Cover Page

Handbook of Recidivism Risk/Needs Assessment Tools

 

 

Edited by Jay P. Singh, Daryl G. Kroner, J. Stephen Wormith, Sarah L. Desmarais, and Zachary Hamilton

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wiley Logo

To Mom, Dad, Anj, Josh, and Erik for sticking out a long journey

To Norma Raycraft

To Amelita Bayani and Donnie Wormith

To my husband, Richard, and our girls, Grace and Mireille

To Robert ‘Barney’ Barnoski, Tim Brennan, and my wife, Sarah

Notes on Contributors

Antonio Andrés‐Pueyo, PhD, is Professor and Chair of the Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology at the University of Barcelona (Spain). He is a member of the Advanced Studies of Violence Group (GEAV) and co‐author of the RisCanvi. His research interests include violence risk assessment and management in correctional settings.

Karin Arbach‐Lucioni, PhD, is Professor at the School of Psychology of National University of Cordoba (Argentina) and Researcher at the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research of Argentina. She has co‐authored the RisCanvi. She is an expert in violence risk assessment and management in psychiatric and correctional facilities.

Christopher Baird is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD). Before retiring in 2012, he spent 28 years with NCCD, serving as Research Director, Vice President, and President. He authored dozens of research articles and reports and received several national awards for his work.

James Bonta received his PhD in Clinical Psychology from the University of Ottawa in 1979. Upon graduating, Dr Bonta was the Chief Psychologist at the Ottawa‐Carleton Detention Centre, a maximum security remand centre for adults and young offenders. During his 14 years at the Detention Centre he established the only full‐time psychology department in a jail setting in Canada. In 1990 Dr Bonta joined Public Safety Canada where he was Director of Corrections Research until his retirement in 2015. Throughout his career, Dr Bonta has held various academic appointments, professional posts, and he was a member of the Editorial Advisory Boards for the Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice and Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association, a recipient of the Criminal Justice Section's Career Contribution Award for 2009, the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, 2012, the Maud Booth Correctional Services Award (2015), and the 2015 Community Corrections Award, International Corrections and Prisons Association. Dr Bonta has published extensively in the areas of risk assessment and offender rehabilitation. His latest publications include a book co‐authored with the late D. A. Andrews entitled The Psychology of Criminal Conduct now in its sixth edition (with translations in French and Chinese). He is also a co‐author of the Level of Service offender risk‐need classification instruments which have been translated into six languages and are used by correctional systems throughout the world.

Tim Brennan is Chief Scientist at Northpointe Institute. His work has appeared in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Criminology and Public Policy, Criminal Justice and Behavior, and others. His research interests are in quantitative methods for offender classification, machine learning, risk assessment, sentencing decision‐making, and open dynamic systems modeling. He was recipient of the Warren‐Palmer award from the Corrections and Sentencing Division of the American Society of Criminology.

Thomas H. Cohen is a social science analyst at the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC), Probation and Pretrial Services Office. His work includes analyzing risk assessment at the post‐conviction and pretrial levels and authoring reports on how the AOUSC integrates the risk principle into its operational practices. His recent research has appeared in Criminology and Public Policy, Criminal Justice Policy Review, Federal Probation, Law and Human Behavior, and Psychological Services. Moreover, he has authored several technical reports on criminal court case processing at the state and federal levels through his prior work at the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Sarah L. Desmarais, PhD is an Associate Professor and Coordinator of the Applied Social and Community Psychology Program at North Carolina State University. Her current research focuses on the assessment and treatment of justice‐involved adolescents and adults and the assessment of risk for terrorism. She has more than 100 peer‐reviewed publications on topics including violence and mental illness, behavioral health and risk assessment strategies, and domestic violence. Dr. Desmarais is co‐author of the Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) and the Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV). She has conducted trainings worldwide on risk assessment and serves on local, state, and federal behavioral health and criminal justice policy taskforces.

William Dieterich is Director of Research at Northpointe Institute. His work has appeared in Prevention Science, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Criminal Justice and Behavior, and others. His interests focus on risk model development and validation, survival modeling, and related methods.

Jérôme Endrass studied psychology, psychopathology, and philosophy at the University of Zurich. He received his habilitation at the University of Zurich in 2008. Since 2011, he has been an APL professor at the University of Constance and is currently head of the forensic psychology research group. Since October 2013, he has served as deputy head of the Department of Mental Health Services, and prior to that, between 2003 and September 2013, he led the Research Department.

Leonel C. Gonçalves studied forensic psychology at the University of Minho, School of Psychology, Portugal, where he completed his Master (2008) and PhD degrees (2014). Since November 2014, he has been working as a researcher at the Department of Mental Health Services of the Zurich Office of Corrections, in the Research and Development Division. His research interests include inmate adjustment to prison life and the assessment of offenders.

