Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Dedication

About the Editors

Preface

Chapter 1: Bioinspired Polydopamine and Composites for Biomedical Applications

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis of Polydopamine
1.3 Properties of Polydopamine
1.4 Applications of Polydopamine
1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospectives
References

Chapter 2: Multifunctional Polymer-Dilute Magnetic Conductor and Bio-Devices

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Magnetic Semiconductor-Nanoparticle-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
2.3 Types of Magnetic Semiconductor Nanoparticles
2.4 Synthetic Strategies for Composite Materials
2.5 Biocompatibility of Polymer/Semiconductor-Particle-Based Nanocomposites and Their Products for Biomedical Applications
2.6 Biomedical Applications
References

Chapter 3: Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposite and Biosensors

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanocomposite Synthesis
3.3 Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
3.4 Electrical Properties
3.5 Optical Properties
3.6 Magnetic Properties
3.7 Application of Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposite in Biosensors
3.8 Conclusions
References

Chapter 4: Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for Biosensing Applications

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biosensor: Features, Principle, Types, and Its Need in Modern-Day Life
4.3 Common Carbon Nanomaterials and Conducting Polymers
4.4 Processability of CNTs and GN with Conducting Polymers, Chemical Interactions, and Mode of Detection for Biosensing
4.5 PANI Composites with CNT and GN for Biosensing Applications
4.6 PPy and PTh Composites with CNT and GN for Biosensing Applications
4.7 Conducting Polymer Composites with CNT and GN for the Detection of Organic Molecules
4.8 Conducting Polymer Composites with CNT and GN for Microbial Biosensing
4.9 Conclusion and Future Research
References

Chapter 5: Graphene and Graphene Oxide Polymer Composite for Biosensors Applications

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites and Their Applications
5.3 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Scope
References

Chapter 6: Polyaniline Nanocomposite Materials for Biosensor Designing

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Importance of PANI-Based Biosensors
6.3 Polyaniline-Based Glucose Biosensors
6.4 Polyaniline-Based Peroxide Biosensors
6.5 Polyaniline-Based Genetic Material Biosensors
6.6 Immunosensors
6.7 Biosensors of Phenolic Compounds
6.8 Polyaniline-Based Biosensor for Water Quality Assessment
6.9 Scientific Concerns and Future Prospects of Polyaniline-Based Biosensors
6.10 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Films for Novel Biosensor

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chitosan as Novel Biosensor
7.3 Application
7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References

Chapter 8: Self Healing Materials and Conductivity

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of Self-Healing Materials
8.3 Conductivity in Self-Healing Materials
8.4 Current and Future Prospects
8.5 Conclusions
References

Chapter 9: Electrical Conductivity and Biological Efficacy of Ethyl Cellulose and Polyaniline-Based Composites

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conductivity of EC Polymers
9.3 Conductivity of PANI Polymer
9.4 Biological Efficacy of EC and PANI-Based Composites
9.5 Summary and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 10: Synthesis of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposite Materials and Their Biomedical Applications

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biomedical Applications of PANI-Supported Nanohybrid Materials
10.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

Chapter 11: Electrically Conductive Polymers and Composites for Biomedical Applications

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conducting Polymers
11.3 Conductive Polymer Composite
11.4 Biomedical Applications of Conductive Polymers
11.5 Future Prospects
11.6 Conclusions
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Bioinspired Polydopamine and Composites for Biomedical Applications

