Table of Contents

COVER

TITLE PAGE

DEDICATION

PREFACE

CREDITS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS

1.1 Explanation of Terms
1.2 Microcontroller Data Types
1.3 Evolution of the Microcontroller
1.4 Embedded Controllers

CHAPTER 2: MICROCONTROLLER BASICS

2.1 Basic Blocks of a Microcomputer
2.2 Microcontroller architectures
2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2.4 Basic concept of pipelining
2.5 RISC vs. CISC
2.6 Functional Representation of a Typical Microcontroller---- The PIC18F4321
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 3: MICROCONTROLLER MEMORY AND INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O)

3.1 Introduction to Microcontroller Memory
3.2 Microcontroller Input/Output (I/O)
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 4: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

4.1 Computer Programming Languages
4.2 Machine Language
4.3 Assembly Language
4.4 High-Level Language
4.5 Introduction to C Language
4.6 Choosing a programming language
4.7 Flowcharts
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 5: PIC18F ARCHITECTURE AND ADDRESSING MODES

5.1 Basic features of the PIC18F family
5.2 PIC18F Register Architecture
5.3 PIC18F Memory Organization
5.4 PIC18F Addressing Modes
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 6: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PIC18F: PART 1

6.1 Introduction to the PIC18F MPLAB assembler
6.2 PIC18F Instruction Format
6.3 PIC18F Instruction Set
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 7: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PIC18F: PART 2

7.1 PIC18F Jump/Branch instructions
7.2 PIC18F Test, Compare, and Skip instructions
7.3 PIC18F Table Read/Write instructions
7.4 PIC18F Subroutine instructions
7.5 PIC18F System Control instructions
7.6 PIC18F Hardware vs. Software stack
7.7 Multiplication and Division algorithms
7.8 Advanced Programming Examples
7.9 PIC18F Delay Routine
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 8: PIC18F PROGRAMMED I/O USING ASSEMBLY & C

8.1 PIC18F Pins and Signals
8.2 PIC18F4321 Programmed I/O
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 9: PIC18F INTERRUPT I/O, LCD, AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING

9.1 Basics of Polled I/O vs. Interrupt I/O
9.2 PIC18F Interrupts
9.3 PIC18F Interface to a typical LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
9.4 Interfacing PIC18F4321 to a hexadecimal keyboard and a seven-segment display
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 10: PIC18F TIMERS AND ANALOG INTERFACE

10.1 PIC18F Timers
10.2 Analog Interface
Questions and Problems

CHAPTER 11: PIC18F CCP AND SERIAL I/O

11.1 PIC18F CCP (Capture/Compare/PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Module
11.2 DC Motor Control
11.3 Serial Interface
11.4 PIC18F Serial I/O
Questions and Problems

APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY

APPENDIX C: PIC18F INSTRUCTION SET (Alphabetical Order)

APPENDIX D: PIC18F INSTRUCTION SET — DETAILS

24.0 Instruction Set Summary
24.1 Standard Instruction Set

APPENDIX E: PIC18F4321 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS

Special Function Registers

APPENDIX F: TUTORIAL FOR ASSEMBLING AND DEBUGGING A PIC18F ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM USING THE MPLAB

Assembling PIC18F assembly language program using MPLAB

APPENDIX G: TUTORIAL FOR COMPILING AND DEBUGGING A C-PROGRAM USING THE MPLAB

Compiling a C- language program using MPLAB

APPENDIX H: INTERFACING THE PIC18F4321 TO A PERSONAL COMPUTER OR A LAPTOP USING PICkit™ 3

H.1 Initial Hardware Setup for the PIC18F4321
H.2 Connecting the Personal Computer (PC) or the Laptop to the PIC18F4321 Via PICkit3
H.3 Programming the PIC18F4321 from a Personal Computer or a Laptop using the PICkit3

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Illustrations

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS

Figure 1.1 Furnace temperature control.

