Table of Contents

Cover

Title

Introduction

1 The IoT: Intrusive or Indispensable Objects?

1.1. Introduction
1.2. The age of miniaturization and technological progress
1.3. The history of a digital ecosystem
1.4. Internet of Things, which definition?
1.5. The security of connected objects: the risks and the challenges
1.6. Protocols, standards and compatibility: toward a technological convergence
1.7. Humanity, intelligence and technologies
1.8. Conclusion
1.9. Bibliography

2 The Ecosystem of the Internet of Things

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Context, convergences and definition
2.3. Conclusion
2.4. Bibliography

3 Introduction to the Technologies of the Ecosystem of the Internet of Things

3.1. Architectures recommended by the Internet Architecture Board
3.2. Three-tier architecture
3.3. Steps and technologies in the ecosystem of the IoT
3.4. Opportunities and threats in the IoT ecosystem
3.5. Conclusion
3.6. Bibliography

4 Toward a Methodology of IoT-a: Embedded Agents for the Internet of Things

4.1. Introduction
4.2. Multi-agent simulations, ambient intelligence and the Internet of Things
4.3. Triskell3S: an architecture of embedded agent-oriented interactions
4.4. Transposition of the formalization of agent-oriented interaction to connected objects
4.5. Formalization
4.6. Experimentation and perspectives
4.7. Bibliography

5 The Visualization of Information of the Internet of Things

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Internet of Things
5.3. InfoVis and DataVis in the Internet of Things
5.4. Analytical visualization in the context of the Internet of Things
5.5. Conclusion: the relevance of the use of visualization in the Internet of Things
5.6. Bibliography

6 The Quantified Self and Mobile Health Applications: From Information and Communication Sciences to Social Innovation by Design

6.1. Introduction
6.2. The evolution of interfaces and connected objects toward anthropotechnics
6.3. Factitive dimension and value system at the heart of Chris Dancy’s relationship with his information technology
6.4. Critical perspective and avenues for reflection for reconsidering the use of connected objects and mobile applications in the field of health
6.5. Conclusion
6.6. Bibliography

7 Tweets from Fukushima: Connected Sensors and Social Media for Dissemination after a Nuclear Accident

7.1. Introduction
7.2. The IoT: a shift in the development of digital services
7.3. Social media and the dissemination of information during a catastrophe
7.4. Context of the study
7.5. Goals of our study
7.6. Methodology
7.7. Results
7.8. Discussions
7.9. Conclusions
7.10. Acknowledgements
7.11. Bibliography

8 Connected Objects: Transparency Back in Play

8.1. Introduction
8.2. Sensitive objects
8.3. The myth of transparency
8.4. Transparency of interfaces and opacity of processes
8.5. Conclusion
8.6. Bibliography

9 Status of the Body within the Internet of Things: Revolution or Evolution?

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Presence and absence of the body in the field of sports and e-health
9.3. The traceability of the body or the integration of data by a digital coach
9.4. The IoT creates a flow of information around the body: a present, readable and traceable cluster
9.5. The body in interaction: sharing Clouds to inform the informational environment
9.6. Clouds, persistence and trust: a mapped body without the right to be forgotten
9.7. The body, an object communicating between hyper-control and non-control
9.8. Conclusion
9.9. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

1 The IoT: Intrusive or Indispensable Objects?

Figure 1.1. The miniature version of the ENIAC
Figure 1.2. The evolution of mobile telephony
Figure 1.3. The Eyecatcher bracelet, display of notifications and messages in real time
Figure 1.4. The Eyecatcher in fashion mode
Figure 1.5. Architecture of the Green Watch
Figure 1.6. Map of the data from Green Watch sensors
Figure 1.7. A display panel participating in the Fictions d’Issy installation³³
Figure 1.8. Example of a fragment of the story displayed on an information panel in the town³⁴
Figure 1.9. The Kevo smart lock from the American company Kwikset
Figure 1.10. The Withings HD Home intelligent video surveillance
Figure 1.11. Chip implanted under the skin of the hand⁴⁰
Figure 1.12. Payment via a smart watch

2 The Ecosystem of the Internet of Things

Figure 2.1. Evolution of human-machine interaction (adapted from [KUN 16])
Figure 2.2. Convergence of services, devices, networks and policy (adapted from Joseph Sifakis [SIF 15])
Figure 2.3. Exponential evolution of components (from [RAN 14])
Figure 2.4. Advances in cognitive analysis (adapted from [BAT 14])
Figure 2.5. The “Hype Cycle” of emerging technologies offered by Gartner in 2016
Figure 2.6. Evolution of the number of connected devices in relation to the world’s population (from [EVA 11])
Figure 2.7. Components of connected objects
Figure 2.8. The steps of information (from [HOL 15])
Figure 2.9. Applications of the Internet of Things (adapted from [VER 15])

