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Cover
Title Page
Preface
1 Electric and Magnetic Fields
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Electrons and the Force Field
3. 1.3 The Electric Field and Voltage
4. 1.4 Electric Field Patterns and Charge Distributions
5. 1.5 Field Energy
6. 1.6 Dielectrics
7. 1.7 Capacitance
8. 1.8 Capacitors
9. 1.9 The D or Displacement Field
10. 1.10 Mutual and Self Capacitance
11. 1.11 Current Flow in a Capacitance
12. 1.12 The Magnetic Field
13. 1.13 The B Field of Induction
14. 1.14 Inductance
15. 1.15 Inductors
16. 1.16 The Inductance of a Solenoid in Air
17. 1.17 Magnetic Field Energy Stored in Space
18. 1.18 Mutual Inductance
19. 1.19 Transformer Action
20. 1.20 Poynting’s Vector
21. 1.21 Resistors and Resistance
22. Problem Set
23. Glossary
24. Answers to Problems
2 Transmission Lines—Part 1
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 The Ideal World
3. 2.3 Transmission Line Representations
4. 2.4 Characteristic Impedance
5. 2.5 Waves and Wave Velocity
6. 2.6 The Balance of Field Energies
7. 2.7 A Few Comments on Transmission Lines
8. 2.8 The Propagation of a Wave on a Transmission Line
9. 2.9 Initial Wave Action
10. 2.10 Reflections and Transmissions at Impedance Transitions
11. 2.11 The Unterminated (Open) Transmission Line
12. 2.12 The Short‐Circuited Transmission Line
13. 2.13 Voltage Doubling and Rise Time
14. 2.14 Matched Shunt Terminated Transmission Lines
15. 2.15 Matched Series Terminated Transmission Lines
16. 2.16 Extending a Transmission Line
17. 2.17 Skin Effect
18. Problem Set
19. Glossary
20. Answers to Problems
3 Transmission Lines—Part 2
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Energy Sources
3. 3.3 The Ground Plane/Power Plane as an Energy Source
4. 3.4 What Is a Capacitor?
5. 3.5 Turning Corners
6. 3.6 Practical Transmissions
7. 3.7 Radiation and Transmission Lines
8. 3.8 Multilayer Circuit Boards
9. 3.9 Vias
10. 3.10 Layer Crossings
11. 3.11 Vias and Stripline
12. 3.12 Stripline and the Power Plane
13. 3.13 Stubs
14. 3.14 Traces and Ground (Power) Plane Breaks
15. 3.15 Characteristic Impedance of Traces
16. 3.16 Microstrip
17. 3.17 Centered Stripline
18. 3.18 Asymmetric Stripline
19. 3.19 Two‐Layer Boards
20. 3.20 Sine Waves on Transmission Lines
21. 3.21 Shielded Cables
22. 3.22 Coax
23. 3.23 Transfer Impedance
24. 3.24 Waveguides
25. 3.25 Balanced Lines
26. 3.26 Circuit Board Materials
27. Problem Set
28. Glossary
29. Answers to Problems
4 Interference
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Radiation—General Comments
3. 4.3 The Impedance of Space
4. 4.4 Field Coupling to Open Parallel Conductors (Sine Waves)
5. 4.5 Cross‐Coupling
6. 4.6 Shielding—General Comments
7. 4.7 Even‐Mode Rejection
8. 4.8 Ground—A General Discussion
9. 4.9 Grounds on Circuit Boards
10. 4.10 Equipment Ground
11. 4.11 Guard Shields
12. 4.12 Forward Referencing Amplifiers
13. 4.13 A/D Converters
14. 4.14 Utility Transformers and Interference
15. 4.15 Shielding of Distribution Power Transformers
16. 4.16 Electrostatic Discharge
17. 4.17 Aliasing Errors
18. Glossary
5 Radiation
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Standing Wave Ratio
3. 5.3 The Transmission Coefficient τ
4. 5.4 The Smith Chart
5. 5.5 Smith Chart and Wave Impedances (Sine Waves)
6. 5.6 Stubs and Impedance Matching
7. 5.7 Radiation—General Comments
8. 5.8 Radiation from Dipoles
9. 5.9 Radiation from Loops
10. 5.10 Effective Radiated Power for Sinusoids
11. 5.11 Apertures
12. 5.12 Honeycomb Filters