CHAPTER 2: MICROCONTROLLER BASICS

Figure 2.1 Basic Blocks of a Microcomputer
Figure 2.2 Simplified version of a typical microcomputer
Figure 2.3 Typical clock signal.
Figure 2.4 von Neumann Architecture
Figure 2.5 Harvard Architecture
Figure 2.6 CPU with the main functional elements
Figure 2.7 Addition program with initial register and memory contents
Figure 2.8 Addition program (modified during execution)
Figure 2.9 Addition program (modified during execution)
Figure 2.10 Addition program (modified during execution)
Figure 2.11 Addition program (modified during execution)
Figure 2.12 PUSH operation when accessing a stack from the bottom.
Figure 2.13 POP operation when accessing a stack from the bottom.
Figure 2.14 PUSH operation when accessing a stack from the top.
Figure 2.15 POP operation when accessing a stack from the top.
Figure 2.16 Four-segment pipeline.
Figure 2.17 Overlapped execution of four tasks using a pipeline.
Figure 2.18 PIC18F4321 Block Diagram

CHAPTER 3: MICROCONTROLLER MEMORY AND INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O)

Figure 3.1 PIC18F data memory.
Figure 3.2 Summary of available semiconductor memories for microcontroller systems.
Figure 3.3 Typical instruction fetch timing diagram for an 8-bit microprocessor.
Figure 3.4 Typical memory READ timing diagram.
Figure 3.5 Typical memory WRITE timing diagram.
Figure 3.6 Pertinent signals of a typical CPU required for main memory interfacing.
Figure 3.7 Typical 1k × 8 SRAM unit.
Figure 3.8 CPU connected to 4k SRAM using the linear select decoding technique.
Figure 3.9 Interconnecting a CPU with a 4k RAM using full decoded memory addressing.
Figure 3.10 Two open-collector outputs A and B tied together
Figure 3.11 TTL Totem-pole output
Figure 3.12 Typical switch for a microcontroller's input.
Figure 3.13 Interfacing LED to PIC18F
Figure 3.14 A seven-segment display
Figure 3.15 I/O port with the corresponding data-direction register.
Figure 3.16 Example illustrating conditional or polled I/O
Figure 3.17 Example illustrating interrupt I/O
Figure P3.10
Figure P3.11

CHAPTER 4: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Figure 4.1 Translating assembly or high-level language into binary machine language.
Figure 4.2 Logical right shift operation.
Figure 4.3 True arithmetic right shift operation.
Figure 4.4 The if-else construct
Figure 4.5 The while construct
Figure 4.6 Flowchart for the for loop
Figure 4.7 Figure for the do-while construct
Figure 4.8 Example of space saving with union

CHAPTER 5: PIC18F ARCHITECTURE AND ADDRESSING MODES

Figure 5.1 Clock/Instruction Cycle
Figure 5.2 Instruction Pipeline Flow
Figure 5.3 PIC18F registers
Figure 5.4 SP (Stack Pointer)
Figure 5.5 SR (Status Register)
Figure 5.6 PIC18F4321 Program Memory Map
Figure 5.7 PIC18F4321 Data Memory Map
Figure 5.8 Illustration of the Indirect Addressing Mode
Figure 5.9 Illustration of Indirect with Postincrement Mode
Figure 5.10 Instruction sequence for illustrating the postincrement mode
Figure 5.11 Illustration of Postdecrement mode
Figure 5.12 Instruction sequence for illustrating posdecrement mode

CHAPTER 6: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PIC18F: PART 1

Figure P6.14

CHAPTER 7: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PIC18F: PART 2

Figure 7.1 Table Read Operation (Instruction TBLRD*)
Figure 7.2 Table Write Operation (Instruction TBLWT*)
Figure 7.3a PIC18F Hardware Stack with arbitrary data before execution of POP instruction
Figure 7.3b PIC18F Hardware Stack with arbitrary data after execution of POP instruction; address 0x15 is assumed to be free
Figure 7.4 PIC18F Hardware Stack with arbitrary data before execution of PUSH instruction
Figure 7.4 PIC18F Hardware Stack with arbitrary data after execution of PUSH instruction
Figure 7.5 (a) PIC18F Hardware Stack with arbitrary data before execution of CALL 0x000200 instruction
Figure 7.5 (b) PIC18F Hardware Stack with arbitrary data after execution of CALL 0x000200 instruction
Figure 7.6 (a) PIC18F software stack with arbitrary data accessing stack from the top
Figure 7.6 (b) PIC18F software stack with arbitrary data accessing stack from the top
Figure 7.7 (a) PIC18F software stack with arbitrary data growing from HIGH to LOW memory before PUSH
Figure 7.7 (b) PIC18F software stack with arbitrary data growing from HIGH to LOW memory after PUSH