Figure 1.1 Formation mechanism of PDA in an alkali solution.
Figure 1.2 Graphical representation of the formation of PDA–laccase–MWCNT nanocomposite film on GCE for hydroquinone biosensing.
Figure 1.3 (a–e) Schematic representation of sub-micron size PDA particles and their morphological study.
Figure 1.4 (a) Graphical representation of PDA nanotube synthesis and its high-resolution TEM images.
Figure 1.5 (a) Melanin broadband optical absorbance spectrum (inset for log linear axes) and peaks below show individual absorbance peak chromophores.
Figure 1.6 Melanin photoconductivity versus time for four different hydration levels: (a) 8.6%, (b) 10.2%, (c) 13.4%, and (d) 16.2%, under dark, illuminated, and dark sequence each for 50 s.
Figure 1.7 (a) The μSR relaxation data obtained on hydrated melanin pellets. (b) A pH-dependent titration EPR study for colloidal suspensions of melanin.
Figure 1.8 Application of polydopamine in various emerging research fields.
Figure 1.9 (a) Digital image of SiO₂ scaffold before and after 6- and 24-h modification with PDA; (b) the proliferation of BMSCs on mesoporous silica (MS), PDA-modified silica (MSD), and dexamethasone (DEX)-loaded MSD (MSD-DEX) scaffolds. MSD shows improved proliferation of BMSCs.
Figure 1.10 FESEM images of the dopa-cotton/AgNPs fabrics (a) unwashed and (b) after 30 washes.
Figure 1.11 (a) Schematic illustration for the preparation of PDA-FONs and their application in cell imaging. (b) Normalized photoluminescence emission spectra of PDA-FON dispersion at different excitation wavelengths from 360 to 500 nm. (c) Fluorescence microscopy photograph of the PDA-FON dispersion excited by UV light (340–380 nm). (d) Effect of PDA-FONs on NIH-3T3 cells. (e–g) are confocal laser scanning microscopy images of cells imaged under bright field 405- and 458-nm excitations, respectively.
Figure 1.12 (a) Schematic of the PDA and its encapsulation and surface functionalization on yeast cells. Confocal micrographs of (b) native yeasts and (c) yeast@PDA. (d–g) TEM micrographs of PDA-encapsulated yeast cells. (h) Growth curve of native and PDA-coated yeast cells. (i) Survival of native and coated yeast cells in the presence of lyticase.
Figure 1.13 (a) Schematic representation of cell patterning with PDA as ink via micro-contact printing; (b) optical microscopic image of an imprinted PDA pattern on a gold substrate; (c) SEM images of PDA patterns on silicon; (d) SEM image of the cell-patterned substrate; (e) fluorescent microscopy image of the cell-patterned substrate after immobilization of fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate – bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA).
Figure 1.14 (a) Illustration of photothermal treatment (b) Time-dependent temperature change at different concentrations of PDA nanoparticle (NP) suspension. (c) The photothermal response of PDA NP suspension (200 µg mL⁻¹) for 500 s with an NIR laser (808 nm, 2 W cm⁻²). (d–f) Digital photographs of the biocompatibility of PDA NPs with a tumor-bearing mouse for photothermal therapy. (g) A digital photograph of a 4T1 cell culture dish after incubation with PDA NPs and red circle shows the laser spot. (h–k) Confocal images of calcein acetoxymethyl (calcein AM) (green, live cells) and propidium iodide (red, dead cells) co-stained 4T1 cells after laser irradiation. (i) Cell viability of 4T1 cells after incubation with increasing concentrations of PDA NPs. (l) Cell viability of 4T1 cells treated with different concentrations of PDA NPs with laser irradiation (808 nm, 2 W cm⁻², 5 min).
Figure 1.15 Schematic of the synthesis and application of PDAs@CP3-DOX. (a) In vivo T1, (c) T2; MR images of mice after intravenous injection of PDAs@CP3 at different time intervals, and its corresponding data analysis of T1 (b) and (d) T2-weighted MRI measurements.

Chapter 2: Multifunctional Polymer-Dilute Magnetic Conductor and Bio-Devices

Figure 2.1 Stability of the ferromagnetic state in (a) Mn-, (b) Fe-, (c) Co-, and (d) Ni-doped ZnO-based DMSs as a function of carrier concentration. A positive energy difference indicates that the ferromagnetic state is energetically more stable than the spin glass state.
Figure 2.2 (a) Magnetic semiconductor, (b) diluted magnetic semiconductor, and (c) nonmagnetic semiconductor.
Figure 2.3 Illustrative representation of the conducting nanocomposites prepared from pre-synthesized conducting polymers and magnetic nanoparticles (NPs).
Figure 2.4 Schematic description of interactions between polymers and inorganic materials (magnetic semiconductor) for the formation of PMNCs.
Figure 2.5 Schematic representation of the formation of semiconductor particle nanocomposites via in situ oxidative emulsion polymerization.