13. 5.13 Shielded Enclosures
14. 5.14 Screened Rooms
15. 5.15 Line Filters
16. Glossary
Appendix A: Sine Waves in Circuits
1. A.1 Introduction
2. A.2 Unit Circle and Sine Waves
3. A.3 Angles, Frequency, and rms
4. A.4 The Reactance of an Inductor
5. A.5 The Reactance of a Capacitor
6. A.6 An Inductor and a Resistor in Series
7. A.7 A Capacitor and a Resistor in Series
8. A.8 The Arithmetic of Complex Numbers
9. A.9 Resistance, Conductance, Susceptance, Reactance, Admittance, and Impedance
10. A.10 Resonance
11. A.11 Answers to Problems
Appendix B: Square‐Wave Frequency Spectrum
1. B.1 Introduction
2. B.2 Ideal Square Waves
3. B.3 Square Waves with a Rise Time
Appendix C: The Decibel
Appendix D: Abbreviations and Acronyms
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 The forces between charges. (a) Repelling force and (b) attracting force.
2. Figure 1.2 Equipotential surfaces around a charged sphere.
3. Figure 1.3 (a)–(c) Electric field configurations around a shielded conductor.
4. Figure 1.4 The electric field pattern of a circuit trace over a ground plane.
5. Figure 1.5 The electric field pattern in the presence of a dielectric.
6. Figure 1.6 The mutual capacitances between traces over a ground plane.
7. Figure 1.7 The voltage on a capacitor when supplied a steady current.
8. Figure 1.8 The magnetic field H around a current carrying conductor.
9. Figure 1.9 The H field in and around a solenoid.
10. Figure 1.10 A voltage induced into a moving coil.
11. Figure 1.11 An inductor driven from a constant voltage source.
12. Figure 1.12 The inductance of round copper conductors.
13. Figure 1.13 A magnetic circuit with an air gap.
14. Figure 1.14 Ferrite cup core construction.
15. Figure 1.15 A trace over a conducting plane showing fields.
16. Figure 1.16 Poynting’s vector for parallel conductors carrying power.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 The lumped parameter model of a transmission line. L is inductance per unit length. C is capacitance per unit length.
2. Figure 2.2 The field pattern around a trace over a ground plane (microstrip).
3. Figure 2.3 The flow of current in a wave as it moves along a transmission line.
4. Figure 2.4 The wave action associated with a transmission line shunt terminated in its characteristic impedance.
5. Figure 2.5 The wave action on a transmission line shunt terminated in its characteristic impedance.
6. Figure 2.6 The voltage waveforms on an ideal open circuit transmission line for a step input voltage. (a) Individual waves and (b) The sum of the waves.
7. Figure 2.7 The voltage waveforms on an ideal open circuit transmission line for a step input voltage.
8. Figure 2.8 The voltage pattern of waves on a short‐circuited transmission line. (a) Individual waves and (b) The sum of the waves.
9. Figure 2.9 The staircase current pattern for a shorted transmission line.
10. Figure 2.10 Rise times and the reflections from an unterminated transmission line.
11. Figure 2.11 Matching shunt termination using a remote switch.
12. Figure 2.12 A matching termination using a remote switch.
13. Figure 2.13 The voltage at a termination when there is a mismatch in impedances.
14. Figure 2.14 The voltage at a termination when there is a mismatch in terminating impedance.
15. Figure 2.15 A series (source) terminated transmission line.
16. Figure 2.16 A typical transmission line.
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 The first energy sources when a logic trace is connected to the nearest power conductor.
