COVER
TITLE PAGE
CONCEPT
1. Book Organization
2. Technical Information
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE
1 THE NEED FOR TECHNOLOGY IN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 1.1 Technology and Disaster Management
3. 1.2 Technology as a Management Tool
4. 1.3 Using Technologies
5. 1.4 Completing a Needs Assessment
6. SUMMARY
7. KEY TERMS
8. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
9. References
2 COMPUTER NETWORKS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 2.1 What Is a Network?
3. 2.2 Types of Networks
4. 2.3 The Internet
5. 2.4 Communication Technologies
6. 2.5 The Internet and Emergency Management
7. 2.6 IoT and Emergency Management
8. SUMMARY
9. KEY TERMS
10. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
11. References
3 CYBER SECURITY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 3.1 Sources of Attacks
3. 3.2 Attack Vectors
4. 3.3 Overview of Malware
5. 3.4 Securing Cyber Systems
6. 3.5 Securing Data
7. 3.6 Cyber Security Attack Recovery
8. SUMMARY
9. KEY TERMS
10. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
11. References
4 SOCIAL MEDIA AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 4.1 Situational Awareness, Emergency Communications, and the Public Realm
3. 4.2 What Is Social Media?
4. 4.3 Types of Social Media Used in Disasters
5. 4.4 Mass Alert Systems
6. 4.5 Mass Media and Social Media Use in Virginia Tech Shooting Response
7. 4.6 What Is a Disaster?
8. 4.7 Usage Patterns of Social Media Over Time
9. 4.8 Social Media’s Growth and the Role of Traditional Sources
10. 4.9 Use of Social Media for Preparedness and Planning
11. 4.10 Use of Social Media Before and During Mass Emergencies
12. 4.11 Issues Arising from the Use of Social Media by Emergency Managers During Events
13. 4.12 Using Social Media to Establish Information on Damages and Recovery
14. 4.13 The Advantages and Fallbacks of Geotargeting
15. 4.14 Social Media Companies’ Contribution to Emergency Response
16. 4.15 Concerns About and Limitations of Social Media Usage in Disasters
17. 4.16 The Future of Social Media in Disasters
18. 4.17 Looking Forward
19. KEY TERMS
20. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
21. References
5 GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 5.1 Geospatial Technologies and Emergency Management
3. 5.2 GT Across the Human–Hazard Interface
4. 5.3 Our Resources
5. 5.4 Understanding Our Hazards
6. 5.5 Dissemination and Hazard Communication
7. 5.6 Summary
8. 5.7 Conclusions
9. KEY TERMS
10. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
11. References
6 DIRECT AND REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 6.1 Data Collection
3. 6.2 Weather Stations
4. 6.3 Water Data Sensors
5. 6.4 Air Sensors
6. 6.5 Evaluating the Technology
7. 6.6 Remote Sensing
8. 6.7 Using and Assessing Data
9. 6.8 Trends in Remote and Direct Sensing Technology
10. SUMMARY
11. KEY TERMS
12. ONLINE RESOURCES
13. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
14. References
7 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 7.1 Emergency Management Information Systems and Networks
3. 7.2 Evaluating Information Systems
4. 7.3 Federal, State, and Local Information Systems
5. 7.4 Using Data
6. 7.5 Evaluating Databases
7. 7.6 Using Emergency Management Databases
8. 7.7 Management Roles in Decision Support Systems
9. 7.8 Obtaining Data from Public Federal Data Sources
10. 7.9 The Future of Decision Support Systems: The Intelligent Community
11. SUMMARY
12. KEY TERMS
13. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
14. References
8 WARNING SYSTEMS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 8.1 Warning Systems
3. 8.2 Detection and Management
4. 8.3 Issuing Warnings
5. 8.4 Types of Warning Systems
6. 8.5 Response
7. SUMMARY
8. KEY TERMS
9. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
10. References
9 HAZARDS ANALYSIS AND MODELING
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 9.1 Modeling and Emergency Management
3. 9.2 Using a Hurricane Model (SLOSH)
4. 9.3 Using the ALOHA Chemical Dispersion Model
5. 9.4 Hazards United States—Multi Hazard Model
6. 9.5 Evacuation Modeling
7. 9.6 Centralized Hazard Modeling Initiatives
8. 9.7 Evaluating Hazard Models
9. SUMMARY
10. KEY TERMS
11. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
12. References
10 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS AND TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 10.1 Barriers in Implementing Technology in Emergency Management
3. 10.2 The Role of the Emergency Manager in Using Technology
4. 10.3 Using Technology to Overcome Organizational Boundaries
5. 10.4 Pitfalls of Technology
6. 10.5 Managing the Technology
7. SUMMARY
8. KEY TERMS
9. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
10. References
11 TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. 11.1 Using Technology for Information Exchange
3. 11.2 Distance Learning
4. 11.3 Managing the Technology
5. SUMMARY
6. KEY TERMS
7. ASSESS YOUR UNDERSTANDING
8. References
FIGURE CREDITS
INDEX
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 05
1. Table 5‐1 Example of Resources for Hazard Zonation and Past Events
2. Table 5‐2 Examples of Spatial Data on Hazard Zonation Perception
3. Table 5‐3 Examples of Hazard Data in Google Earth Formats
Chapter 06
1. Table 6‐1 A Summary of Current Remote Sensing Programs that Collect Optical, Radar, and Lidar Imagery, Along with Emergency Management Applications
Chapter 07
1. Table 7‐1 EPA Public Water System (SDWIS) Report for Chattanooga, TN