Chapter 3: Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposite and Biosensors

Figure 3.1 Schematic representation of the main chemical routes for the synthesis of polymer–inorganic nanocomposites.
Figure 3.2 (A) Stress–strain curves for the PU/clay films with different clay contents and tensile properties: (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 3, (e) 4, and (f) 5 wt%; (B) TEM microphotograph of the PU/clay nanocomposite with 5 wt% clay.
Figure 3.3 The thermal conductivity of composites containing hybrid filler.
Figure 3.4 The conductivity variation curve of PPy/SrFe₁₂O₁₉ nanocomposite.
Figure 3.5 Transparencies of the (a) PC neat resin, (b) 1 wt% and (c) 2 wt% PC/alumina (SMA-coated), and (d) 2 wt% PC/alumina (untreated).
Figure 3.6 TEM of samples prepared with different pyrrole/SrFe₁₂O₁₉ mass ratio: (a) 0; (b) 10 : 1; (c) 15 : 1; (d) 20 : 1.
Figure 3.7 The magnetic hysteresis loops at 300 K for PEDOT/PSS–Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites with different Fe₃O₄ content.
Figure 3.8 Schematic illustration of the electrochemical DNA sensor construction process.

Chapter 4: Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for Biosensing Applications

Figure 4.1 Schematic diagram depicting the mode of action of biosensors.
Figure 4.2 Scope of biosensors in different fields.
Figure 4.3 Interaction of CNT/GN with PANI.
Figure 4.4 Immobilization of DNA strands synergistically by PANI and GN.
Figure 4.5 Immobilization of the enzyme (ascorbate oxidase) on Au-modified PANI–CNT electrode.
Figure 4.6 Zone of inhibition for S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans by PANI–GN–ZnFe₂O₄ composite.

Chapter 5: Graphene and Graphene Oxide Polymer Composite for Biosensors Applications

Figure 5.1 Synthesis of graphene and graphene oxide by Hummers’ method.
Figure 5.2 SEM of dry, as-produced TRGO powder. The sheets are very agglomerated, and the particles have a fleecy morphology [22].
Figure 5.3 Applications of graphene-based polymer composites.
Figure 5.4 (a) Polyaniline and (b) polypyrrole.
Figure 5.5 The enzymatic reaction among cholesterol and ChOx on G/PVP/PANI-modified-paper-based biosensor [39].
Figure 5.6 Schematic outline of the DNA recognition on various electrode modifications [45].
Figure 5.7 The assembly process of the electrode [46].
Figure 5.8 Schematic illustration of the electrochemical DNA sensor development process [45].
Figure 5.9 Schematic outline of the DNA biosensor [48].
Figure 5.10 Schematic portrayal of the immobilization and hybridization of DNA on the rGO/PANI/GCE [49].
Figure 5.11 Serotonin (5-HT) biosensor preparation scheme [50].
Figure 5.12 The reaction procedure used to set up the HP/PPy/GO nanosheets [54].
Figure 5.13 Preparation plan of rGO/PPy/AuNP biosensor for dopamine biosensing [56].
Figure 5.14 Illustration of the preparation of the Au–PPy–rGO-nanocomposite-based AChE biosensor [57].
Figure 5.15 Schematic portrayal of the development procedures of NiCo/PPy/rGO nanocomposites [62].
Figure 5.16 (a) The schematic diagram of glucose sensors in view of fiber organic electrochemical transistors with an active layer of PPy nanowires and rGO. (b) Reaction cycle involved in glucose sensing using GOx [63].

