specific Factors in the Resurgence
  8. 5.8 Strategies to Combat the Resurgence
  9. References
4. 6 The Bed Bug Resurgence in Asia
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 History of Bed Bugs in Asia
  3. 6.3 Laws, Regulations and Policies for Bed Bug Control Prior to the Resurgence
  4. 6.4 Modern Resurgence of Bed Bugs in Asia
  5. 6.5 Specific Factors Related to the Bed Bug Resurgence in Asia
  6. 6.6 Bed Bug Management Strategies in Asia
  7. References
5. 7 The Bed Bug Resurgence in Australia
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 History of Bed Bugs in Australia
  3. 7.3 Documented Evidence for the Bed Bug Decline
  4. 7.4 The Modern Resurgence
  5. 7.5 Strategies to Combat the Bed Bug Resurgence
  6. References
6. 8 The Bed Bug Resurgence in Africa
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 History of Bed Bugs in Africa
  3. 8.3 Laws, Regulations, and Policies for Bed Bug Control Pre‐resurgence
  4. 8.4 Documented Evidence for the Bed Bug Decline
  5. 8.5 Early Evidence for the Resurgence
  6. 8.6 The Extent of the Resurgence
  7. 8.7 Region‐ and Country‐specific Reasons for the Resurgence
  8. 8.8 Strategies to Combat the Resurgence and Relative Success
  9. References
7. 9 The Bed Bug Resurgence in the Indian Subcontinent
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 History of Bed Bugs in the Indian Subcontinent
  3. 9.3 Laws to Control Bed Bugs Pre‐resurgence
  4. 9.4 Documented Evidence for the Bed Bug Decline
  5. 9.5 The Modern Resurgence
  6. 9.6 Strategies to Combat the Bed Bug Resurgence
  7. References
8. 10 The Bed Bug Resurgence in the Middle East
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 History of Bed Bugs in The Middle East
  3. 10.3 Regional Reports of the Bed Bug Resurgence
  4. 10.4 Impact of the Bed Bug Resurgence
  5. 10.5 Pest Management Professionals Close Encounters with Cimicids
  6. References
Part III: Bed Bug Impacts
1. 11 Dermatology and Immunology
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 Bed Bug Saliva
  3. 11.3 Cutaneous Reactions
  4. 11.4 Dermatological Complications from Bed Bug Bites
  5. 11.5 Systemic Reactions
  6. 11.6 Immunological and Pathogenic Mechanisms
  7. 11.7 Dermatopathology
  8. 11.8 Differential Diagnoses of Bed Bug Bites
  9. 11.9 Clinical Management
  10. 11.10 Conclusion
  11. References
2. 12 Bed Bugs and Infectious Diseases
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Vectors and Transmission Pathways
  3. 12.3 Bed Bugs and Infectious Diseases: an Overview
  4. 12.4 Why do Bed Bugs not Transmit Infectious Diseases?
  5. 12.5 The Future Hunt for Pathogens: A Cautionary Note
  6. 12.6 Conclusion
  7. References
3. 13 Mental Health Impacts
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Methods
  3. 13.3 Main Findings
  4. 13.4 What Can Be Inferred from the Current State of the Literature?
  5. 13.5 Limitations and Future Research
  6. 13.6 Conclusion
  7. References
4. 14 Miscellaneous Health Impacts
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Respiratory Issues
  3. 14.3 Blood Loss
  4. 14.4 Sleep Loss
  5. 14.5 Chemical Exposure
  6. 14.6 Miscellaneous Health Impacts
  7. References
5. 15 Fiscal Impacts
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Types of Cost
  3. 15.3 Costs to the Multi‐Unit Housing Industry
  4. 15.4 Cost to the Hospitality and Travel Industry
  5. 15.5 Cost to the Retail Industry
  6. 15.6 Brand Damage in the Housing, Hospitality, and Retail Industries
  7. 15.7 Legal Expenses
  8. 15.8 Cost to Pest Management Companies
  9. 15.9 Bed Bug Management Revenues
  10. 15.10 Conclusions
  11. References
Part IV: Bed Bug Biology
1. 16 Bed Bug Biology
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 Hematophagy
  3. 16.3 Anachoresis
  4. 16.4 Flightlessness
  5. 16.5 Reproduction
  6. 16.6 Egg Laying
  7. 16.7 Host‐seeking Behavior
  8. 16.8 Harborage Seeking Behavior and Aggregation
  9. 16.9 Dispersal
  10. References
2. 17 Chemical Ecology
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Olfaction and Contact Chemoreception
  3. 17.3 Pheromones
  4. 17.4 Host Seeking
  5. References
3. 18 Population Genetics
  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 The Evolution of Modern Bed Bugs
  3. 18.3 Genetic Variation Within Populations
  4. 18.4 Genetic Variation Among Populations
  5. 18.5 Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy
  6. 18.6 Future Directions in Bed Bug Population Genetics
  7. References
4. 19 Physiology
  1. 19.1 Introduction
