“In the past thirty years, modeling and simulation has undergone a revolution that has transformed this specialty into a vital discipline. Visionaries saw the potential to develop virtual environments to provide real-life training in fields such as defense and health care. And they encouraged new paths to help solve complex problems that could not be unraveled using traditional methods.”

“Dr. Tolk's book chronicles this revolution and captures the essence of how and why it happened. It also acknowledges Old Dominion University's role in expanding modeling and simulation with our academic programs and our research in new methods to apply this technology. We are proud to have helped refine a field that will play a critical role in the twenty-first century, and I appreciate Dr. Tolk's recognition of this crucial discipline.”

John R. Broderick

President

Old Dominion University

In this volume, nearly three dozen experts in Modeling and Simulation (M&S) come together to make a compelling case for the recognition of M&S as a profession. They do so by citing evidence of the unique body of knowledge possessed by those with M&S skills, the broad and indispensable contributions they make to science and industry, the status of M&S in other parts of the world, and the strong economic, educational, and ethical foundations that exist for this work. This book is important reading for anyone seeking to elevate the standing of this vital field.

Alfred (Al) Grasso

President & CEO

The MITRE Corporation

The Wiley Series in Modeling and Simulation provides an interdisciplinary and global approach to the numerous real-world applications of modeling and simulation (M&S) that are vital to business professionals, researchers, policymakers, program managers, and academics alike. Written by recognized international experts in the field, the books present the best practices in the applications of M&S as well as bridge the gap between innovative and scientifically sound approaches to solving real-world problems and the underlying technical language of M&S research. The series successfully expands the way readers view and approach problem solving in addition to the design, implementation, and evaluation of interventions to change behavior. Featuring broad coverage of theory, concepts, and approaches along with clear, intuitive, and insightful illustrations of the applications, the Series contains books within five main topical areas: Public and Population Health; Training and Education; Operations Research, Logistics, Supply Chains, and Transportation; Homeland Security, Emergency Management, and Risk Analysis; and Interoperability, Composability, and Formalism.

Founding Series Editors:

Joshua G. Behr, Old Dominion University

Rafael Diaz, MIT Global Scale

Advisory Editors:

Homeland Security, Emergency Management, and Risk Analysis

Interoperability, Composability, and Formalism

Saikou Y. Diallo, Old Dominion University

Mikel Petty, University of Alabama

Operations Research, Logistics, Supply Chains, and Transportation

Loo Hay Lee, National University of Singapore

Public and Population Health

Peter S. Hovmand, Washington University in St. Louis

Bruce Y. Lee, University of Pittsburgh

Training and Education

Thiago Brito, University of Sao Paolo

Spatial Agent-Based Simulation Modeling in Public Health: Design, Implementation, and Applications for Malaria Epidemiology

by S. M. Niaz Arifin, Gregory R. Madey, Frank H. Collins

The Digital Patient: Advancing Healthcare, Research, and Education

by C. D. Combs (Editor), John A. Sokolowski (Editor), Catherine M. Banks (Editor)

This text is dedicated to Mr. William (Bill) F. Waite (1946–2015), who has been a true Professional of Modeling and Simulation (M&S). He dedicated his life to contribute to the establishment of the M&S Body of Knowledge, was active as a servant leader in many professional M&S Societies, and was a pioneer in the Economics of M&S. He touched the lives of many scholars, students, and practitioners. He truly will be missed by all his friends and colleagues.

I first met Bill in the 1990s at an annual Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference (I/ITSEC). Our meeting was unplanned and casual, but Bill's influence on and respect by the Modeling and Simulation (M&S) community were clearly evident throughout that I/ITSEC and those that followed. Although Bill, as a founder and principal in Aegis Technologies, was an industry icon, he had a deep affinity for the academic community that I represented. Bill was a powerful proponent of standards for M&S as well as for developing a Body of Knowledge (BoK) for the field. Bill saw that the lack of an agreed-upon BoK meant that no one “owned” M&S and that many disciplines had and would continue to use M&S in parallel, with little coordination and sharing of best practices.

Bill had many remarkable qualities. Those that stood out to me were vision, persistence, and a sense of community. He was one of the few to truly develop and share a vision for M&S as a true academic discipline in addition to its established role as an indispensable part of system design, manufacturing, and training/education. Bill and I – yes, Bill and most of the M&S world – would engage in passionate debates about an array of related topics, from the need for and nature of the M&S BoK to the value of professional recognition for M&S practitioners to creating the standards that would allow the maturation of the M&S discipline.