Chapter 6: Polyaniline Nanocomposite Materials for Biosensor Designing

Figure 6.1 Overview of the biosensor, showing antibody immobilization on PANI and specificity with selective molecules.
Figure 6.2 TEM images of PS latex beads (a), PS–PANI composite (b), PS–PANI–AuNPs (c), and SEM of PS–PANI–AuNPs (d). (Reproduced with permission from Liu et al. [53], American Chemical Society.)

Chapter 7: Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Films for Novel Biosensor

Figure 7.1 Structure of chitosan.
Figure 7.2 Application of chitosan-based biosensor in environmental and biological field.

Chapter 9: Electrical Conductivity and Biological Efficacy of Ethyl Cellulose and Polyaniline-Based Composites

Figure 9.1 Powdered form of EC and its chemical structure.
Figure 9.2 Comparison of the changes in the polymer conductivity as against the changes in the electrolyte type and concentration when tested for (a) EC–NiHPO₄, (b) EC–MgHPO₄, and (c) EC–SnHPO₄ composite.
Figure 9.3 Conductivity measurements for different composites of EC by the application of changes in temperature when tested for (a) EC–NiHPO₄, (b) EC–MgHPO₄, and (c) EC–SnHPO₄.
Figure 9.4 Comparison of the activation energies for different composites of EC by the application of changes in electrolyte concentration for KCl and NaCl solutions when tested for (a) EC–NiHPO₄, (b) EC–MgHPO₄, and (c) EC–SnHPO₄.
Figure 9.5 Comparison of electrode potentials as against the changes in solution pH for the three different EC-based composites, (a) EC–NiHPO₄, (b) EC–MgHPO₄, and (c) EC–SnHPO₄.
Figure 9.6 Schematic representation of the formation of protonation and deprotonation of PANI in two different colors.
Figure 9.7 Comparison of PANI/MWCNTs and Co₃O₄/PANI/MWCNTs for (a) CV analysis and (b) specific capacitance as a function of potential sweep rate.
Figure 9.8 Comparison of the galvanostatic discharge curves between PANI/MWCNTs and Co₃O₄/PANI/MWCNTs (a), and (b) only Co₃O₄/PANI/MWCNTs composite at different current densities.
Figure 9.9 Comparison of the anticancer effects of different EC- and PANI-based composites when tested toward the MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line over a concentration in the range of 0–250 µg mL⁻¹ for a 24 h period.

Chapter 10: Synthesis of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposite Materials and Their Biomedical Applications

Figure 10.1 Different oxidized and reduced forms of PANI [13].
Figure 10.2 SEM images of adsorption of platelets on a native PANI surface (a), PANI–PEO film with a grafting density PANI of 3.3 (b) and 5.1 (c) [49].
Figure 10.3 Cultivation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts on nanofiber scaffolds of PANI and PLCL and the electrical stimulation of (a) 20 mA and (b) 200 mA for 2 days [81].

Chapter 11: Electrically Conductive Polymers and Composites for Biomedical Applications

Figure 11.1 The use of conducting polymer and composites in biomedical applications.
Figure 11.2 Structures of the CPs (PPy, PANI, PTh, and PEDOT).
Figure 11.3 Solvent mixing method.

List of Tables

Chapter 2: Multifunctional Polymer-Dilute Magnetic Conductor and Bio-Devices

Table 2.1 Summarizes some of the most relevant magnetic-nanoparticle-based multifunctional polymer nanocomposites reported in the literature, with their respective properties and applications.

Chapter 3: Polymer–Inorganic Nanocomposite and Biosensors

Table 3.1 DNA sensors based on polymer nanocomposite (PNC)-modified electrodes.
Table 3.2 Immunosensors based on polymer nanocomposite (PNC)-modified electrodes.
Table 3.3 Aptamer sensors based on polymer nanocomposite (PNC)-modified electrodes.