Zachary Hamilton, PhD, is currently an Associate Professor of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Washington State University, the Director of the Washington State Institute of Criminal Justice (WSICJ). He is the primary developer of the Static Risk Offender Needs Guide – Revised (STRONG‐R), the Modified Positive Achievement Change Tool (M‐PACT) for juveniles, the Spokane Assessment for Evaluation of Risk (SAFER) for pretrial defendants, and the Nebraska Department of Correctional Services Infractions Risk and Prison Classification Instrument. His current work focuses on risk and needs assessment and identifying responsive populations for treatment matching. Recent publications have appeared in Criminology and Public Policy, Experimental Criminology, Justice Quarterly, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Criminal Justice & Behavior, Sex Abuse, Victims and Violence, and Offender Rehabilitation.

Philip Howard, PhD, is a Principal Research Officer in the Analytical Services Directorate of the United Kingdom's Ministry of Justice. His current research interests include modeling recidivism and prison safety risks, and the integration of risk assessment into prison and probation operational practice. His recent research has been published in journals including Criminal Justice and Behavior, Law and Human Behavior, and Sexual Abuse, and he frequently contributes to guidance issued to prison and probation officers.

Kiersten L. Johnson, PhD received her doctorate in psychology from North Carolina State University. She currently works at the RAND Corporation.

Natalie J. Jones holds a PhD and an MA in Psychology from Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, both with a forensic specialization. In 2011, she was awarded the Canadian Psychological Association Certificate of Academic Excellence for Best Doctoral Dissertation. Upon completing her doctoral work, Dr Jones joined Orbis Partners as Director of Research. In this capacity, she is responsible for managing justice‐related research projects including the validation of risk assessment tools, program evaluations, and the provision of research services to clients across the United States and Canada. Her specific research interests lie in the development of strengths‐based and gender‐informed risk assessment and intervention strategies for justice‐involved populations. In addition, Dr Jones has several peer‐reviewed publications in investigative psychology spanning the areas of offender profiling, linkage analysis, indicators of suicide note authenticity, and diagnostic decision‐making in policing contexts.

Daryl G. Kroner, PhD, is a Professor at the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Southern Illinois University (SIU). He has more than 20 years of experience in the field as a correctional psychologist. During this time, he worked at maximum, medium, and minimum facilities delivering intervention services to incarcerated men. Dr Kroner has consulted on prison management and release issues, including with the Council of State Governments Justice Center and the UK's National Offender Management System. Dr Kroner is the past‐chair of Criminal Justice Psychology of the Canadian Psychological Association and past‐chair of the Corrections Committee for the American Psychology and Law Society. He is also a fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association. In collaboration with Dr Jeremy Mills he has developed several instruments, including the Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA); Depression, Hopelessness and Suicide Scale (DHS); Criminal Attribution Inventory (CRAI); Transition Inventory (TI); and the Measures of Criminal and Antisocial Desistance (MCAD). In 2008, Dr Kroner joined the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at SlU. Current research interests include risk assessment, measurement of intervention outcomes, interventions among offenders with mental illness, and criminal desistance.

Edward J. Latessa received his PhD from Ohio State University and is Director and Professor of the School of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. Dr Latessa has published over 170 works in the area of criminal justice, corrections, and juvenile justice. He is co‐author of eight books including What Works (and Doesn't) in Reducing Recidivism, Corrections in the Community, and Corrections in America. Professor Latessa has directed over 195 funded research projects including studies of day reporting centers, juvenile justice programs, drug courts, prison programs, intensive supervision programs, halfway houses, and drug programs. He and his staff have also assessed over 1,000 correctional programs throughout the United States, and he has provided assistance and workshops in 48 states. Dr Latessa served as President of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (1989–90). He has also received several awards including: Marguerite Q. Warren and Ted B. Palmer Differential Intervention Award presented by the Division of Corrections and Sentencing of the American Society of Criminology (2010), Outstanding Community Partner Award from the Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections (2010), Maud Booth Correctional Services Award in recognition of dedicated service and leadership presented by the Volunteers of America (2010), Community Hero Award presented by Community Resources for Justice, (2010), the Bruce Smith Award for outstanding contributions to criminal justice by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (2010), the George Beto Scholar, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, (2009), the Mark Hatfield Award for contributions in public policy research by The Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University (2008), the Outstanding Achievement Award by the National Juvenile Justice Court Services Association (2007), the August Vollmer Award from the American Society of Criminology (2004), the Simon Dinitz Criminal Justice Research Award from the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (2002), the Margaret Mead Award for dedicated service to the causes of social justice and humanitarian advancement by the International Community Corrections Association (2001), the Peter P. Lejins Award for Research from the American Correctional Association (1999); ACJS Fellow Award (1998); ACJS Founders Award (1992); and the Simon Dinitz award by the Ohio Community Corrections Organization. In 2013 he was identified as one of the most innovative people in criminal justice by a national survey conducted by the Center for Court Innovation in partnership with the Bureau of Justice Assistance and the U.S. Department of Justice.