  2. 19.2 Stress Tolerance and Starvation Resistance
  3. 19.3 Blood Feeding
  4. 19.4 Reproduction and Development
  5. 19.5 Summary and Future Directions
  6. References
5. 20 Symbionts
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 Identity of Endosymbionts
  3. 20.3 Impact of Symbionts on Bed Bug Biology
  4. 20.4 Transmission of Symbionts
  5. 20.5 Symbionts and Bed Bug Management
  6. References
6. 21 Bed Bug Laboratory Maintenance
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 General Colony Maintenance
  3. 21.3 Feeding Techniques
  4. 21.4 Need for Plasma
  5. 21.5 Development of an Artificial Blood Source
  6. References
Part V: Bed Bug Management
1. 22 Bed Bug Industry Standards: Australia
  1. 22.1 Introduction
  2. 22.2 Why was the Code Required?
  3. 22.3 The History and Aims of the Code
  4. 22.4 The Key Elements of the Code
  5. 22.5 The Benefits of the Code
  6. References
2. 23 Bed Bug Industry Standards: Europe
  1. 23.1 Introduction
  2. 23.2 Why was the Code Required?
  3. 23.3 The History and Aims of the Code
  4. 23.4 The Benefits of the Code
  5. References
3. 24 Bed Bug Industry Standards: USA
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 History and Development of the NPMA Best Management Practices for Bed Bugs
  3. 24.3 Target Audience
  4. 24.4 Key Elements of the NPMA Best Management Practices
  5. 24.5 Marketing and Adoption of the NPMA Best Management Practices
  6. 24.6 Acceptance of the BMP
  7. References
4. 25 A Pest Control Company Perspective
  1. 25.1 Introduction
  2. 25.2 The Resurgence
  3. 25.3 Responsibility and Liability
  4. 25.4 Inspection and Control Methods
  5. 25.5 Conclusion
  6. References
5. 26 Prevention
  1. 26.1 Introduction
  2. 26.2 Education
  3. 26.3 Monitors
  4. 26.4 Mattress Encasements
  5. 26.5 Desiccant Dusts
  6. 26.6 Heat
  7. 26.7 Bed Bug Management Policy
  8. References
6. 27 Detection and Monitoring
  1. 27.1 Importance of Detection and Monitoring
  2. 27.2 Detection of Bed Bugs
  3. 27.3 Field Comparison of Detection Methods
  4. 27.4 Bed Bug Inspections
  5. Conflict of Interest Statement
  6. References
7. 28 Non‐chemical Control
  1. 28.1 Introduction
  2. 28.2 Excluding Bed Bugs
  3. 28.3 Physically Removing Bed Bugs
  4. 28.4 Creating Adverse Environmental Conditions against Bed Bugs
  5. 28.5 Biological Agents Tested Against Bed Bugs
  6. 28.6 Other Non‐Chemical Control Methods
  7. 28.7 Conclusion
  8. References
8. 29 Insecticide Resistance
  1. 29.1 Introduction
  2. 29.2 Insecticides and Insecticide Resistance in Bed Bugs
  3. 29.3 Metabolic Resistance
  4. 29.4 Reduced Penetration Resistance
  5. 29.5 Target‐site Resistance
  6. 29.6 Evolution of Resistance and Fitness Costs
  7. 29.7 Conclusions
  8. References
9. 30 Chemical Control
  1. 30.1 Introduction
  2. 30.2 Insecticide Classes used Against Bed Bugs
  3. 30.3 Insecticide Formulations for Bed Bug Management
  4. 30.4 Factors Affecting Insecticide Efficacy
  5. References
10. 31 Limitations of Bed Bug Management Technologies
  1. 31.1 Introduction
  2. 31.2 Bed Bug Detection
  3. 31.3 Bed Bug Control
  4. References
11. 32 Bed Bug Education
  1. 32.1 Introduction
  2. 32.2 Strategies and Successes in Bed Bug Education
  3. 32.3 Educational Programs Focusing on Bed Bugs
  4. 32.4 The Media
  5. 32.5 The Effect of Social Media on Bed Bug Education
  6. 32.6 Identifying the Target Audience
  7. 32.7 Effective Adult Education
  8. 32.8 Measuring the Impacts of Bed Bug Education
  9. 32.9 Conclusion
  10. References
Part VI: Bed Bug Control in Specific Situations
1. 33 Low‐income Housing
  1. 33.1 Introduction
  2. 33.2 Management of Bed Bugs in Low‐income Housing
  3. 33.3 Components of a Successful Building‐ or Complex‐wide IPM Program
  4. 33.4 The Future
  5. References
2. 34 Multi‐Unit Housing
  1. 34.1 Introduction
  2. 34.2 Challenges Unique to the Human Living Environment
  3. 34.3 Obstructions to Control Success
  4. 34.4 Future Prospects for Success
  5. References
3. 35 Shelters
  1. 35.1 Introduction
  2. 35.2 Challenges in Shelters
  3. 35.3 Obstacles to Successful Control
  4. 35.4 Methods of Control in Shelters
  5. 35.5 Key Elements to Successful Control
  6. References
4. 36 Hotels
  1. 36.1 Introduction
  2. 36.2 Bed Bugs in Hotels: The Challenges
  3. 36.3 Successful Bed Bug Management in Hotels
  4. References
5. 37 Healthcare Facilities
  1. 37.1 Introduction
  2. 37.2 The Challenges Bed Bugs Pose to Healthcare Facilities
  3. 37.3 The History of Bed Bugs in Healthcare Facilities