3 Introduction to the Technologies of the Ecosystem of the Internet of Things

Figure 3.1. Machine-to-machine communication (from The Internet of Things: an overview, Internet Society, 2015 [ROS 15])
Figure 3.2. Communication from devices to the Cloud (ibid.)
Figure 3.3. Object-portal communication (ibid.)
Figure 3.4. Architecture with back-end data sharing (ibid.)
Figure 3.5. Three-tier architecture
Figure 3.6. The different layers of the IoT (from Cisco [GRE 14])
Figure 3.7. Setting up the IoT
Figure 3.8. Communication between COs
Figure 3.9. Wireless communication technologies landscape
Figure 3.10. The different types of networks (adapted from Postscapes.com, 2016 [POS 16])
Figure 3.11. The four industrial revolutions (adapted from DiePress.com, 2014 [DIE 14])

4 Toward a Methodology of IoT-a: Embedded Agents for the Internet of Things

Figure 4.1. SOA architecture for the IoT
Figure 4.2. The embedded multi-agent architecture of the Triskell3S platform
Figure 4.3. Implementation of Triskell3S on a set of IoT-a collectively forming a screens wall
Figure 4.4. Directed tree of MQTT Topics
Figure 4.5. Matrix of IODA interactions in the context of IoT-a making up a wall of screens. An example of the distributed resolution of the N-puzzle problem
Figure 4.6. Distributed resolution of the N-puzzle on the wall of agentified screens. Each portion of the video represents a piece of data carried by a tile. The goal is to reconstruct the entirety of the video by displaying the numbers in the correct order
Figure 4.7. Distributed resolution of N-puzzle on the wall of screens of 3*3 IoT-a, each one manipulating videos. The right and lower peripheral screens display the reference video

5 The Visualization of Information of the Internet of Things

Figure 5.1. The Internet has changed daily life.
Figure 5.2. Oriented vision view of objects, the Internet and semantics.
Figure 5.3. Fields of application for the IoT andconnected applications.
Figure 5.4. Analytical system for data.
Figure 5.5. Diagram of scientific data. The Venn diagram of data is under Creative License as Derivative-Non-commercial license.
Figure 5.6. Example of visual analytics.
Figure 5.7. Fields related to visual analytics.
Figure 5.8. The LoRa Alliance® guarantees the interoperability and flexibility technique IoT applications.
Figure 5.9. Domains related to visual analytics.
Figure 5.10. The visual analytics process.
Figure 5.11. Generation of visual analytics with Qlik® Sense Desktop.

6 The Quantified Self and Mobile Health Applications: From Information and Communication Sciences to Social Innovation by Design

Figure 6.1. Distinction between Telehealth, e-health, m-health and Telemedicine (Connected health. Livre blanc du Conseil national de l’ordre des médecins, 2015, p. 9)
Figure 6.2. The devices¹ worn every day by Chris Dancy. Photograph published in Paris Match, July 2014. http://www.parismatch.com/Vivre/High-Tech/L-homme-le-plus-connecte-du-monde-577862
Figure 6.3. Chris Dancy in his office: cultural and technological hybridization. Photograph published on the website of the magazine Mashable in August 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/08/21/most-connected-man/#0TM6VmdLGkq1
Figure 6.4. Dramatization of Chris Dancy’s metamorphosis on Facebook (profile photo)
Figure 6.5. “Diagram of the workflow” created by Teemu Arina for Chris Dancy’s blog. http://www.servicesphere.com/blog/2013/12/5/explaining-my-quantified-self-or-coming-out-of-my-data-close.html
Figure 6.7. “The mindful cyborg”: the hybrid body and science-fiction imagery. Screen capture of a post by Chris Dancy on Facebook
Figure 6.8. “The real you”: portrait created by Aaron Jasinski. Screen capture of a post by Chris Dancy on Facebook

7 Tweets from Fukushima: Connected Sensors and Social Media for Dissemination after a Nuclear Accident

Figure 7.1. A connected radiation detector (Poket Geiger™ type 4)
Figure 7.2. Social media and the Internet of Things
Figure 7.3. Tweets from the @twrbrdg_itself account
Figure 7.4. Phases of a radiological accident
Figure 7.5. Collaborative chart of the contamination
Figure 7.6. A bot’s user profile¹⁶
Figure 7.7. Distribution of the popularity of bots
Figure 7.8. Popularity (average) of bots according to their date of creation (per semester)
Figure 7.9. Screen capture of the Radidas software²³

First published 2017 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951079

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-151-2

Introduction

The development of connected and communicating objects has not stopped progressing as more and more objects are available in the market. This evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) is creating more fields to be explored by the information and communication sciences, and renewing the risks of these new technological and digital changes in a “hyperconnected” world, via various connected objects (hyperobjects), which often have a dual capability: being connected and/or communicating while all the while carrying the expectation that they respond to user needs that are more and more demanding regarding services, communication and information.