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1‐1 The role of technology in the emergency management process.
2. Figure 1‐2 Digital images used in post Katrina needs assessment September 2005.
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2‐1 Network diagram.
2. Figure 2‐2 WAN connecting two LANs.
3. Figure 2‐3 TCP/IP encapsulation/decapsulation.
4. Figure 2‐4 Internet backbone.
5. Figure 2‐5 Dial‐up.
6. Figure 2‐6 Digital Subscriber Line.
7. Figure 2‐7 Cable Internet access.
8. Figure 2‐8 WiMax network.
9. Figure 2‐9 Cellular network architecture.
10. Figure 2‐10 ZigBee wireless sensor network.
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4‐1 Wikimap wildfires in San Diego County, CA, 2007.
2. Figure 4‐2 Crisis response as a social system: high‐level schematic of conventional and new ICT‐enabled information pathways.
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5‐1 Google Earth overlay of Tuscaloosa census blocks with posttornado aerial imagery, 2011.
2. Figure 5‐2 A comparison of administrative scales with flooding in Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, 2005.
3. Figure 5‐3 Census data on child population change by parish for the impacted region (2000–2010). http://www.nola.com/katrina/index.ssf/2011/02/child_population_in_new_orlean.html.
4. Figure 5‐4 Example of spatial video to collect and map the built environment context.
5. Figure 5‐5 Example of spatial video geonarrative in a postdisaster environment (Curtis et al., 2015).
6. Figure 5‐6 An example of overlay with historical wildfire burn perimeters and current residential development.
7. Figure 5‐7 Google Earth aerial imagery pre‐ and post‐Katrina for a section of one New Orleans neighborhood. (a) Imagery from August 16, 2005, and (b) imagery from March 22, 2010.
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6‐1 A Flood Risk map generated using the WV Flood Tool (http://www.mapwv.gov/flood/map) depicts flood risk in terms of economic loss. The basemap is shaded relief terrain generated from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained using remote sensing technology.
2. Figure 6‐2 A weather station manufactured by Measurement Engineering Australia©. Note: These systems use solar energy to operate sensors that directly record atmospheric conditions through a data logger. Recorded data can be transmitted through the Internet.
3. Figure 6‐3 The Geospatial Multi‐agency Coordination (GeoMAC) online Web application. Note: GeoMAC can be used to view historic fire perimeters in relation to Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) boundaries throughout the United States. The map depicted in Figure 6‐3 was generated for southeastern Idaho and reveals several fires that occurred in close proximity to or within WUI boundaries.
4. Figure 6‐4 Comparison of wavelength, frequency, and energy for the electromagnetic spectrum.
5. Figure 6‐5 A burn severity map of the 2013 Table Rock fire in the Linville Gorge Wilderness Area near Boone, NC. Note: It was generated using a combination of multispectral Landsat images acquired prefire and postfire. The mapping reveals how severely soil and vegetation have been burned.
6. Figure 6‐6 Imagery obtained from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper preflood (left) and postflood (right) show areas inundated by heavy rains near St. Louis Missouri.
7. Figure 6‐7 A MODIS image acquired from the NASA Terra satellite on January 12, 2017, depicts dust storms along the West coast of Africa.
8. Figure 6‐8 Drought in Southern Africa was detected by comparing a MODIS image acquired by Terra in December 2015 to December averages from 2000 to 2015. Locations are identified where vegetation greenness is less than normal.
9. Figure 6‐9 A very high spatial resolution image. Note: It was captured by the commercial satellite Worldview‐2, which provides a look at the Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan on January 13, 2014. Monitoring the growth of Syrian refugee camps in neighboring countries has helped organize effective aid distributions.
10. Figure 6‐10 A hillshade image created from a 50 cm pixel resolution. DigitalGlobe sample image acquired over Washington, DC.
11. Figure 6‐11 A NOAA GOES‐East satellite image of severe weather acquired on April 28, 2014.
12. Figure 6‐12 Imagery acquired over the Great Salt Lake by Landsat 4 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) capture long‐term changes associated with causeway construction (a), causeway replacement (b), and water pumping and lake level decline (c).
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7‐1 GIS road files shown on a high‐resolution image of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8‐1 Rain and stream gaging diagram.
2. Figure 8‐2 The Fort Collins ALERT system.
3. Figure 8‐3 The Emergency Alert System (EAS) was not activated during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
4. Figure 8‐4 Warnings are a critical first step in the evacuation of areas around nuclear power plants.
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9‐1 US Geologic Survey WaterWatch Stream Flow Map of monthly stream flow compared to historical stream flow for the month of the year (United States) http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/index.php?id=mv01d. The Web site allows the user to select a location on the map and produce a list of all stations in the state or stations near the point selected.
2. Figure 9‐2 HURREVAC Decision Support Tool. See http://b29b4ca90ed6e8cc2b38‐bda0e469385589e4e71d5c43df4e22e8.r24.cf1.rackcdn.com/HURREVAC_Users_Manual_2016.pdf for more details on HURREVAC.
3. Figure 9‐3 SLOSH storm surge basins. See http://slosh.nws.noaa.gov/slosh/ for more information on SLOSH.
4. Figure 9‐4 Sample output of the SLOSH model for Hurricane Ike.
5. Figure 9‐5 ALOHA footprint for a chlorine tank release.
6. Figure 9‐6 East Baton Rouge Parish with HAZUS‐MH flood risk zones.
7. Figure 9‐7 Significant wildland fire potential for October 2016 (http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/month1_outlook.png).
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11‐1 Drought monitoring map of the United States.
2. Figure 11‐2 Cumulative wind history from Hurricane Matthew (October 19, 2016).
3. Figure 11‐3 Hurricane storm surge model output (October 4, 2016). Note: ADCIRC projections for storm surge locations and impact from Hurricane Matthew, as seen from the CERA Web site on October 4, 2016.