This book pulls together all the elements that Bill championed as an M&S advocate. Part I, Foundation, after Dr. Tolk's introduction to the M&S profession, deals directly with two of Bill's greatest passions – a Body of Knowledge and a Code of Ethics. These truly are the basis for the entire profession, and every M&S professional must embrace both the need for a dynamic Body of Knowledge and the necessary ethical underpinnings of our profession. To build professionals, we must prepare them. Part II, Education, draws upon the work of many of Bill's friends from the academic community to make the case that M&S is an academic discipline and that there are educational programs that directly produce the professionals needed by the field. The section also documents the professional certification program that Bill was instrumental in developing through the National Training Systems Association.

Part III, Society, introduces the professional organizations that are essential to the development of the practitioner and to the dissemination of new knowledge as it is discovered. The ubiquity of M&S in the military community demands that the uniformed services' approach to professional development and recognition be fully described. Recognizing that M&S is truly an international profession, it is appropriate that the way in which other nations approach developing the discipline and its professionals be included. Finally, one of Bill's focuses – enterprise M&S – is explored in terms of how to draw into professional development the influences of the multitude of domains in which M&S is routinely used.

Part IV, Application, presents two examples – complexity/innovation dynamics and cyber environments – of areas where M&S has more recently begun to make major impacts and calls on all of us to accelerate the creation of M&S professionals to address these new challenges. Of course, no professional can be sustained and continue to evolve without financial success. In Part V, Economics, Dr. Tolk has engaged key thinkers to produce three chapters on the funding of academic M&S research as well as documenting the return on M&S investment, including a deep dive into how M&S supports cost avoidance. Finally, in Part VI, Policy, the book describes past and current efforts to build a national M&S coalition in the United States – an essential pathway to sustaining government support for research, education, and application development.

There is no doubt that this volume will serve as one of the tangible products to celebrate Bill's many and varied contributions to M&S. On behalf of a grateful M&S community, I extend our deepest appreciation to Dr. Andreas Tolk for conceiving this book and bringing it to life.

Bill Waite will be remembered as a visionary leader who, with persistence, shepherded our developing field to adulthood, creating enduring friendships along the way. To him goes the age-old salute: Per aspera ad astra.¹ Bill labored long and hard to see M&S arrive at its rightful place among the great disciplines of science and engineering. His legacy will endure and inspire all M&S professionals to reach for the stars.

President Emeritus, Texas A&M University Former Chancellor, University of Missouri January 8, 2017

R. Bowen Loftin

Looking through the various chapters of this book, I am surprised that all this information on the profession of modeling and simulation (M&S) has not been compiled in a single volume like this one before. Although I have been working for many years as an M&S professional, this is the first time I have fully considered what it means to be an M&S professional, the many facets of our professional domain, and how all these aspects influence scholars and practitioners.

These insights did not surprise me, as my friend and colleague William (Bill) F. Waite led the way in many of these contributing fields, sometimes long before others recognized the value and contribution of his work. He was a pioneer, visionary, leading advocate, and champion of M&S as a technology, industry, marketplace, and profession for many, many years. The industry lost its most ardent supporter, and outspoken promoter, and many of us lost a dear friend when Bill unexpectedly passed away in July 2015. To honor his work and memory, as well as to assemble the contributions and the resulting work of others, this book has been compiled by many of Bill's closest friends and colleagues from the M&S Industry. It is a tribute to his passion, accomplishments, and enduring legacy to the profession, and a source of exceptional information for scholars, students, and practitioners.

Bill passionately believed in M&S as a calling, as such he dedicated several decades of his life to leading the charge to ensure M&S was indeed a recognized profession. He was a true pioneer in M&S, as his 45-year career spans critical decades in the coming-of-age of M&S. Bill spent a majority of the last 25 years raising national and international awareness of the power of M&S technology. He was instrumental in advocating, supporting, or personally leading many initiatives in this technology's advancement: establishing academic foundations, a code of ethics, and professional certification; encouraging M&S application in diverse industries; studying and advocating for the economic values of M&S; and creating multiple organizations and societies to further the industry.

Bill worked diligently to transform the industry's ability to collaborate and communicate through the establishment of industry forums such as the Alabama Modeling and Simulation Council (AMSC) and the Virginia Modeling and Simulation Partnership (VMSP). He took this concept to a national and international scale, birthing the idea and supporting the full implementation of both the National Modeling and Simulation Coalition (NM&SSC) and the international SimSummit Round Table. He twice led the Society for Modeling and Simulation International (SCSI) as Chairman of the Board of Directors, and he served twice on the Executive Committee of the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO). Bill was also active in the National Training and Simulation Association (NTSA), served the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) as a member of its Board of Trustees, and was on the Economic Development Partnership of Alabama (EDPA) Foundation Board of Directors.