  4. 37.4 Bed Bugs in Healthcare Facilities with the Modern Resurgence
  5. 37.5 Bed Bug Management in Healthcare Facilities
  6. References
6. 38 Aircraft
  1. 38.1 Introduction
  2. 38.2 Aviation Entomology – a Brief History
  3. 38.3 Bed Bug Management on Aircraft: The Challenges
  4. 38.4 Bed Bug Management on Aircraft
  5. 38.5 Improving the Pest Management Protocol
  6. References
7. 39 Cruise Ships and Trains
  1. 39.1 Introduction
  2. 39.2 Cruise Ships and Ferries
  3. 39.3 Trains
  4. 39.4 Conclusion
  5. References
8. 40 Poultry Industry
  1. 40.1 History – Cimicids and Poultry
  2. 40.2 Mexican Chicken Bug, Haematosiphon inodorus
  3. 40.3 Brazilian Chicken Bug, Ornithocoris toledoi
  4. 40.4 Tropical Bed Bug, Cimex hemipterus
  5. 40.5 The Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius
  6. 40.6 Biology and Impact of Cimex lectularius on Poultry
  7. 40.7 Dispersal
  8. 40.8 Bed Bug Control in Poultry Facilities
  9. 40.9 Insecticide Assays
  10. References
Part VII: Legal Issues
1. 41 Bed Bugs and the Law in the USA
  1. 41.1 Introduction
  2. 41.2 Registration of Pesticides
  3. 41.3 Legal Requirements Regarding Who Can Apply Pesticides in the USA
  4. 41.4 Legal Requirements for PMPs Regarding the Standard of Care
  5. 41.5 Public Health Acts Regarding Bed Bugs
  6. 41.6 Bed Bug‐related Statutes, Laws, and Ordinances
  7. 41.7 Laws Addressing Bed Bug Remediation
  8. 41.8 Tenants and Public Housing
  9. 41.9 Legal Standing Clients Encountering Bed Bugs in Temporary Occupancies
  10. 41.10 Bed Bug Lawsuit Landscape
  11. 41.11 Conclusion
  12. References
  13. Court Cases
  14. Restatements of Law
  15. Statutes
2. 42 Bed Bugs and the Law in the United Kingdom
  1. 42.1 Introduction
  2. 42.2 Training of Pest Management Professionals
  3. 42.3 Bed Bug Pesticide Approval
  4. 42.4 Tenants, Guests and Bed Bugs
  5. 42.5 Local Authority Duties and Powers Regarding Bed Bugs
  6. References
3. 43 Bed Bugs and the Law in Australia
  1. 43.1 Introduction
  2. 43.2 Registration and Use of Bed Bug Management Products
  3. 43.3 Legal Requirements of Pest Management Professionals
  4. 43.4 Public Health Laws Regarding Bed Bugs
  5. 43.5 Tenancy and Public Housing
  6. 43.6 Bed Bug Legal Cases
  7. References
  8. Legal Cases
4. 44 Bed Bugs and the Law in Asia
  1. 44.1 Introduction
  2. 44.2 Registration and Use of Bed Bug Management Products
  3. 44.3 Legal Requirements for Pest Management Professionals
  4. 44.4 Bed Bug Legal Cases
  5. 44.6 Future
  6. References
5. 45 On Being an Expert Witness
  1. 45.1 Introduction
  2. 45.2 What is an Expert Witness?
  3. 45.3 The Expert’s Role
  4. 45.4 Providing Expert Testimony
  5. 45.5 Bed Bugs in a Court Case
  6. 45.6 Summary
  7. References
Part VIII: Bed Bugs: the Future
1. 46 Bed Bugs: the Future
  1. Summary
  2. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 06
1. Table 6.1 The number of bed bug treatments in Singapore from 2006 to 2011.
2. Table 6.2 Importance and difficulty of control of bed bugs in southeast Asian countries compared to other major urban pests.
3. Table 6.3 The ranking of bed bug related services offered by pest management professionals in southeast Asia.
Chapter 08
1. Table 8.1 Summary of bed bug surveys conducted in Africa where bed bug prevalence was specifically expressed as percentage of infested sampling localities.
2. Table 8.2 Summary of studies conducted on bed bugs in Africa where occurrence is reported on, but not necessarily in terms of prevalence.
3. Table 8.3 Percentage of enquiries received per category for years indicated, as obtained from a survey completed by 32 pest management companies or individuals in South Africa and Namibia during June 2016.
4. Table 8.4 Specific bed bug recommendations proposed for African countries.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Synthesis of the main findings of the seven studies with original data on mental health and bed bug infestations.
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Within and among Cimex lectularius infestation population genetic summary statistics.
2. Table 18.2 Among Cimex lectularius infestation measures of genetic differentiation.
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 Stress tolerance in the Common bed bug, Cimex lectularius.
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Blood sources used for in‐vivo and in‐vitro feeding of C. lectularius and C. hemipterus.
Chapter 29