CHAPTER 8: PIC18F PROGRAMMED I/O USING ASSEMBLY & C

Figure 8.1 PIC18F4321 Pins and Signals
Figure 8.2 OSCCON (Oscillator Control) Register
Figure 8.3 Typical Crystal Oscillator Circuit
Figure 8.4 RC Oscillator
Figure 8.5 PIC18F Manual Reset Circuit
Figure 8.6 RCON (RESET CONTROL) Register
Figure 8.7 Simplified PIC18F4321 Setup
Figure 8.8 I/O port with the corresponding data-direction register.
Figure 8.9 Generic I/O port operation (Simplified)
Figure 8.10 PORT D along with TRISD
Figure 8.11 ADCON1 register for digital I/O
Figure 8.12 Interfacing LED to PIC18F
Figure 8.13 A seven-segment display
Figure 8.14 Seven-segment display configurations
Figure 8.15 PIC18F4321 interface to a common cathode seven-segment display via PORT C
Figure 8.16 Figure for Example Example 8.1
Figure 8.17 Figure for Example Example 8.3
Figure 8.18 Figure for Example Example 8.6
Figure P8.11 (Assume that both LEDs are OFF initially.)
Figure P8.12

CHAPTER 9: PIC18F INTERRUPT I/O, LCD, AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING

Figure 9.1 Flowchart for conditional programmed I/O
Figure 9.2 A/D converter
Figure 9.3 Interfacing an A/D converter to a generic microcontroller
Figure 9.4 Microcomputer A/D converter interface via interrupt I/O
Figure 9.5 Figure for Example Example 9.1
Figure 9.6 PIC18F Interrupts
Figure 9.7 INTCON (Interrupt Control) and INTCON3 (Interrupt Control 3) registers
Figure 9.8 Simplified schematic for the PIC18F external interrupts for power-on reset
Figure 9.9 INTCON2 Register
Figure 9.10 Figure for Example Example 9.2
Figure 9.11 Figure for Example Example 9.3
Figure 9.12 Interrupt-driven on-chip Peripheral device such as the ADC
Figure 9.13 Hitachi HD44780 LCD and the pinout
Figure 9.14 Figure for Example EXAMPLE 9.4
Figure 9.15 A 2x2 keyboard interfaced to the PIC18F4321
Figure 9.16 A row of four displays.
Figure 9.17 Nonmultiplexed hexadecimal displays.
Figure 9.18 Multiplexed hexadecimal displays.
Figure 9.19 PIC18F4321 interface to keyboard and display for the assembly program
Figure 9.20 74LS47 display for hex digits 0-F
Figure 9.21 PIC18F4321 interface to keyboard and display for the C-program
Figure P9.9
Figure P9.11
Figure P9.15
Figure P9.16

CHAPTER 10: PIC18F TIMERS AND ANALOG INTERFACE

Figure 10.1 Timer0 Interrupt
Figure 10.2 T0CON (TIMER0 Control) Register
Figure 10.3 TIMER0 Block Diagram (8-bit Mode)
Figure 10.4 TIMER0 Block Diagram (16-bit Mode)
Figure 10.5 INTCON Register with the TMR0IE and TMR0IF bits
Figure 10.6 T0CON register with binary data 11010100
Figure 10.7 T1CON (Timer1 Control) Register
Figure 10.8 PIR1 (Peripheral Interrupt Request) Register1
Figure 10.9 PIE1 (Peripheral Interrupt Enable) Register 1
Figure 10.10 T2CON (Timer2 Control) Register
Figure 10.11 T3CON (Timer3 Control) Register
Figure 10.12 PIR2 (Peripheral Interrupt Request) Register 2
Figure 10.13 PIE2 (Peripheral Interrupt Enable) Register 2
Figure 10.14 Figure for Example Example 10.10
Figure 10.15 Figure for Example Example 10.11
Figure 10.16 ADCON0 (ADC Control Register0)
Figure 10.17 ADCON1 (A/D Control Register 1)
Figure 10.18 ADCON2 (ADC Control Register 2)
Figure 10.19 Block diagram of the PIC18F4321 A/D
Figure 10.20 Interrupt-driven ADC
Figure 10.21 Figure for Example Example 10.12
Figure 10.22 Figure for Example Example 10.13
Figure P10.9
Figure P10.10
Figure P10.11