Brian K. Lovins is the Assistant Director for Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections Department. He earned his PhD in Criminology from the University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice. Prior to coming to Houston, his work at the School of Criminal Justice included developing a state‐wide juvenile risk assessment (Ohio Youth Assessment System, OYAS) and adult risk assessment (Ohio Risk Assessment System, ORAS), as well as redesigning juvenile and adult correctional programs to meet evidence‐based standards. Dr Lovins has been invited to present to over 150 agencies and routinely trains agencies in the principles of effective intervention, risk assessment, and the delivery of cognitive‐behavioral interventions. In addition, he has published articles on risk assessment, sexual offenders, effective interventions, and cognitive‐behavioral interventions.

Christopher T. Lowenkamp received his PhD in Criminal Justice from the University of Cincinnati (UC). He has served as the director of the Center for Criminal Justice Research and the associate director of The Corrections Institute at UC. He has also served as a probation officer and jail emergency release coordinator in Summit County Ohio and as a probation administrator with the Office of U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services. Dr Lowenkamp is currently a social science analyst at the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC), Probation and Pretrial Services Office. He has co‐authored over 75 articles and book chapters. In an effort to close the knowing‐doing gap, Dr Lowenkamp has been involved in training thousands of correctional staff in effective practices and risk assessment.

Wagdy Loza is a licensed psychologist in Ontario. He was the Chief Psychologist at Kingston Penitentiary before he retired from the Correctional Service of Canada after 30 years of service. He is currently a member of the Ontario Review Board which is responsible for determining whether criminals who were found “not criminally responsible due to mental illness” were well enough to be released into the community. Dr Loza has developed two widely used psychological tests. The first is used to predict whether criminals will reoffend violently or non‐violently. The second is designed to measure Middle‐Eastern extremism and terrorism. Dr Loza is also an Adjunct Assistant Professor (Psychiatry, Queen's University) and ex. Adjunct Professor (Psychology, Carleton University). He has over 40 publications and offers training, workshops, and presentations in several countries around the world.

Jennifer L. Lux is a Research Associate at the University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute (UCCI). She earned her PhD in Criminal Justice from the University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice in 2016. Her research interests include the assessment of correctional programs, the science of implementation and knowledge transfer, and more generally correctional treatment and rehabilitation. She has co‐authored publications and served as a project director on several correctional projects. Specific topics of research and service include an evaluation study of juvenile programs in the state of Ohio and the implementation and rollout of the Texas Risk Assessment System in partnership with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. For the last five years, the majority of Dr Lux's experience has been with risk assessment instruments, from training to coaching to ensure agencies are using the tools with fidelity and integrity, to working with the University of Cincinnati Information Technology Solutions Center to develop and maintain various correctional agencies' automated risk assessment systems.

Xiaohan Mei is a PhD candidate in criminal justice and criminology at Washington State University and senior research associate of the Washington State Institute for Criminal Justice (WSICJ). His most recent publications on validation of measurement instruments appeared in the Prison Journal. His research interests include the study of deviance and criminology, risk‐needs assessment instrument validation, core correctional practices and program fidelity, management in corrections and organizational studies, quantitative methodology, and psychometric analytic approaches. His work has also appeared in Journal of Offender Rehabilitation and International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology.

Holly A. Miller holds a PhD in Clinical Psychology from Florida State University and currently is the Associate Dean and a Professor in the College of Criminal Justice at Sam Houston State University. She is the author of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M‐FAST) and the Inventory of Offender Risk, Needs, and Strengths (IORNS). Dr. Miller’s teaching, research, and practice interests include forensic assessment and working with individuals who have sexually offended. She is a licensed clinical psychologist and sex offender treatment provider who consults with various agencies providing expertise on evaluation, treatment, and research.

John Monahan, a psychologist, holds the John S. Shannon Distinguished Chair in Law at the University of Virginia, where he is also Professor of Psychology, and Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences. He is a member of the National Academy of Medicine and serves on the National Research Council. In 2016, Monahan was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Santiago Redondo, PhD, is Professor and Chair of the Advanced Studies of Violence Group at the University of Barcelona. He has co‐authored the RisCanvi. Dr Redondo has a long experience in applied research with sexual and violent offenders and is an expert in criminology.