1. Table 29.1 Reports of resistance to different insecticide classes in bed bugs (Cimex spp.), by year, and in different countries.
Chapter 30
1. Table 30.1 Insecticide classes and their compounds evaluated for the control of C. lectularius and C. hemipterus during 1990–2016.
2. Table 30.2 Insecticide formulations evaluated for the control of C. lectularius and C. hemipterus during 1990–2016.
Chapter 36
1. Table 36.1 A comparison of known number of rooms infested with bed bugs in three London hotels, pre‐ and post‐inspection, and rate of new infestations.
2. Table 36.2 Challenges to achieve bed bug eradication in hotels.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 Bed bugs depicted in Hortus Sanitatis (Anonymous, 1536). This was the first ever encyclopedic compilation of natural history, originally published in Germany in 1485.
2. Figure 1.2 “Summer Amusement, Bugg Hunting” (Cruikshank, 1782). People hand‐picked bed bugs long before the use of insecticides.
3. Figure 1.3 Title and facing page from John Southhall’s “A Treatise of Buggs” (London, 1730).
4. Figure 1.4 Bed bug inspections used to be important in maintaining a clean and healthful home.
5. Figure 1.5 Mercury chloride, popularly known as “bed bug poison,” was a common remedy for bed bugs. Many people died from accidentally or intentionally ingesting the poison.
6. Figure 1.6 Promotions for bed bug products were common and often entertaining. The cartoonist for this 1928 advertisement was Theodore Geisel (Dr Suess).
7. Figure 1.7 In 1945, suppliers began advertising the availability of DDT for civilian (non‐military) uses, including control of bed bugs.
8. Figure 1.8 When controlling bed bugs with DDT, treatment of the entire bed was recommended, including the entire mattress.
9. Figure 1.9 Early patent for a bed bug steamer, published in 1873.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Bed bug postcards through history. (A) Stereogram dated 1897 from Missouri, USA. (B) “A hunting we will go”, 1910 from Maine, USA. (C) Also “A hunting we will go”, postmarked 1907 (clearly the same illustrator as B). (D) “I’ve seen all the big bugs of this place”, postmarked 1907. (E) “A one night stand”, 1908, New York, USA. (F) “It’s the little things that count! Drop me a line”, c1910. (G) “Bed bug Islands (where poets dream), Lake Hopatcong, N.J.”, c1940. From the private collection of David Cain, except (C) from the private collection of Stephen Doggett.
2. Figure 2.2 More postcards through history. (A) “It’s very lively”, undated. (B) A postcard of an early photograph depicting a couple searching for bed bugs, undated. (C) “Bed‐bugs outwitted!”, c. 1900. (D–I). A series of late‐Victorian postcards, c. 1900; see text for details.
3. Figure 2.3 Bed bugs as practical jokes across the ages. (A) Imitation Bed Bugs, 1920s. (B) Fake Bed Bugs, 2016. (C) A close up of the “bed bugs”, which are surprisingly similar despite almost a century difference in age, ~5 mm in length. Both originate from the US.
4. Figure 2.4 Bed bug jewellery. (A&B) A small vintage 14 K charm; folding back the bed base reveals a bed bug (date unknown), approx. 1 cm in length; from the private collection of Stephen Doggett. (C) A modern necklace of a replica bed bug poison bottle, c. 2007;
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Overall distribution of responses to resident questionnaires in Brazil. The numbers represent the number of counties represented in the survey. The percentages represent the percentage of counties responding in relation to the total number of counties in each state within the geographical regions of Brazil. Data compiled from September 2012 to March 2016.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 The number of bed bug enquiries to the government of Tokyo, 1995–2014
2. Figure 6.2 The number of bed bug treatments per year reported by two different leading pest control companies in Japan from 2004 to 2014 (Motokazu Hirao, unpublished results).
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 An infested bed frame showing the distinctive periodic and equidistant distribution of bed bug “clusters”, despite the homogeneity of the refuge
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Following a recent blood meal, replete Cimex lectularius aggregate in folds of bed linen.
2. Figure 17.2 Exuviae and feces (dark spots on filter paper) of Cimex lectularius, sources of the aggregation pheromone.