CHAPTER 11: PIC18F CCP AND SERIAL I/O

Figure 11.1 CCPxCON Register
Figure 11.2 CCP1 waveform in PWM mode
Figure 11.3 a Figure for Example 11.5
Figure 11.3 b Circuit to be used instead of the Optocoupler
Figure 11.4 PIC18F Master interface to a single slave PIC18F
Figure 11.5 SPI Master/Slave interface between two PIC18F4321's along with relevant registers
Figure 11.6 SSPCON1 (MSSP CONTROL) Register 1 in SPI mode
Figure 11.7 SSPSTAT (MSSP Status Register) in SPI mode
Figure 11.8 Figure for Example 11.6 using SPI mode
Figure 11.9 Master-Slave Interface in I²C mode
Figure 11.10 I²C write transmission sequence
Figure 11.11 MSSP Block Diagram (I²C)
Figure 11.12 SSPSTAT: MSSP STATUS REGISTER (I²C™ MODE)
Figure 11.13 SSPCON1: MSSP CONTROL REGISTER 1 (I2C™ MODE)
Figure 11.14 SSPCON2: MSSP CONTROL REGISTER 2 (I2C™ MODE)
Figure 11.15 SSPADD: MSSP ADDRESS REGISTER
Figure 11.16 Figure for Example 11.7
Figure P11.8
Figure P11.9

List of Tables

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS

Table 1.1 Comparison of basic features of typical microcontrollers

CHAPTER 3: MICROCONTROLLER MEMORY AND INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O)

Table 3.1 Truth Table for Controlling SRAM unit
Table 3.2 Address Map of the Memory Organization of Figure 3.8
Table 3.3 Decoding Guide
Table 3.4 Address Map of the Memory Organization of Figure 3.9
Table 3.5 5 Current and Voltage Requirements of LEDs
Table P3.12
Table P3.13

CHAPTER 4: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Table 4.1 Conversion of 0PIC18F SLEEP instruction into its Binary Op-Code
Table 4.2 Typical Logic/Arithmetic and Shift/ Rotate Operations
Table 4.3 Bit Manipulation Operations in C
Table 4.4 Flowchart symbols

CHAPTER 5: PIC18F ARCHITECTURE AND ADDRESSING MODES

Table 5.1 Basic differences of two popular members of the PIC18F Family (F in PIC18F indicates on-chip flash memory)

CHAPTER 6: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PIC18F: PART 1

Table 6.1 Conversion of SLEEP instruction into its Binary Op-Code
Table 6.2 General Format for Instructions
Table 6.3 PIC18F Instructions and the status flags
Table 6.4 PIC18F Data Movement Instructions
Table 6.5 Results for Example Example 6.1 (All numbers in hex)
Table 6.6 PIC18F Arithmetic Instructions
Table 6.7 PIC18F Logic Instructions
Table 6.8 PIC18F Rotate Instructions
Table 6.9 Bit Manipulation Instructions

CHAPTER 7: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PIC18F: PART 2

Table 7.1 PIC18F Jump/Branch instructions
Table 7.2 PIC18F Test, Compare, and Skip instructions
Table 7.3 PIC18F Table Read/Write instructions
Table 7.4 PIC18F Subroutine instructions
Table 7.5 PIC18F System control instructions

CHAPTER 8: PIC18F PROGRAMMED I/O USING ASSEMBLY & C

Table 8.1 PIC18F4321 Pinout description
Table 8.2 PIC18F4321 I/O PORTS, TRISx REGISTERS, ALONG WITH ADDRESSES (Upon RESET, all ports are configured as inputs)

CHAPTER 9: PIC18F INTERRUPT I/O, LCD, AND KEYBOARD INTERFACING

Table 9.1 PIC18F4321 External interrupts along with Interrupt Priority (IP) bits
Table 9.2 Typical LCD commands along with 8-bit codes in hex

CHAPTER 10: PIC18F TIMERS AND ANALOG INTERFACE

Table 10.1 PIC18F4321 Timers with basic features

CHAPTER 11: PIC18F CCP AND SERIAL I/O

Table 11.1 Assignment of Timers for the PIC18F4321 CCP1 module

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Title: Microcontroller theory and applications with the PIC18F / M. Rafiquzzaman, professor, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California and president, Rafi Systems, Inc., Diamond Bar, California.

Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2017048388 (print) | LCCN 2017050854 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119448433 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119448440 (epub) | ISBN 9781119448419 (cloth)

Subjects: LCSH: Microcontrollers. | PIC microcontrollers. | C++ (Computer program language) | Assembly languages (Electronic computers)

Classification: LCC TK7895.E42 (ebook) | LCC TK7895.E42 R34 2018 (print) | DDC 005.13/3-dc23

PREFACE

Microcontrollers play an important role in the design of digital systems. They are found in a wide range of applications including office automation systems (copiers and fax machines), consumer electronics (microwave ovens), digital instruments, and robotics.

