Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
List of Acronyms
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Infrared Radiation
1.3 Radiometry and Thermal Radiation
1.4 Emissivity
1.5 Optical Material Properties in IR
1.6 Thin Film Coatings: IR Components with Tailored Optical Properties
References
Chapter 2: Basic Properties of IR Imaging Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Detectors and Detector Systems
2.3 Basic Measurement Process in IR Imaging
2.4 Complete Camera Systems
2.5 Camera Performance Characterization
References
Chapter 3: Advanced Methods in IR Imaging
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Spectrally Resolved Infrared Thermal Imaging
3.3 Superframing
3.4 Polarization in Infrared Thermal Imaging
3.5 Processing of IR Images
3.6 Active Thermal Imaging
References
Chapter 4: Some Basic Concepts in Heat Transfer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Basic Heat Transfer Modes: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
4.3 Selected Examples of Heat Transfer Problems
4.4 Transient Effects: Heating and Cooling of Objects
4.5 Some Thoughts on the Validity of Newton’s Law
References
Chapter 5: Basic Applications for Teaching: Direct Visualization of Physics Phenomena
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanics: Transformation of Mechanical Energy into Heat
5.3 Thermal Physics Phenomena
5.4 Electromagnetism
5.5 Optics and Radiation Physics
References
Chapter 6: Shortwave Infrared Thermal Imaging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Why and How of SW Infrared Imaging
6.3 Some Applications of SW Infrared Imaging
6.4 Survey of Commercial Systems
References
Chapter 7: IR Imaging of Buildings and Infrastructure
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some Standard Examples for Building Thermography
7.3 Geometrical Thermal Bridges versus Structural Problems
7.4 External Influences
7.5 Windows
7.6 Thermography and Blower-Door Tests
7.7 Quantitative IR Imaging: Total Heat Transfer through Building Envelope
7.8 New Developments and Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Industrial Application: Detection of Gases
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Spectra of Molecular Gases
8.3 Influences of Gases on IR Imaging: Absorption, Scattering, and Emission of Radiation
8.4 Absorption by Cold Gases: Quantitative Aspects
8.5 Thermal Emission from Hot Gases
8.6 New Developments
8.7 Practical Examples: Gas Detection with Commercial IR Cameras
8.A Appendix: Survey of Transmission Spectra of Various Gases
References
Chapter 9: Microsystems
9.1 Appendix: Survey of Transmission Spectra of Various Gases
9.2 Special Requirements for Thermal Imaging
9.3 Microfluidic Systems
9.4 Microsensors
9.5 Microsystems with Electric to Thermal Energy Conversion
References
Chapter 10: Selected Topics in Industry
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Miscellaneous Industrial Applications
10.3 Low-Voltage Electrical Applications
10.4 High-Voltage Electrical Applications
10.5 Metal Industry and High Temperatures
10.6 Automobile Industry
10.7 Airplane and Spacecraft Industry
10.8 Plastic Foils
10.9 Surveillance and Security: Range of IR Cameras
10.10 Line Scanning Thermometry of Moving Objects
10.11 Remote Sensing Using IR Imaging
References
Chapter 11: Selected Applications in Other Fields
11.1 Medical Applications
11.2 Animals and Veterinary Applications
11.3 Sports
11.4 Arts: Music, Contemporary Dancing, and Paintings
11.5 Nature
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Table 1.1 Several parameters and factors affecting images recorded with modern IR cameras systems.
Table 1.2 Relation between three commonly used temperature scales in thermography.
Table 1.3 Overview of important radiometric quantities.
Table 1.4 Some relations holding for Lambertian radiators or reflectors.
Table 1.5 Examples of band emission.
Table 1.6 Parameters that affect emissivity
ε
.
Table 1.7 Some practical methods of adjusting normal emissivities in thermography.
Table 1.8 Composition of dry air (for CO
2
, August 2016: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/).
Table 1.9 Timeline of important early IR science discoveries.