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This edition first published 2018
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

First Edition published: 2007

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In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Pine, John C., 1946– author.
Title: Technology and emergency management / John C. Pine, Dr. John C. Pine, Professor,
Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University in Boone,
North Carolina.
Other titles: Technology in emergency management.
Description: Second Edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, 2018. | Revised edition of the author’s Technology in
emergency management, c2007. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017018770 (print) | LCCN 2017034826 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781119234227 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119235521 (epub) | ISBN 9781119234081 (paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: Emergency management–Technological innovations. | Emergency management–Data
processing. | Information storage and retrieval systems–Emergency management. |
Emergency communication systems.
Classification: LCC HV551.2 (ebook) | LCC HV551.2 .P56 2017 (print) | DDC 363.34028/4–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017018770

CONCEPT

The Emergency Management Institute within the Federal Emergency Management Agency initiated the development of this publication in support of disaster science and emergency management academic programs in higher education institutions. Individuals working in disaster and emergency agencies wanted a better understanding of technology tools and their application to emergency management. Universities and colleges had developed a broad curriculum that was intended to prepare individuals for a career in emergency management in public, private, and nonprofit organizations. The scope of this book was developed in collaboration with representatives from disaster planning, response and recovery agencies, and the staff of the Emergency Management Institute.

The first edition of Technology in Emergency Management in 2007 provided an introduction to a rapidly developing set of resources for disaster preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery. Much has changed since that time and this second edition provides a solid base for the many technologies that have become a critical part of emergency management within many organizations. This second edition not only clarifies the current state of the use of technology in emergency management but also provides a foundation for understanding the many emerging technologies that will be used by agencies in the future.

Book Organization

The book is organized to introduce the role of technology in emergency management and provide a context for addressing specific technologies and their use by agencies in emergency preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery. The tools and resources examined in this book have been applied throughout the world as public, private, and nonprofit organizations attempt to deal with ever changing hazards and disaster impacts. It is hoped that by clarifying what technologies are being applied to the threats and impacts of disasters we can ensure that our citizens, businesses, and infrastructure are protected.

Technical Information

Technology and Emergency Management includes 11 chapters and is approximately 300 pages in length. The book includes many photographs and graphics and data tables. Each of the chapters clarifies the learning outcomes and intended outcomes along with goals and outcomes for the reader. Case studies are used throughout each chapter to demonstrate how various technologies were used in dealing with hazards and disasters. Terms are clearly defined and questions are posed throughout the book to focus on the application of technology in various situations. Today, there has been extensive research on the nature and use of technologies in disasters. An extensive reference list is included with each chapter to clarify the source for many of the concepts introduced in the text and to support further reading.