2. Figure 3.2 Wave action for a simple logic transmission. Note: Each wave is on a different time scale.
3. Figure 3.3 A four‐layer board layup.
4. Figure 3.4 (a) and (b) Two four‐layer board configurations.
5. Figure 3.5 An acceptable six‐layer board configuration.
6. Figure 3.6 (a) A via crossing conducting planes with radiation and (b) Two vias crossing conducting planes.
7. Figure 3.7 Using vias in the transition from stripline to microstrip.
8. Figure 3.8 The return current path for stripline when a power plane is used.
9. Figure 3.9 The delay caused by a stub on a transmission line.
10. Figure 3.10 Microstrip geometry.
11. Figure 3.11 Microstrip parameters. Constant characteristic impedances for trace thickness of 1.5 mils.
12. Figure 3.12 Microstrip parameters. Constant characteristic impedances for a trace thickness of 2 mils.
13. Figure 3.13 Microstrip parameters. Constant characteristic impedances for a trace thickness of 2.7 mils.
14. Figure 3.14 Embedded microstrip geometry.
15. Figure 3.15 Centered stripline. Curves of constant characteristic impedance for a trace thickness of 1.5 mils.
16. Figure 3.16 Asymmetric stripline.
17. Figure 3.17 Trace pattern for use on a two‐sided board.
18. Figure 3.18 The characteristic impedance of a coaxial geometry.
19. Figure 3.19 Transfer impedance test for a coaxial cable.
20. Figure 3.20 The transfer impedance for several standard cables.
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Field coupling to parallel conductors (wires).
2. Figure 4.2 The mutual capacitance and mutual inductance between two transmission lines.
3. Figure 4.3 A step‐function wave applied to a culprit line.
4. Figure 4.4 Inductive coupling between transmission lines.
5. Figure 4.5 The termination of a balanced transmission line.
6. Figure 4.6 A differential amplifier using a guard shield.
7. Figure 4.7 A forward referencing amplifier.
8. Figure 4.8 A single‐phase isolation transformer. (a) One shield, (b) two shields, and (c) three shields.
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5.1 A standing wave pattern.
2. Figure 5.2 An impedance Smith chart showing the relation between the reflection coefficients and terminations on a 1‐ohm transmission line.
3. Figure 5.3 (a) The paths taken on a Smith chart to reach the point τ = 1 where x = 0 and r = 1. (We first added a shunt capacitor.) and (b) The paths taken on a Smith chart to reach the point τ = 1 where x = 0 and r = 1. (We first added a shunt inductor.)
4. Figure 5.4 The E and H field intensities near a half‐dipole antenna.
5. Figure 5.5 The E and H field intensities near a radiating loop.
Appendix 01
1. Figure A.1 The unit circle and the point (0.5, 0.866).
2. Figure A.2 A sine and cosine wave.
3. Figure A.3 Sine wave voltage and current for an inductor. The current lags the voltage by 90°.
4. Figure A.4 Sine wave voltage and current for a capacitor. The voltage leads the current by 90°.
5. Figure A.5 The vectors representing the voltages in a series RL circuit.
6. Figure A.6 The vectors representing the voltages in a series RC circuit.
Appendix 02
1. Figure B.1 The harmonics that make up a square wave.
2. Figure B.2 The harmonics that make up a square wave plotted linearly and on a logarithmic scale.
3. Figure B.3 The harmonics of a square wave with a finite rise time.

This edition first published 2018
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Morrison, Ralph, author.
Title: Fast circuit boards : energy management / by Ralph Morrison.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. | Includes index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017037713 (print) | LCCN 2017046159 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119413929 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119413998 (epub) | ISBN 9781119413905 (cloth)
Subjects: LCSH: Very high speed integrated circuits–Design and construction. | Logic design.
Classification: LCC TK7874.7 (ebook) | LCC TK7874.7. M67 2018 (print) | DDC 621.31–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017037713

Fast Circuit Boards

Energy Management