Table 1.10 Prerequisites for IR imaging: detectors, materials, blackbodies, radiometry.
Table 1.11 Perceived color of a hot body as a function of its temperature (after [149]).
Table 1.12 Timeline of some important developments in quantitative IR measurements with pyrometers.
Table 1.13 Timeline of important developments: IR applications and imaging techniques up to around 2000.
Chapter 2: Basic Properties of IR Imaging Systems
Table 2.1 Several detector parameters with a significant influence on IR imaging system performance.
Table 2.2 Temperature variation of an object that results in a 1% signal change for monochromatic detection at 1.3 μm (SW), 4 μm (MW), and 11 μm (LW).
Table 2.3 IR cameras used by authors.
Table 2.4 Camera fields of view for different lenses.
Table 2.5 Some standard IR filters for thermography.
Table 2.6 Camera performance parameters.
Table 2.7 Minimum object size corresponding to IFOV = 1 mrad at different object distances.
Chapter 4: Some Basic Concepts in Heat Transfer
Table 4.1 Some approximate values for thermal conductivity of materials at
T
= 20 °C and the corresponding heat transfer coefficients for
s
= 10 cm. Values may vary depending on purity/composition.
Table 4.2 Heat of vaporization for saturated water at various temperatures.
Table 4.3 Parameters/conditions, referring to the standard situations in thermography shown in Figure 4.6.
Table 4.4 Some material properties of objects and the corresponding Biot numbers. In massive building materials like brick, the assumption
Bi ≪
1 does not hold.
Table 4.5 Equivalent quantities in electrical and thermal circuits. Note that
Q
has different meanings for the two cases.
Table 4.6 Typical
U-
values for certain building materials.
Table 4.7 Specific heat, density, and volumetric heat capacity of some materials at 20 °C. For gases, the specific heat refers to constant pressure.
Table 4.8 Thermal diffusivity for certain materials. For those with varying composition (steel, concrete, stones, wood, glass, oil) either specific materials or reasonable average values are given.
Table 4.9 Dimensionless quantities commonly used to represent solutions for
T
(
x
,
t
).
Table 4.10 Typical time constants for heating and cooling of objects.
Chapter 6: Shortwave Infrared Thermal Imaging
Table 6.1 Typical uses and application areas of SW cameras and summary of underlying physics. Examples with figures are given in Section 6.3.3. References are arbitrarily chosen for the various fields.
Table 6.2 Commercial manufacturers/suppliers of SW cameras (alphabetical order, no claim of completeness, accessed May 2017); a no for
T
calibration means that it may be possible but is not offered. opt. means optional.
Chapter 7: IR Imaging of Buildings and Infrastructure
Table 7.1 External influences on outdoor thermography.
Table 7.2 Material properties of wood and typical sandstone relevant for interpreting IR images.
Table 7.3 Rough estimates of annual heating energy and corresponding energy costs for three different homes assuming
A
= 300 m
2
, Δ
T
= 10 K, and 0.06 €/KWh.
Table 7.4 Results of fraction of reflected solar radiation in MW and LW range.
Chapter 8: Industrial Application: Detection of Gases
Table 8.1 Different techniques used in OGI.
Table 8.2 Characterization of commercially available OGI cameras using narrowband filters (e.g., FLIR, EyecGas); advertised list of detectable gases for leak detection and repair (LDAR).
Table 8.A.1 Some natural and industrial gases, including hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, that absorb in the thermal IR region.
Chapter 10: Selected Topics in Industry
Table 10.1 Signal contributions for an IR camera in 8–14 μm spectral range for pure aluminum with an emissivity of 0.02 and background at
T
= 25 °C.
Table 10.2 Platforms for remote sensing systems.
Table 10.3 Spatial dimensions corresponding to 1 IFOV and 3 IFOV for a camera with 0.2 mrad IFOV (top two rows) and a commercial standard camera with wider field of view and IFOV = 1.2 mrad (bottom two rows) as function of height above ground.