Charles Robinson has nearly 20 years of experience in community supervision. He currently works for the United States Probation Office in the District of New Hampshire and previously served as the Travis County Community Supervision and Corrections Department (adult probation) chief probation officer. He has co‐authored publications, served as a trainer, and developed programs for criminal justice clients.

David Robinson holds a PhD in psychology from Carleton University and has engaged in the development, validation, and implementation of criminal justice assessments for more than 30 years. From 1988 to 1997, he was a senior research manager with Correctional Service Canada. After his tenure in government, he began consulting work and became a founding member of Orbis Partners in 2001. He has directed program evaluations on correctional interventions including cognitive skills, substance abuse, drug courts, boot camps, programs for women/girls, case management models, and juvenile diversion. Dr Robinson conducted validation studies on numerous assessment devices and worked on early validation efforts with the LSI and YLS. Over the past 20 years, he managed 12 state‐wide implementations of assessment and case management tools, along with work in numerous county and non‐government organizations. His current research focuses on measurement and validation of strengths in risk/need assessments.

Astrid Rossegger studied psychology and criminology at the University of Constance. Since 2000, she has worked as a researcher for the Department of Mental Health Services of the Canton of Zurich and has served as head of the Research Department since October 2013. She is a member of the executive board of the Department of Mental Health Services and since 2007 has taught at the University of Zurich and the University of Constance.

Douglas Routh is a PhD candidate in criminal justice and criminology at Washington State University and senior research associate of the Washington State Institute for Criminal Justice (WSICJ). His most recent publications on offender typologies, offender reentry, and offender rights have appeared in Justice Quarterly, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, and International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. His research interests include corrections, risk assessment, evidence‐based practices, problem‐solving courts, and quantitative methodology.

Jay P. Singh, PhD, PhD, is a Fulbright Scholar and the internationally award‐winning Founder and Chairman of the Global Institute of Forensic Research. Former Senior Clinical Researcher in Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology for the Department of Justice of Switzerland and fellow of the Mental Health Law and Policy Department at the University of South Florida, he completed his graduate studies in psychiatry at the University of Oxford and clinical Psychology at Universitat Konstanz. He was promoted to Full Professor at Molde University College in Norway in 2014 and is currently affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry and the Wharton School of Business at UPenn. Dr. Singh has been the recipient of awards from organizations including the prestigious 2015 Saleem Shah Early Career Excellence Award from the American Board of Forensic Psychology and 2015 Early Career Professional Award from APA Division 52. Additional bodies of recognition have included the American Psychology‐Law Society, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the European Congress on Violence in Clinical Psychiatry, the Society for Research in Child Development, and the Society for Research in Adolescence.

Faye S. Taxman, PhD, is a University Professor in the Criminology, Law and Society Department and Director of the Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence at George Mason University. She is recognized for her work in the development of systems‐of‐care models that link the criminal justice system with other service delivery systems, as well as her work in reengineering probation and parole supervision services and in organizational change models. She developed the RNR Simulation Tool (www.gmuace.org/tools) to assist agencies to advance practice. Dr. Taxman has published more than 190 articles and several books including “Tools of the Trade: A Guide to Incorporating Science into Practice.” and “Implementing Evidence‐Based Community Corrections and Addiction Treatment” (Springer, 2012 with Steven Belenko). She is co‐Editor of the Health & Justice. The American Society of Criminology’s Division of Sentencing and Corrections has recognized her as Distinguished Scholar twice as well as the Rita Warren and Ted Palmer Differential Intervention Treatment award. She received the Joan McCord Award in 2017 from the Division of Experimental Criminology. She has a Ph.D. from Rutgers University’s School of Criminal Justice.

J. Stephen Wormith received his PhD from the University of Ottawa in 1977. Since then he has worked as a psychologist, researcher, and administrator at various correctional facilities in the Correctional Service of Canada and as Psychologist‐in‐Chief for the Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services. Currently, he is a professor in the Psychology Department at the University of Saskatchewan, where he is also the Director of the Centre of Forensic Behavioural Science and Justice Studies. Dr Wormith's research activities have concentrated on the assessment, treatment, and therapeutic processes of offenders. He co‐authored the Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (2004) with D. A. Andrews and J. Bonta, and participates internationally in research and training on risk assessment. He consults with the corrections departments in federal and provincial governments across Canada and serves in court as an expert witness on matters of offender assessment and treatment. He is on the editorial board of a number of criminal justice and psychology journals. Dr Wormith is a Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) and represents CPA on the National Associations Active in Criminal Justice. He is a recipient of the International Association of Correctional and Forensic Psychology's Edwin I. Megargee Distinguished Contribution Award and the American Psychological Association's Division 18 Leadership in Education Award.