CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

List of Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Volume 1

Section I: Recent Analytical Technology for Food Pathogens and Toxins
1. Chapter 1: Omic Analysis of Protein and Peptide Toxins in Food
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Methods of Food Toxin Analysis
  3. 1.3 Analytical Techniques
  4. 1.4 Food Protein and Peptide Toxins from Micro-organisms
  5. 1.5 Phytotoxins
  6. 1.6 Food Allergens
  7. 1.7 Food Additives and Processing
  8. 1.8 Conclusions
  9. References
2. Chapter 2: Biotechnology-Based Sensing Platforms for Detecting Foodborne Pathogens
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Different Methods for Pathogen Detection
  3. 2.3 Biosensors to Detect Foodborne Pathogen
  4. 2.4 Bacteriophages
  5. 2.5 Transducers
  6. 2.6 Optical Biosensors
  7. 2.7 Polymerase Chain Reaction Based Detection Technology
  8. 2.8 Multiplexed Bead-Based Mesofluidic System
  9. 2.9 Future Genomics-Based Systems
  10. References
3. Chapter 3: Review of Sample Treatments and the State-of-the-art of Analytical Techniques for Mycotoxins in Food
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Aflatoxins
  3. 3.3 Ochratoxin A
  4. 3.4 Fusarium Toxins
  5. 3.5 Patulin
  6. 3.6 Citrinin
  7. 3.7 Ergot Alkaloids
  8. 3.8 Multi-Mycotoxin Determination
  9. 3.9 Final Remarks and Conclusions
  10. References
4. Chapter 4: Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification for Food Toxicity Analyses
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Isothermal Amplification Reactions
  3. 4.3 Comparison of Isothermal Techniques
  4. 4.4 Available Technologies
  5. 4.5 Applications for Food Toxicity Analyses
  6. 4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
  7. References
Section II: Microbial and Plant Toxins
1. Chapter 5: Determination of Mycotoxins in Food
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Mycotoxins
  3. 5.3 Mycotoxins in Food: Legislation and Provision
  4. 5.4 Detection of Mycotoxins
  5. 5.5 Conclusion
  6. References
2. Chapter 6: Mycotoxins Detection in Asia
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Food Sampling for Mycotoxins Analysis
  3. 6.3 Detection
  4. 6.4 Conclusion
  5. References
3. Chapter 7: Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of Food Toxins and Toxicants
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Detection of Toxins and Other Toxicants in Food Samples
  3. 7.3 Conclusion
  4. References
4. Chapter 8: Food Poisoning Case Studies: Mushroom and Pufferfish Toxin Investigation
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Brief Review of Analytical Methods
  3. 8.3 Case Study Related to Food Poisoning
  4. References
5. Chapter 9: The Analysis of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
  3. 9.3 Analysis
  4. 9.4 Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
  5. 9.5 Sum Parameter Methods for PA Quantitation
  6. 9.6 Method Validation and Proficiency Tests
  7. 9.7 Comparison of Direct and Sum Parameter Approaches
  8. 9.8 Analysis of Borage Oil and Bee Products
  9. 9.9 Immunological Methods for PA Determination
  10. 9.10 Other Methods
  11. 9.11 PA Standards
  12. 9.12 Conclusions
  13. References
6. Chapter 10: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Food: Analytical, Toxicological and Health Considerations
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Toxicity of PAs
  3. 10.3 Regulation of PAs
  4. 10.4 Human PA Intoxications
  5. 10.5 Analytical Methods for PA Determination
  6. 10.6 Conclusions
  7. References