3. Figure 17.3 Types of Cimex lectularius pheromones: (a) alarm pheromone produced by nymphs and adults in a state of alarm causing dispersal; (b) aggregation pheromone mediating aggregation of all instar nymphs as well as male and female adults; (c) anti‐mating pheromone released by males mounted by males; and (d) anti‐aphrodisiac pheromone produced by nymphs mounted by males. Notes: (1) some of the same components re‐occur in context‐specific functions; (2) in Cimex hemipterus, whole‐body extracts of nymphs [containing the components in (d)] – but not of males or females – repel nymphs as well as male and female adults.
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Genetic diversity in Cimex lectularius populations: (a) Within and among infestation mean number of alleles per locus; (b) Comparison of heterozygosities between the Common bed bug (C. lectularius) and the German cockroach (B. germanica). Hashed bar, expected heterozygosity; open bar, observed heterozygosity; ^Awithin‐infestation, ^Bwithin city, ^Cbat‐associated lineage, ^Dhuman‐associated lineage. ^Ewithin USA, ^Fwithin Eurasia.
2. Figure 18.2 kdr haplotype distribution in Cimex lectularius across the USA. Letter (A–D) refers to haplotype. A: 419 susceptible, 925 susceptible, B: 419 susceptible, 925 resistant, C: 419 resistant, 925 resistant, D: 419 resistant, 925 susceptible. Number below pie is total number of infestations screened. Data combined from Zhu et al., (2008); Vargo et al., (2011); Holleman and Booth (unpublished results).
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Mason jar and components used to house bed bugs. Unassembled and assembled cap with mesh screening, and folded, filter paper harborage.
2. Figure 21.2 Commercially‐available glass feeders used for feeding bed bugs in vitro.
3. Figure 21.3 Hemotek membrane feeding system for in‐vitro feeding of bed bugs: (a) heating unit; (b) Parafilm, left; blood reservoir, center; and O‐ring to attach Parafilm to blood reservoir, right; (c) assembled blood reservoir; (d) reverse side of blood reservoir (after attachment of Parafilm and O‐ring) showing the two fill holes, left and right, and stoppers. Middle opening accepts the screw from heating unit. To fill the unit, after tilting the reservoir about 45°, approximately 3.5 ml blood is introduced through the bottom hole; the unit is then tilted 45° in the opposite direction and the left hole is plugged; after tilting 45° in the original direction, the right hole is plugged, resulting in a filled blood reservoir; (e) filled blood reservoir; (f) blood reservoir screwed into the heating unit; and (g) wooden stand to support the heating units and bed bug colonies (inverted for feeding).
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 A cluttered apartment, which is infested with bed bugs
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 Examples of passive and active monitors currently in the marketplace. (a) passive harborage‐style monitor (brand name: PackTite™ Passive Bed Bug Monitor, Bed Bugs Limited, London, UK, image courtesy David Cain, Bed Bugs Limited, London); (b) passive pitfall‐style monitor designed to be placed under legs of beds (brand name: BlackOut® BedBug Central, Lawrenceville, NJ); (c) passive pitfall‐style monitors designed to be placed under legs of beds (brand name: ClimbUp® Insect Interceptor, Susan McKnight, Inc., Memphis, TN); (d) passive monitor designed to be placed near or away from beds (brand name: SenSci Volcano®, BedBug Central, Lawrenceville, NJ); (e) active monitors baited with carbon dioxide, heat, and chemical lure (brand name: NightWatch® Bed Bug Monitor, BioSensory Inc., Putnam, CT); (f) active monitor baited with chemical lure (brand name: SenSci Volcano® with SenSci Activ® Bed Bug Lure, BedBug Central, Lawrenceville, NJ, image courtesy of Susannah Reese, Cornell University, NY).
Chapter 28
1. Figure 28.1 Bed bugs and fecal spotting inside a wall void in multi‐family housing. (S.A. Kells, University of Minnesota).
2. Figure 28.2 Use of an infrared thermometer to verify surface temperatures immediately after steam application. (S.A. Kells, University of Minnesota).
3. Figure 28.3 Shipping container fitted with a heater for larger containerized heat treatments.
4. Figure 28.4 Stacking furniture in a portable container for heat treatment. (S.A. Kells, University of Minnesota).
5. Figure 28.5 Whole‐room heat treatment with electric furnaces.
Chapter 36
1. Figure 36.1 The broad processes required to manage bed bugs in hotels (David Cain, unpublished results and after various sources, see also www.bed‐bugs.co.uk/hotels).