The second edition of this book is written in a very simplified manner to present the fundamental concepts of assembly and C language programming and interfacing techniques associated with typical microcontrollers. Microchip Technology's PIC18F4321 is used for this purpose. The PIC18F family is inexpensive, and continues to be popular. Emphasis in this edition is given on chip-level design and implementation. This is very essential for the students to understand the hardware and software aspects of a specific microcontroller from chip level in a first course on microcontrollers. The PIC18F family is an excellent educational tool for this purpose.

The PIC18F uses Harvard architecture with a RISC-based CPU. Conventional CPUs complete fetch, decode and execute cycles of an instruction in sequence. However, the PIC18F uses pipelining, in which instruction fetch and execution cycles are overlapped. This speeds up the instruction execution time of the PIC18F. A brief coverage of CPU architectures, RISC vs. CISC, pipelining, assembly / C language programming and I/O techniques associated with typical microcontrollers are provided in the first part of the book. These topics are then related to a popular member of the PIC18F family such as the PIC18F4321.

As far as the programming is concerned, assembly and C language programming are covered in this book using the PIC18F. Coverage of assembly language programming will provide an exposure to the internal architecture of microcontrollers. Note that although microcontrollers in typical industrial applications include mostly C and some assembly, an introduction to assembly language programming for students is essential.

Several assembly and C language programs along with I/O examples are developed using Microchip's MPLAB, and PICkit3. The MPLAB software package includes a text editor, PIC18F assembler, C compiler, and a simulator. The PICkit3 is a programmer interface provided by Microchip. One can build an inexpensive PIC18F-based system on a breadboard using one of the PIC18F devices such as the PIC18F4321. The programmer can download the compiled or assembled programs using the PICkit3 from the Personal Computer or laptop, and then perform meaningful experiments. This is the most inexpensive way of implementing laboratory experiments using a typical microcontroller such as the PIC18F4321. This will enable the students with a thorough and basic background in microcontroller-based applications from chip level.

The book is self-contained and includes a number of basic topics. A background in basic digital logic and C language programming is assumed. Characteristics and principles common to typical microcontrollers are emphasized and basic microcontroller interfacing techniques are demonstrated via examples using the simplest possible devices such as switches, LEDs, A/D and D/A converters, the hexadecimal keyboard, seven-segment displays and LCDs (Liquid Crystal Displays). Most of the examples are implemented successfully in the laboratory.

The text is divided into 11 chapters. In Chapter 1, we provide a review of terminology, number systems, and evolution of microcontrollers. Finally, a comparison of the basic features of some members of the PIC18F family and typical microcontroller applications are also included.

Chapters 2 through 11 form the nucleus of the book. Chapter 2 covers typical microcontroller architectures. The concepts of CPU architecture, program and data memory units, pipelining, and RISC vs. CISC are included.

Chapter 3 is focused on the memory organization and I/O (Input / Output) techniques associated with typical microcontrollers. The basic concepts associated with main memory array design, including memory maps, are also covered. Typical microcontroller input/output techniques including programmed I/O and interrupt I/O are included.

Chapter 4 contains programming concepts associated with typical microcontrollers. Topics include machine, assembly and C language programming, typical addressing modes, and instruction sets.

Chapter 5 includes PIC18F architecture and addressing modes. The PIC18F pipelining, register architecture, memory maps, and addressing modes are provided.

The concepts of assembly language programming covered in Chapter 4 are demonstrated in Chapters 6 and 7 by means of a typical 8-bit microcontroller. A specific device from the PIC18F family such as the PIC18F4321 is used to illustrate the concepts. Several PIC18F assembly language programming examples are included.

The I/O techniques covered in Chapter 3 are demonstrated in Chapters 8 and 9 using the PIC18F4321. Several I/O examples (programmed, polled, and interrupt I/O) using PIC18F assembly and C languages are also included. These chapters also demonstrate how the software and hardware work together by interfacing simple I/O devices such as switches, LEDs, seven-segment displays, LCDs and a hexadecimal keyboard.

The PIC18F timers and analog modules (on-chip hardware timers and ADC) are described in Chapter 10. Typical examples include the design and successful implementation of a PIC18F4321-based voltmeter using both assembly and C.