Volume 2

Section III: Marine Toxins
1. Chapter 11: The Determination of Marine Biotoxins in Seafood
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 In Vivo Assays
  3. 11.3 In Vitro Assays
  4. 11.4 Immunochemical Methods
  5. 11.5 Analytical Chemical Methods
  6. 11.6 Conclusions
  7. References
2. Chapter 12: Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Molluscs
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Methods of Analysis
  3. 12.3 Routine Shellfish Testing
  4. 12.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook
  5. References
3. Chapter 13: Determination of Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin in Fish
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Toxin Analysis
  3. 13.3 Sample Preparation
  4. 13.4 Conclusion
  5. Disclaimer
  6. References
4. Chapter 14: Determination of Saxitoxin, Tetrodotoxin and Common Phycotoxins
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Saxitoxin and Analogs
  3. 14.3 Tetrodotoxin
  4. 14.4 Toxicity Equivalency Factors
  5. 14.5 Future Trends
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
5. Chapter 15: Ciguatoxin Detection Methods and High-Throughput Assays
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Detection Methods
  3. 15.3 Conclusion
  4. Acknowledgements
  5. References
Section IV: Biogenic Amines and Common Food Toxicants
1. Chapter 16: Detection of Histamine Based on Biosensor System
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 Histamine Detection Methods
  3. 16.3 Detection of Histamine in Raw Fish
  4. 16.4 Conclusion and Future Landscape
  5. References
2. Chapter 17: Flow-based Technology for Analysis of Food Pesticides
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Flow-Based Methodologies
  3. 17.3 Detection Techniques
  4. 17.4 Conclusions and Future Trends
  5. References
3. Chapter 18: Residual Pesticides and Heavy Metals Analysis in Food
  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 Analytical Chemistry: Historical Notes
  3. 18.3 Analytical Chemistry: Today and Tomorrow
  4. 18.4 The Role of Analytical Chemistry in the Development of Chemical Industry
  5. 18.5 The Role of Analytical Testing in Maintaining Food Safety
  6. 18.6 Analytical Techniques of Food Analysis
  7. 18.7 Analysis of Heavy Metals in Food
  8. 18.8 Present Challenges and New Directions in Food Analysis
  9. 18.9 Conclusion
  10. References
4. Chapter 19: Microarray Methodologies for Pesticides and Other Toxins in Foods
  1. 19.1 Introduction
  2. 19.2 Fabrication and Sensing Strategy in Microarray
  3. 19.3 Microarray-Based Analysis of Pesticides
  4. 19.4 Microarray-Based Analysis of Toxic Contaminates
  5. 19.5 Conclusion
  6. References
Section V: Quality Assurance and Regulatory Development
1. Chapter 20: Accreditation, a Key Recognition for the Analysis of Food Toxins and Contaminants
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 What Is Accreditation
  3. 20.3 Quality Infrastructure of an Economy
  4. 20.4 Accreditation Body
  5. 20.5 Procedure for Assessing and Accrediting Laboratories
  6. 20.6 Scope of Accreditation
  7. 20.7 Requirements for Laboratory Accreditation
  8. 20.8 Laboratory Environment
  9. 20.9 Equipment Control
  10. 20.10 Metrological Traceability
  11. 20.11 Measurement Uncertainty
  12. 20.12 Method Validation
  13. 20.13 Quality Assurance of Analytical Results
  14. 20.14 Proficiency Testing
  15. 20.15 International and Regional Accreditation Cooperation Bodies
  16. 20.16 Benefits of Accreditation
  17. 20.17 Conclusion
  18. References
2. Chapter 21: Quality Assurance and Control for Accurate Measurement of Food Toxins
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 Toxin Controls
  3. 21.3 Measurement of Natural Food Toxins
  4. 21.4 Validation Techniques
  5. 21.5 Conclusion
  6. References
3. Chapter 22: Analytical Methods and Development of Reference Materials for Toxic Metals and Metal Species in Food and Dietary Supplements
  1. 22.1 Introduction
  2. 22.2 Available Reference Materials
  3. 22.3 Arsenic and Arsenic Species
  4. 22.4 Cadmium and Lead
  5. 22.5 Mercury and Organo-Mercury in Food and Dietary Supplements
  6. 22.6 Conclusions
  7. Disclaimer
  8. References
4. Chapter 23: Overview of Toxins and Toxicants in Food and Their Regulatory Limits
  1. 23.1 Introduction
  2. 23.2 Microbial Foodborne Pathogens and Toxins
  3. 23.3 Plant Toxins
  4. 23.4 Phycotoxins/Marine Biotoxins
  5. 23.5 Biogenic Amines and Common Food Toxicants/Allergens
  6. 23.6 Conclusions
  7. References
5. Chapter 24: Food Allergy: Managing Food Allergens
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 What Is Food Allergy?
  3. 24.3 Is There a Cure for Food Allergy?
  4. 24.4 Food Allergen Management
  5. 24.5 Basic Toxicology
  6. 24.6 Reference Doses, Action Limits and Thresholds
  7. 24.7 Conclusion
  8. Acknowledgements
  9. References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5