List of Contributors

Mohammad Akhoundi
Service de Parasitologie‐Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice – Hôpital de l'Archet, Nice, France

Ondřej Balvín
Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

Paul J. Bello
PJB Pest Management Consulting, Alpharetta, Georgia, USA

Joshua B. Benoit
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Clive Boase
The Pest Management Consultancy, Haverhill, United Kingdom

Warren Booth
Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA

David Cain
Bed Bugs Limited, London, United Kingdom

Toni Cains
Sydney Local Health District Public Health Unit, Camperdown, Australia

Ana Eugênia de Carvalho Campos
Unidade Laboratorial de Referênciaem Pragas Urbanas, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brasil

Richard Cooper
Cooper Pest Solutions and Bedbug Central, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA

Dionne Crafford
Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Pascal Delaunay
Service de Parasitologie‐Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice – Hôpital de l'Archet, Nice, France

Stephen L. Doggett
Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia

Odelon Del Mundo Reyes
Ecovar, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Sophie E.F. Evison
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Mark F. Feldlaufer
USDA‐ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

Pablo Fernandez‐Peñas
Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia

Josephus Fourie
Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Jim Fredericks
National Pest Management Association (USA), Fairfax, Virginia, USA

Jody Gangloff‐Kaufmann
New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, USA

Mark Goodman
Varment Guard Environmental Services Inc., Columbus, Ohio, USA

Gerhard Gries
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

Geneviève Hamelin
Public Health Department of Montreal, Montreal, Canada

Harold J. Harlan
US Army Medical Entomologist (retired), USA

William T. Hentley
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Motokazu Hirao
Hirao Biological Institute, Shizuoka, Japan