The basics of CCP (Compare/Capture/PWM) and Serial I/O relating them to the PIC18F are covered in Chapter 11. Also, a DC motor is successfully interfaced to the PIC18F4321 using PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mode of the CCP module. Both SPI and I²C modes of the PIC18F serial I/O are illustrated by means of successful implementation in the laboratory.

Courses on “Introduction to C” and “DC Circuits” are normally prerequisites for the “Digital Logic Design”. A course on “Introduction to Microcontrollers” is typically a core course for electrical engineering curriculum at the undergraduate level. With more than 40 years of academic and industrial experiences, the author believes that electrical engineers should have a background in “Introduction to Assembly Language”. This will provide students with exposure to internal architecture of a typical microcontroller. Note that assembly language programming is not normally a core course in electrical engineering curriculum. In addition, hands-on experience with I/O (Programmed, Interrupt, ADC, Timers, CCP) using C is essential. Students with experience in both assembly and C using a typical microcontroller such as the PIC18F will be better prepared for industries after graduation. A book like this will provide such a background.

The book can easily be adopted as a text for a one- semester or one - quarter course in microcontroller taught at the undergraduate level in electrical/computer engineering and computer science departments. The students are expected to have a background in “Introduction to C” and “Introduction to Digital Logic Design”. The book will also be useful for practicing microcontroller system designers. Practitioners of microcontroller-based applications will find more simplified explanations in this book, together with examples and comparison considerations, compared to that found in manufacturers' manuals.

The author is especially indebted to Sandra Grayson, editor, Wiley, UK for her inspiration to write this second edition. The author would also like to express his sincere appreciation to his students, Imed Abdellaoui, Loc Phan, Zhuohui Li, Carlos Landaverde, Luke Stankiewicz, Thomas Leung, and to others; to his colleague Professor R. Chandra of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona for making some constructive suggestions. The author is grateful to CJ Media of California for preparing the final version of the manuscript; to Mary Vang of Rafi Systems Inc. for drawing some of the figures in the book; to Lauren Le for initial editing of the manuscript. Finally, the author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to his editor, Brett Kurzman of Wiley, USA for his personal commitment, dedication, and excellent job in bringing this book to publication.

M. RAFIQUZZAMAN
Pomona, California

CREDITS

The material cited here is used by permission of the sources listed below.

Copyright of Microchip Technology, Inc. 2009, Used by Permission: PIC18F4321 Family Data Sheet, DS39689F. All mnemonics of Microchip PIC18F Microcontroller Family are courtesy of Microchip Technology, Inc.

The following are registered trademarks of Microchip in the U.S.A. and other countries: AnyRate, Atmel, AVR, AVR Freaks, BitCloud, CHIPKIT, CryptoMemory, CryptoRF, dsPIC, FlashFlex, flexPWR, Heldo, JukeBLOX, KEELOQ, Kleer, LANCheck, LINK MD, maXStylus, maXTouch, megaAVR, MediaLB, MOST, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, Prochip Designer, QTouch, RightTouch, SAM-BA, SST, SuperFlash, tinyAVR, UNI/O and XMEGA.

The following are registered trademarks of Microchip in the U.S.A: ClockWorks, ETHERSYNCH, Hyper Speed Control, HyperLight Load, IntelliMOS, KleerNet, mTouch, Precision Edge, QUIET-WIRE and The Embedded Control Solutions Company. The following are registered trademarks of Microchip in other countries: BeaconThings, GestIC, Silicon Storage Technology.

The following are trademarks of Microchip in the U.S.A. and other countries: Adjacent Key Suppression, AKS, Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Any Capacitor, AnyIn, AnyOut, BeaconThings, BodyCom, CodeGuard, CryptoAuthentication, CryptoCompanion, CryptoController, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, Dynamic Averaged Matching, DAM, ECAN, EtherGREEN, ICSP, In-Circuit Serial Programming, Inter-Chip Connectivity, JitterBlocker, Mindi, MiWi, motorBench, MPASM, MPF, MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, Omniscient Code Generation (OCG), PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, PureSilicon, QMatrix, REAL ICE, Ripple Blocker, SAM-ICE, SMART-I.S., SQI, Serial Quad I/O, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Total Endurance, TSHARC, USBCheck, VariSense, ViewSpan, WiperLock, Wireless DNA and ZENA.

The following is a service mark of Microchip in the U.S.A.: SQTP