Table 8.6

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 10.8

Table 10.9

Table 10.10

Table 10.11

Table 11.1

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 13.1

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 21.1

Table 21.2

Table 21.3

Table 21.4

Table 22.1

Table 22.2

Table 22.3

Table 22.4

Table 22.5

Table 22.6

Table 23.1

Table 23.2

Table 23.3

Table 23.4

Table 23.5

Table 23.6

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 13.1

Figure 14.1

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Scheme 16.1

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6

Figure 16.7

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 18.5

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 20.3

Figure 20.4

Figure 20.5

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 22.1

Figure 22.2

Figure 22.3

Figure 22.4

Figure 22.5

Figure 22.6

Figure 22.7

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

List of Contributors

Amparo Alfonso

Department of Pharmacology

Veterinary Faculty

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Lugo

Spain

Gregor Anderluh

Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology

National Institute of Chemistry

Ljubljana

Slovenia

Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares

Department of Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Sciences

University of Granada

Granada

Spain

Till Beuerle

Technische Universität Braunschweig

Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology

Lower Saxony

Germany

Ana M. Botana

Department of Analytical Chemistry

Sciences Faculty

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Lugo

Spain

Luis M. Botana

Department of Pharmacology

Veterinary Faculty

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Lugo

Spain

Peter A. Brown

Norwich

Norfolk

United Kingdom

Stephen Burrell

Marine Institute

Rinville

Oranmore

County Galway

Ireland

and

School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Dublin Institute of Technology

Dublin

Ireland

Gaelle Catanante

Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement

Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia

Perpignan

France

Pui-kwan Chan

Analytical and Advisory Services Division

Government Laboratory

Hong Kong

Joanne Sheot Harn Chan

Food Safety Laboratory

Applied Sciences Group

Health Sciences Authority

Singapore

Samuel Tsz-chun Cheung

Analytical and Advisory Services Division

Government Laboratory

Hong Kong

Winnie Wing-yan Chum

Analytical and Advisory Services Division

Government Laboratory

Hong Kong

Colin Crews

Fera Science Ltd

York

United Kingdom

Jonathan R. Deeds

Office of Regulatory Science

FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

College Park, MD

USA

Martin Danaher

Food Safety Department

Teagasc Food Research Centre

Ashtown

Dublin

Ireland

Michael Ellisor

Chemical Sciences Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Charleston, SC

USA

María Luisa Fernández-de Córdova

Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Experimental Sciences

University of Jaén

Campus Las Lagunillas

Jaén

Spain

Pasquale Ferranti

Department of Agriculture

University of Naples Federico II

Parco Gussone

Naples

Italy

and

Institute of Food Science and Technology

National Council of Research

Avellino

Italy

Ambrose Furey

Mass Spectrometry Group (MSG)

Department of Physical Sciences

Cork Institute of Technology (CIT)

Cork

Ireland

Monica Gallo

Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology

University of Naples Federico II

Naples

Italy

Laura Gámiz-Gracia

Department of Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Sciences

University of Granada

Granada

Spain

Ana M. García-Campaña

Department of Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Sciences

University of Granada

Granada

Spain

Arjen Gerssen

RIKILT Institute of Food Safety

Wageningen University and Research Centre

Wageningen

The Netherlands

Caroline T. Griffin

Mass Spectrometry Group (MSG)

Department of Physical Sciences

Cork Institute of Technology (CIT)

Cork

Ireland

M. Hazel Gowland

Allergy Action

St. Albans

Hertfordshire

United Kingdom

Wai-yan Ha

Analytical and Advisory Services Division

Government Laboratory

Hong Kong

Akhtar Hayat

Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM)