Andrew Ho‐Ohara
Eden Law Corporation, Singapore

Shelley Ji Eun Hwang
Department of Dermatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia

Garry Jones
Consultant Pest Management Professional, Buff Point, Australia

Adam Juson
Merlin Environmental Solutions Ltd, Carshalton, United Kingdom

Catherine Juson
Merlin Environmental Solutions Ltd, Carshalton, United Kingdom

João Justi (Jr.)
Unidade Laboratorial de Referênciaem Pragas Urbanas, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brasil

David Kaiser
Public Health Department of Montreal, Montreal, Canada

Stephen A. Kells
Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

Márcio R. Lage
Faculdade de SaúdePública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

Chow‐Yang Lee
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

David G. Lilly
Ecolab Pest Elimination, Macquarie Park, Australia

Jeffrey Lipman
Lipman Law Firm, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA

Dini M. Miller
Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

Richard Naylor
The Bed Bug Foundation, Chepstow, United Kingdom

Linda‐Lou O’Connor
AirRx Antimicrobial Sciences Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Joelle F. Olson
Pest Elimination Division, Ecolab Research Center, Eagan, Minnesota, USA

Roberto M. Pereira
Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

Stéphane Perron
Public Health Department of Montreal, Montreal, Canada

Michael F. Potter
Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Anil S. Rao
Pest Control (India) Private Ltd, Mumbai, India

Joshua A. Rao
Pest Control (India) Private Ltd, Mumbai, India

Alvaro Romero
Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA

Coby Schal
Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Mike T. Siva‐Jothy
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Allen Szalanski
Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA

Allison Taisey Allen
National Pest Management Association, Fairfax, Virginia, USA

Kevin R. Ulrich
USDA‐ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

Karen Vail
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA

Edward L. Vargo
Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

Changlu Wang
Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

Mark W. Williams
Ecolab Pest Elimination, Northwich, United Kingdom

Molly S. Wilson
Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

Rebecca Wilson
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Yijuan Xu
Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.

Acknowledgments

The editors, Stephen L. Doggett, Dini M. Miller and Chow‐Yang Lee, would like to express gratitude to all the authors and reviewers that contributed towards the development of Advances in the Biology and Management of Modern Bed Bugs (ABMMBB). We would especially like to acknowledge Harold Harlan for writing the foreword, and for contributing so much to so many. The editors also wish to acknowledge Wiley‐Blackwell and staff (notably Sonali Melwani, Ramya Raghaven, Bella Talbot, David McDade, Emma Strickland, Gunalan Lakshmipathy, and Ward Cooper) for their assistance, advice, editorial, and production efforts. A special thank you to Junichiro Katayama from Semco Co. Ltd. in Japan, who kindly hosted the editors of ABMMBB in mid‐October 2016 so that we could finalize much of the text (thank you also for all the wonderful meals!).

The following are acknowledged for particular chapters:

Chapter 3: The Global Resurgence in North America The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Dennis Monk (Director, Bedbug Solutions) and Sean Rollo (Regional Manager, Orkin Canada) for providing information on the current bed bug situation in Canada.
Chapter 5: The Global Resurgence in Europe and Russia The authors are especially grateful to the contribution of Václav Rupeš, former head (retired) of the Department of Desinfection, Desinsection and Deratization, State Health Institute, Prague.
Chapter 8: The Global Resurgence in Africa The authors would like to thank Henda Pretorius and Reinier Zwiegers [Clintest (Pty) Ltd], and Ashleigh Caddick (PES Africa) for their assistance in running the online survey cited in the chapter. The authors would also like to thank Carmen Neethling [Clinvet (Pty) Ltd] for assistance with literature searches.
Chapter 9: The Global Resurgence in India and the Subcontinent The editors greatly appreciate the assistance of K.P. Jayanth (PCI India) in the development of this chapter.
Chapter 17: Chemical Ecology of Bed Bugs The author wishes to thank John Borden for comments, Sharon Oliver for word processing and comments, Michael Hrabar for photographs, and Stephen DeMuth for graphical illustration. The Chapter is dedicated to Regine Gries who was the lead investigator in the research resulting in the identification of the bed bug aggregation pheromone and who in the process endured >180 000 bed bug bites for the maintenance of a thriving bed bug laboratory colony.
Chapter 18: Population Genetics The published and unpublished population genetics studies mentioned in the chapter would not have been possible without the generous cooperation of many colleagues, too many to mention individually, who provided bed bug samples. Ron Harrison is especially acknowledged who facilitated the collections of samples from Orkin and Orkin International, and Rick Santangelo who managed the collections.
Chapter 19: Bed Bug Physiology The author wishes to acknowledge that funding while developing this chapter was provided by the University of Cincinnati.
Chapter 21: Bed Bug Laboratory Maintenance The authors wish to thank; A. Aak, J.F. Anderson, O. Balvin, B. Campbell, S.L. Doggett, C.Y. Lee, D.G. Lilly, J. Olson, R. Naylor, A. Romero, K. Reinhardt, A. Vander Pan, and C. Wang, for completing the rearing survey. Those individuals are acknowledged that contribute to the rearing efforts in all of the laboratories currently maintaining bed bugs. Members of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board (Silver Spring, Maryland USA) are also thanked, along with the personnel at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (Bethesda, Maryland USA) for their assistance in obtaining blood products for the senior author.
Chapter 41: Bed Bugs and the Law in the USA The authors wish to express gratitude to Kolby Warren, Drake University Law School, Des Moines, Iowa, USA, who assisted in the production of the chapter.
Chapter 43: Bed Bugs and the Law in Australia The authors wish to acknowledge the following individuals for providing important information pertaining to environmental health laws pertaining to bed bugs, from the different states; Keith Rogers (Australian Capital Territory, Health), Rebecca Feldman (Department of Health & Human Services, Victoria), Michaela Hobby (Department of Health, South Australia), Nicola Slavin (Department of Health, Northern Territory), Rebecca Richardson (Department of Health, Queensland), and Mike Lindsay and Donald Howell (Department of Health, Western Australia). Keith Farrow (Rapids Solutions) generously provided information pertaining to the licensing of professional pest managers. Nicholas Cowdery AM QC (University of Sydney, Australia) kindly reviewed the chapter for legal accuracy.
Chapter 44: Bed Bugs and the Law in Asia The authors wish to thank the following individuals for providing important information pertaining pesticide registration and the licensing of pest management professionals in their respective countries: Erh‐Lieh Hsu (National Taiwan University), Pascal Cai (Chinese Pest Control Association, China), Suchart Leelayouthyotin (King Service Center, Bangkok, Thailand), Sulaeman Yusuf (Indonesia Institute of Science), and Motokazu Hirao (Japan Pest Control Association).

The following individuals have generously supplied images for use in ABMMBB or critically reviewed manuscripts:

Zachary Adelman (Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA)
Joshua Benoit (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA)
Clive Boase (the Pest Management Consultancy, United Kingdom)
Kaci Buhl (National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA)
David Cain (Bed Bugs Limited, United Kingdom)
Richard Cooper (Cooper Pest Solutions and Bedbug Central, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, USA)
Richard deShazo, (University of Mississippi Medical Center, Mississippi, USA)
Keith Farrow (Rapid Training, Australia)
Mark Feldlaufer (USDA‐ARS, Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Maryland, USA)
Toby Fountain (Uppsala University, Sweden)
Adam Juson (Merlin Environmental Solutions Ltd, United Kingdom)
David Lilly (Ecolab Pest Elimination, Macquarie Park, Australia)
Oliver Madge (Bed Bug Foundation, United Kingdom)
Frank Meek (Orkin LLC, USA)
Mike Merchant (Texas A&M, AgriLife Extension Service, Texas, USA)
Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu (Hebrew University, Israel)
Richard Naylor (Bed Bug Foundation, United Kingdom)
Faith Oi (Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Florida, USA)
Christopher Orton (PiMACs, Australia)
Lawrence Pinto (Pinto & Associates, Mechanicsville, Maryland, USA)
Alvaro Romero (New Mexico State University, New Mexico, USA)
Bob Rosenberg (National Pest Management Association, Virginia, USA)
Veera Singham (Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia)
Coby Schal (North Carolina State University, North Carolina, USA)
Allison Taisey Allen (National Pest Management Association, Virginia, USA)
Changlu Wang (Department of Entomology, Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Jersey, USA)
Jeff White (Bed Bug Central, New Jersey, USA)

Reference