Chapter 6: Polyaniline Nanocomposite Materials for Biosensor Designing

Table 6.1 PANI composite materials used for constructing biosensors.

Chapter 7: Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Films for Novel Biosensor

Table 7.1 Chemical and biological properties of chitosan.
Table 7.2 Various types of chitosan-based biosensor for detection of analytes.

Chapter 8: Self Healing Materials and Conductivity

Table 8.1 Summary of healing performance of capsule-based self-healing materials.
Table 8.2 Summary of healing performance of vascular self-healing materials.
Table 8.3 Self-healing polymer systems under quasi-static fracture.

Chapter 9: Electrical Conductivity and Biological Efficacy of Ethyl Cellulose and Polyaniline-Based Composites

Table 9.1 Activation energies (eV) of conduction for different EC composites when tested in the presence of 0.5 M of 1 : 1 electrolytes at (25–50) ± 0.1 °C temperature.
Table 9.2 Comparison of the antimicrobial effects offered by the EC- and PANI-based composites when tested by means of ZoI at the corresponding MICs.

Chapter 10: Synthesis of Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposite Materials and Their Biomedical Applications

Table 10.1 Some reported PANI-supported polymer composite materials together with their electrical properties and applications in tissue engineering [14].
Table 10.2 PANI-supported nanocomposite and their biological applications in diverse fields.

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About the Editors

Anish Khan is currently working as Assistant Professor at the Chemistry Department, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He completed his PhD from the Aligarh Muslim University, India in 2010. He has 13 years research experience working in the field of organic–inorganic electrically conducting nanocomposites and its applications in making chemical sensors. He completed his Postdoctoral from the School of Chemical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia (USM) in electroanalytical chemistry within 1 year. More than 100 research articles have been published in referred international journals. He has attended more than 10 international conferences/workshops and published two books and seven book chapters. He has also completed around 20 research projects. Managerial Editor of Chemical and Environmental Research (CER) Journal and Member of the American Nano Society, his field of specialization is polymer nanocomposite/cation exchangers/chemical sensors/microbiosensors/nanotechnology, applications of nanomaterials in electroanalytical chemistry, materials chemistry, ion-exchange chromatography, and electroanalytical chemistry, dealing with the synthesis, characterization (using different analytical techniques), and derivatization of inorganic ion exchanger by the incorporation of electrically conducting polymers. Preparation and characterization of hybrid nanocomposite materials and their applications, polymeric inorganic cation exchange materials, electrically conducting polymeric materials, composite material used as sensors, green chemistry by remediation of pollution, heavy metal ion-selective membrane electrodes, biosensors for neurotransmitters.

Dr Mohammad Jawaid is currently working as Senior Fellow Researcher (Associate Professor), at Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia and is also Visiting Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia since June 2013. He is also Visiting Scientist to TEMAG Laboratory, Faculty of Textile Technologies and Design at Istanbul Technical University, Turkey. Previously he worked as Visiting Lecturer, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and also worked as Expatriate Lecturer under the UNDP project with the Ministry of Education of Ethiopia at Adama University, Ethiopia. He received his Ph.D. from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. He has more than 10 years of experience in teaching, research, and industries. His area of research interests includes hybrid reinforced/filled polymer composites, advance materials: graphene/nanoclay/fire retardant, lignocellulosic-reinforced/filled polymer composites, modification and treatment of lignocellulosic fibers and solid wood, nanocomposites, and nanocellulose fibers, polymer blends. So far he has published 13 books, 27 book chapters, and more than 195 international journal papers, and five published review papers under top 25 hot articles in ScienceDirect during 2013–2015. He is also the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Malaysian Polymer Journal, Guest Editor of Special issue-Current Organic Synthesis, Current Analytical Chemistry, International Journal of Polymer Science, and Editorial board member-Journal of Asian Science Technology and Innovation. Beside that he is also reviewer of several high-impact ISI journals of Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, Saga, and so on. Presently he is supervising 20 PhD students and 8 Master’s students in the field of hybrid composites, green composites, nanocomposites, natural-fiber-reinforced composites, nanocellulose, and so on. Seven PhD and four Master students graduated under his supervision in 2015–2017. He has several research grants at the university, national and international level on polymer composites of around RM 3 million (USD 700 000). He also delivered the Plenary and Invited Talk in International Conferences related to composites in India, Turkey, Malaysia, Thailand, and China. Beside that he is also a member of the technical committee of several national and international conferences on composites and materials science.

Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan is currently working as Assistant Professor, Chemistry Department, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He has a PhD from the Aligarh Muslim University, India, on the topic preparation and characterization of nanomaterials and their applications in drug delivery systems. Major fields are Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry. He has published two books and more than 100 research papers. His research encompasses all aspects of polymer composites, homogenous catalysis, doped metal nanoparticle synthesis, and characterization as well as novel application in environmental studies, chemical sensing, drug delivery systems for mechanistic and interaction studies using a wide range of spectroscopic techniques and thermodynamic parameters.

Abdullah M. Asiri is Professor in the Chemistry Department, – Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University. A PhD (1995) from the University of Wales, College of Cardiff, UK on Tribochromic compounds and their applications. He has published more than 1000 research articles and 20 books. Currently the chairman of the Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, he also serves as the director of the Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research. Director of Education Affairs Unit–Deanship of Community services. Member of Advisory committee for advancing materials, National Technology Plan (King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Color chemistry, Synthesis of novel photochromic, thermochromic systems, novel colorants, coloration of textiles, plastics, Molecular modeling, Applications of organic materials into optics such as OEDS, High-performance organic dyes and pigments. New applications of organic photochromic compounds in new novelty. Organic synthesis of heterocyclic compounds as precursor for dyes. Synthesis of polymers functionalized with organic dyes. Preparation of some coating formulations for different applications. Photodynamic thereby using Organic Dyes and Pigments Virtual Labs and Experimental Simulations. He is member of the Editorial board of Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Pigment and Resin Technology Journal, Organic Chemistry Insights, Libertas Academica, Recent Patents on Materials Science, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. Beside that he has professional membership of the International and National Society and professional bodies.

Preface

The current book deals about the conductive polymer nanocomposite about the device advancement. The current focus of the book is the preparation and applications of the polymer conductive nanocomposite for biological applicability. The conducting polymer composites are the material of current era and are in demand. The polymer conductive nanocomposites are the field of the multidisciplinary use in science and technology that’s why this composite are different from rest of the material currently in the market. The special characteristic of the book is that it presents a unified knowledge of conductive polymer composite on the basis of characterization, design, manufacture, and applications. This book has collective information about the conducting polymer nanocomposite special attention to the bio devices applications. This book benefits to the lecturers, students, researchers, and industrialist who are working in the field of material science with special attention to conducting polymer based composites. Present book on polymer conducting composite for electronic devices is a valuable reference book, hand book, and text book for teaching, learning, and research in both academic and industrial interest.

This book cover a wide range of the topics on the conducting polymer composite particularly multifunctional polymer-dilute magnetic conductor, polymer-inorganic nanocomposite, carbon nanomaterials based conducting polymer composites, synthesis of polyaniline-based nanocomposite, and self-healing conductive materials.

We are highly thankful to contributors of book chapters who provided us their valuable innovative ideas and knowledge in this edited book. We attempt to gather information related to conducting polymer composites bio-device application from diverse fields around the world (Malaysia, India, Korea, USA, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and so on) and finally complete this venture in a fruitful way. We greatly appreciate contributor’s commitment for their support to compile our ideas in reality. We are highly thankful to Wiley team for their generous cooperation at every stage of the book production.

30th Nov, 2017

Anish Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan,
and Abdullah M. Asiri
Saudi Arabia
Mohammad Jawaid
Malaysia

Electrically Conductive Polymers and Polymer Composites

From Synthesis to Biomedical Applications

About the Editors

Preface