Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Preface
Part 1: Recent Developments and Current Challenges in Textile Finishing
Chapter 1: Recent Concepts of Antimicrobial Textile Finishes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Antimicrobial Agents
1.3 Low Adhesion Agents
1.4 Dual-Action Antimicrobial Agents
1.5 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Functionalized Textiles
1.6 Health and Environmental Issues
1.7 Future Trends
1.8 Summary
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2: Flame Retardant Textile Finishes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Current Commercial, Durable Flame Retardants: Advantages and Disadvantages
2.3 Current Challenges
2.4 Novel Surface Chemistries
2.5 Summary
References
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Striving for Self-Cleaning Textiles – Critical Thoughts on Current Literature
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fundamental Principles
3.3 Attempts to Attain Super-Hydrophobic Behavior
3.4 Attempts to Attain Super-Hydrophilic Properties
3.5 Relevance for Dirt Take-Up, Cleanability, and Self-Cleaning
3.6 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Metallization of Polymers and Textiles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Main Methods of Metallization
4.3 Electroless Metallization
4.4 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Wettability Characterization in Textiles – Use and Abuse of Measuring Procedures
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Peculiarities of Textile Substrates
5.3 Wettability Measurements on Fabrics
5.4 Contact Angle Measurements on Fibers
5.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Part 2: Surface Modification Techniques for Textiles
Chapter 6: Surface Functionalization of Synthetic Textiles by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Processing Parameters of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (APP) Jet
6.3 Change in Single Fiber Wettability Due to APP Jet Treatment
6.4 Hydrophobic Recovery after APP Jet Treatment
6.5 Chemical and Topographical Changes on Fiber Surface Due to APP Jet Treatment
6.6 Fabric Damage Due to APP Jet Treatment
6.7 Improvement of Textile Serviceability Properties by APP Jet Treatment
6.8 Summary and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7: UV-Based Photo-Chemical Surface Modification of Textile Fabrics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of the Process
7.3 Fiber Properties Defined by the Surface Chemistry of Deposited Layers
7.4 Fiber Modification by Bulk Properties of Deposited Layers
7.5 Summary and Outlook
References
Part 3: Innovative Functionalities of Textiles
Chapter 8: Glimpses into Tunable Wettability of Textiles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Paths to Tunable Wettability
8.3 Practical Aspects and Applications
8.4 Prospects
8.5 Summary
References
Chapter 9: 3D Textile Structures for Harvesting Water from Fog: Overview and Perspectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biological Models
9.3 Textile Development and Engineering
9.4 Technical Realization
9.5 Summary and Prospects
References
Chapter 10: Textile-Fixed Catalysts and their Use in Heterogeneous Catalysis
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Immobilization of Catalysts on Textile Carrier Materials
10.3 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11: Medical Textiles as Substrates for Tissue Engineering
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fiber Formation Approaches
11.3 Fiber-Based Architectures for the TE Scaffold
11.4 Applications of Medical Textiles in TE
11.5 Summary and Prospects
Note
References
Part 4: Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Chapter 12: Thermoset Resin Based Fiber Reinforced Biocomposites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Characteristics of Biocomposites
12.3 Composite Classification
12.4 Natural Fiber Processing
12.5 Polymeric Resins
12.6 Biobased Thermoset Composites
12.7 Bionanocomposites
12.8 Applications and Advantages of Biocomposites
12.9 Opportunity and Challenges
12.10 Summary
References
Chapter 13: Characterisation of Fibre/Matrix Adhesion in Biobased Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methods
13.3 Comparison of Data
13.4 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Begin Reading
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1: Classification of standardized microbiological test methods for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity of textiles.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1: Durable finishes for polyester or polyamide fibre-containing textiles [7].
Table 2.2: Pyrovatex CP standard and optimised application recipes and pilotscale results [19, 20].
Table 2.3: Cellulose-reactive and potentially-reactive flame retardant bonding types discussed in Section 2.3.2 [3].
Table 2.4: Durability results and flammability testing (before and after water soak) [81].
Table 2.5: Calculated phosphorus levels on sol-gel-treated cotton fabrics from reference 93 tested in vertical orientation.
Table 2.6: The cone calorimetric behaviour of poly(meta-aramid)-containing fabrics exposed to 60 kW/m
2
heat flux after subjecting them to various atmospheric plasma treatments [118].
Chapter 3
Table 3.1: Expected performance of surfaces of different characteristics with regard to dirt repellence, cleanability, and self-cleaning. True and stimuli-driven self-cleaning is indicated in dark gray; easy-to-clean in environmental conditions, e.g., by rain, is indicated in light gray.