Bill was instrumental in supporting Congressman Randy Forbes and the Congressional M&S Caucus in establishing House Resolution 487, recognizing M&S as a National Critical Technology. When an initiative involving many people and organizations to establish an M&S NAICS code failed initially, Bill rolled up his sleeves, doubled his efforts, and led the second attempt to establish a much needed federal procurement designation for the M&S industry.

M&S education was a priority to Bill. He served as an influential, active member of the Modeling and Simulation Professional Certification Commission (M&SPCC), which established the concept, protocols, testing, and training for the Certified M&S Professional (CMSP) program. This is our industry's highest certification, comparable to becoming a CPA in the accounting field. Bill also worked diligently in advocacy and support to establish Master's Degree and Ph.D. programs in M&S at several major universities: the University of Alabama Huntsville, University of Central Florida, Old Dominion University, and the Naval Post Graduate School, to name but a few.

Bill passionately and selflessly believed that a “rising tide raises all ships” and that through increased awareness and application of M&S skills, tools, and technologies, the Aerospace/Defense industry, DoD and other government agencies, commercial industries, and ultimately mankind would greatly benefit, not only saving time, money, and resources, but also accomplishing many things that previously, simply could not be done.

Finally, of course, Bill was extremely passionate and committed to building AEgis Technologies – always striving for our company to be a true international leader in M&S technology, services, products, and training. AEgis Technologies and its people are clearly the legacy for which he was proudest.

By all accounts and to everyone who knew him in the Aerospace/Defense industry, on the national and international scale, and in a corporate or personal manner – Bill's exceptionalism was evident. His vibrant, passionate personality leaves a legacy in many hearts and minds. The relationship I shared with Bill as we worked side by side in the development of AEgis Technologies, each of us with differing gifts and abilities but a common goal, is one that significantly influenced me personally. Bill has been profoundly missed by the AEgis Technologies family and the many, many people with whom he worked, mentored, and collaborated over several decades of success. Most of all, for his loving wife Katie, and children Elliott, Portia, and Emily, Bill's absence leaves a void that is not easily or ever truly filled.

A special thanks to all of the authors and Andreas Tolk, who led this exceptional group of M&S colleagues in compiling this text. Clearly, Bill's M&S legacy will have a lasting impact for decades more to come, as will the professional commitments of each of you who contributed to this text. Whoever works in our domain as an M&S professional should be aware of the many facets of the profession of M&S, as compiled by these leading experts, inspired by and in honor of Bill Waite, a true M&S professional by all accounts.

President, CEO, and Co-Founder with Bill Waite of AEgis Technologies

Steve Hill

Robert K. Armstrong

Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA

Curtis L. Blais

Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA

Tim Cooley

DynamX Consulting, Castle Rock, CO, USA

Rudolph P. Darken

Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA

Saikou Y. Diallo

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Umut Durak

German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany

Richard Fujimoto

Georgia Institute of Technology, Washington, DC, USA

Randall B. Garrett

National M&S Coalition, Washington, DC, USA

Steven Gordon

Georgia Tech Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA

Robert M. Gravitz

AEgis Technologies, Orlando, FL, USA

Gary M. Lightner

AEgis Technologies, Orlando, FL, USA

Margaret L. Loper

Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA

Christopher J. Lynch

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Roland R. Mielke

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Saurabh Mittal

The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA

Navonil Mustafee

University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Tuncer Ören

University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Ivar Oswalt

Simulation U Analytics, LLC, Fredericksburg, VA, USA

Mikel D. Petty

University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA

Gregory S. Reed

Torch Technologies, Huntsville AL, USA

James A. Robb

National Training & Simulation Association, Arlington, VA, USA

Richard J. Severinghaus

CRTN Solutions, LLC, Washington, DC, USA

John A. Sokolowski

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Steve Swenson

AEgis Technologies, Newport, RI, USA

Simon J.E. Taylor

Brunel University London, London, UK

Andreas Tolk

The MITRE Corporation, Hampton, VA, USA

William V. Tucker

Simulationist.US, Huntsville, AL, USA

Charles D. Turnitsa

Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA

Yingnian Wu

Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing, P. R. China

Gengjiao Yang

Beihang University; Engineering Research Center of Complex Product Advanced Manufacturing Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China

Levent Yilmaz

Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Bernard P. Zeigler

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; RTSync Corporation, Rockville, MD, USA

Lin Zhang

Beihang University; Engineering Research Center of Complex Product Advanced Manufacturing Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China