The Internet of Things refers to these new objects/services, which are only a logical extension of the physical world into the digital world (hyperobject), and which generate a large amount of information, just as they receive it.

This work will present a collection of analyses, reflections and products/prototypes of connected/communicating objects (hyperobjects) as well as the prospect of studies and experimentation that these objects offer in the area of information and communication sciences. The data generated by these objects falls within the domain of Big Data, another related topic. Some texts are expanded and updated versions of texts from the International H2PTM Conference.

In the first chapter, the author Nasreddine Bouhaï defines the subject of the Internet of Things (IoT) and presents an overview of concrete examples of connected objects, whether they are intended for people’s daily lives or for the world of art and culture. This non-exhaustive overview focuses on the massive influx of these new objects on the market. The question of intrusion into the private life of users is posed, as well as the question of security as a crucial point for the future of this ecosystem to come.

In Chapter 2, Ioan Roxin and Aymeric Bouchereau begin by presenting the historical and technological context of the evolution from the traditional web to the dynamic, social and semantic web and toward connected objects (CO). Secondly, they explain the definitions and concepts of the IoT based on examples of the IoT that are present in daily life.

In Chapter 3, Ioan Roxin and Aymeric Bouchereau focus more on the technological aspect of the IoT by presenting the elements related to context, architecture and protocols in the world of CO. They point out the major scientific problems to be resolved: the precise identification of each object in a network, standardization and finally, the normalization of data transfer protocols, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, encryption and safety, the legal system and the architecture of the IoT.

The authors of Chapter 4, Florent Carlier and Valérie Renault, for their part, call on different paradigms of the IoT and the links that have been established in the literature between the IoT and multi-agent systems. In order to present a multi-embedded agent platform called Triskell3S, the authors demonstrate how the different paradigms and norms of the two areas can be respected and can coexist, in particular the MQTT protocol, the D-bus protocol and the FIPA-ACL specifications. Experimentation with this platform within a real context is done by an application of the IoT-a through a group of connected “screen-bricks” allowing the reconstruction of a wall of interactive and reconfigurable screens. We illustrate this application by revisiting the distributed eco-resolution N-Puzzle type (Taquin) algorithm and by taking it to the resolution of a Taquin video.

The visualization of information for the IoT is the subject of Chapter 5. The authors Adilson Luiz Pinto et al. return to the importance and the relevance of the use of visualization in the Internet of Things. The visualization and exploitation of the data coming from the IoT would increasingly interest users and companies. The integration of technology and the optimization of visualization of data is making it possible to display key information through graphics, tables, maps, etc. It has become possible to draw conclusions in a simple and visual manner, which is essential for businesses in order to be able to make decisions in real time, improve their performances, discover areas and anticipate problems so that they don’t constitute a real risk for the company.

Chapter 6, by Marie-Julie Catoir-Brisson, focuses on the theme of the Quantified Self through the experience of Chris Dancy. The chapter is an analytical study for understanding what is involved in the integration of information technologies into people’s everyday lives and how connected objects transform the relationship between the individual and his body and its representation and the human-machine relationship that this creates which accordingly increases the frequency of social interaction online. In order to grasp the multiple risks that this problem creates, an interdisciplinary approach is offered, an intersection of the analysis tools of semiotics, design and the anthropology of communication.

The authors of Chapter 7, entitled “Tweets from Fukushima: Connected Sensors and Social Media for Dissemination after a Nuclear Accident”, Antonin Segault, Federico Tajariol and Ioan Roxin, are interested, through the study, in the dissemination of information via social media after a nuclear accident. This work is part of a research project on the use of social media in a post-nuclear accident situation, SCOPANUM (Strategies of Communication during the Post-Accident phase of a nuclear disaster through social Media). After having introduced the IoT (section 7.2) and recalling the elements of the role of social media in a crisis situation caused by a disaster (section 7.3), they describe the context, method and results of this study (sections 7.4 to 7.9).

In Chapter 8, Florent Di Bartolo examines modes of existence and operation in terms of the opacity and transparency of communicating objects. The author first tackles the sensitivity of connected objects to their associated environment and defines the type of relations that they establish with their users. He has then analyzed the illusion on which the Internet of Things is constructed: an illusion of transparency that presents communicating objects as enchanted objects and which artists and designers deconstruct to “open up” digital technologies and the data that they capture, disseminate and transform, to new forms of visibility.

In the ninth and final chapter of this work, Evelyne Lombardo and Christophe Guion reflect on the status of the body within the Internet of Things. To do this, they begin by analyzing how the IoT transforms our relationship to the body in the context of e-health, then they pose the question of the traceability of the body through the integration of data. They then return to the concept of cloud data surrounding the body, to the interaction of this body within the network in order to study the body as a monitored body does not have the right to be forgotten. In the final section, they address the body as a communicating object between hyper-control and self-control.

Evolutions and Innovations