Table 3.2: Summary of super-hydro
phobic
concepts for dirt take-up, cleanability, and self-cleaning.
Table 3.3: Summary of super-hydro
philic
concepts for dirt take-up, cleanability, and self-cleaning.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1: Exemplary compositions and conditions of autocatalytic copper plating [65].
Chapter 5
Table 5.1: Composition and designation of the water/iso-propanol mixtures used as test liquids for the so-called DuPont wettability test.
Table 5.2: Water wetting behavior of technical p-aramid fabrics following (a) surface roughening by UV laser irradiation at 248 nm, (b) UV-induced grafting of perfluoro(4-methylpent-2-ene) (PFMP) and (c) combined laser roughening and photo-chemical modification. Water wettability was characterized by measurement of the drop penetration time of an aqueous dyestuff solution according to the TEGEWA procedure (data from [33]).
Chapter 6
Table 6.1: Water contact angles on textile substrates determined by the sessile drop method before and after APP treatment.
Table 6.2: Carbon to oxygen atomic ratio, O/C, on textile substrates determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after APP treatment.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1: Water wetting behavior of technical fabrics made of PET and p-aramid (Kevlar
®
) following photo-chemical modification. Water wettability was characterized by measurement of the drop penetration time of an aqueous dyestuff solution according to the TEGEWA procedure (see text).
Table 7.2: Water wetting behavior of technical PET fabrics following laser-roughening and combined laser roughening and photo-chemical modification. Both laser and photo-chemical modifications were performed on both faces of the fabrics. Water wettability was characterized by measurement of the drop penetration time of an aqueous dyestuff solution according to the TEGEWA procedure (see text).
Table 7.3: Oil contact angle on technical PET fabric following UV initiated graft-copolymerization and combined laser roughening and subsequent graft-copolymerization. Test liquid was the industrial mineral oil Shell Cordena D46 commonly used in compressors and vacuum pumps (data from [12]).
Table 7.4: Relative add-on after UV-initiated deposition of poly-VPA/TAICROS
®
on PET, PA and cotton fabrics and washing and total phosphorus content of the modified fabric samples.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1: Overview of some of the electrospun fibers from natural and synthetic polymers and their biomedical applications.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1: A comparison of the surface free energy values for polystyrene (PS) based on a literature review by Dutschk [16].
γ
S
= total surface free energy (SFE) in mJ/m
2
or in mN/m;
γ
S
d
= dispersion component of SFE;
γ
S
p
= polar component of SFE;
γ
S
ab
= acid-base component.
Table 13.2: Mechanical properties of selected thermoplastic polymers. Since there is considerable variation in these values depending on the polymer type and the processing conditions, the data shown represent typical values most frequently published (data for PE-LD, PE-HD, PS, PP and CA from [37] and data for PLA (Ingeo 3251D), PHB (Mirel 1004) and CP (Cellidor CP 300-13) from Datasheets [38] and [23, 39]).
Table 13.3: Chemical composition of selected natural fibres. Since there is considerable natural variation in these values, the data shown represent typical values of most frequently published data (values taken from [43]).
Table 13.4: Mechanical properties of selected natural fibres and fibre bundles. Usually, the measured properties show a range. To give the reader an overview, most frequently published data are shown (values taken from [43]).
Table 13.5: Morphological and mechanical properties of regenerated cellulose fibres (measurements on single fibres); mean values taken from Ganster and Fink* [51], Volkmann
et al
.
◊
[52], Graupner and Graupner
et al
.
♣
[53, 54] and Greim and Leichtfried
◊
[55]).
Table 13.6: Influence of the fibre/matrix interfacial shear strength on the mechanical characteristics of a long fibre-reinforced composite.
Table 13.7: An overview of some test methods which may be used to measure the fibre/matrix practical (apparent) adhesion of cellulose fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites (IFSS: interfacial shear strength, ILSS: interlaminar shear strength, σ
F
: fibre strength,
σ
C
composite strength, L
c
: critical fibre length, L
fc
: critical fibre fragment length). All tests may be used for fibres as well as fibre bundles.
Table 13.9: Criteria for pull-out specimen preparation from single cellulose-based fibres or single fibre bundles with thermoplastic matrices.
Table 13.10: Parameters for the fabrication of polymer sheets and single element fragmentation test specimens.
Table 13.11: Test parameters for the single element fragmentation test used for cellulose fibre-reinforced thermoplastics (n. s. means not specified).
Table 13.12: Specimen geometry, span length and test speed according to DIN EN 2377 and ASTM D2344.
Table 13.13: Comparison of data obtained for the interfacial shear strength of untreated cellulose fibres in different matrices with different test methods (*single fibre, **single fibre bundle).