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Lahore

Pakistan

and

Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement

Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia

Perpignan

France

Vesna Hodnik

Department of Biology

Biotechnical Faculty

University of Ljubljana

Ljubljana

Slovenia

Xiaofeng Hu

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Wuhan

China

and

Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins

Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products

Ministry of Agriculture

Wuhan

China

José F. Huertas-Pérez

Department of Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Sciences

University of Granada

Granada

Spain

Marco Inserra

Institute for Molecular Bioscience

The University of Queensland

Queensland

Australia

and

School of Pharmacy

The University of Queensland

Queensland

Australia

Takeshi Ito

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Kansai University

Osaka

Japan

Alun Jones

Institute for Molecular Bioscience

The University of Queensland

Queensland

Australia

Akbar S. Khan

Chemical Biological Directorate

Defense Threat Reduction Agency

Fort Belvoir, Virginia

USA

Mirjam D. Klijnstra

RIKILT Institute of Food Safety

Wageningen University and Research Centre

Wageningen

The Netherlands

Yelena Lavrukhina

Institute for Molecular Bioscience

The University of Queensland

Queensland

Australia

Tin-yau Law

Analytical and Advisory Services Division

Government Laboratory

Hong Kong

Richard J. Lewis

Institute for Molecular Bioscience

The University of Queensland

Queensland

Australia

Angela Li

Food Safety Laboratory

Applied Sciences Group

Health Sciences Authority

Singapore

Peiwu Li

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Wuhan

China

and

Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic

Improvement of Oil Crops

Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins

Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products

Ministry of Agriculture

Wuhan

China

Chee Wei Lim

Food Safety Laboratory

Applied Sciences Group

Health Sciences Authority

Singapore

Eulogio J. Llorent-Martínez

Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Experimental Sciences

University of Jaén

Campus Las Lagunillas

Jaén

Spain

Stephen E. Long

Chemical Sciences Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Charleston, SC

USA

M. Carmen Louzao

Department of Pharmacology

Veterinary Faculty

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Lugo

Spain

Sameeh A. Mansour

Environmental Toxicology Research Unit (ETRU)

Pesticide Chemistry Department

National Research Centre

Giza, Cairo

Egypt

Angel Maquieira

Instituto interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico

Departamento de Química

Universitat Politècnica de València

Valencia

Spain

Jean-Louis Marty

Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement

Université de Perpignan Via Domitia

Perpignan

France

Sara C. McGrath

Office of Regulatory Science

FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

College Park, MD

USA

Karen Murphy

Chemical Sciences Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD

USA

Muhammad Azhar Hayat Nawaz

Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM)

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Lahore

Pakistan

Frances Nilsen

Chemical Sciences Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Charleston, SC

USA

Chiara Nitride

Department of Agriculture

University of Naples Federico II

Parco Gussone

Naples

Italy

Pilar Ortega-Barrales

Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Experimental Sciences

University of Jaén

Campus Las Lagunillas

Jaén

Spain

Suiyan Ouyang

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Wuhan

China

and

Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic

Improvement of Oil Crops

Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins

Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products

Ministry of Agriculture

Wuhan

China

Sajid Rauf

Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM)

Lahore

Pakistan

and

Department of Physics

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Lahore

Pakistan

Rizwan Raza

Department of Physics

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Lahore

Pakistan

Xianfeng Ren

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Wuhan

China

and

Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic

Improvement of Oil Crops

Ministry of Agriculture

Wuhan

China

Alan Richards

Public Analyst and Head of Scientific Services Ltd

Wolverhampton

West Midlands

United Kingdom

Antonio Ruiz-Medina

Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry

Faculty of Experimental Sciences

University of Jaén

Campus Las Lagunillas

Jaén

Spain

S. Santiago-Felipe

Instituto interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico

Departamento de Química

Universitat Politècnica de València

Valencia

Spain

Aisling Sheehan

Mass Spectrometry Group (MSG)

Department of Physical Sciences

Cork Institute of Technology (CIT)

Cork

Ireland

Luis A. Tortajada-Genaro

Instituto interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico

Departamento de Química

Universitat Politècnica de València

Valencia

Spain

Andrew D. Turner

Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

Weymouth

Dorset

United Kingdom

Carmen Vale

Department of Pharmacology

Veterinary Faculty

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Lugo

Spain

Irina Vetter

Institute for Molecular Bioscience

The University of Queensland

Queensland

Australia

and

School of Pharmacy

The University of Queensland

Queensland

Australia

Valerija Vezočnik

Department of Biology

Biotechnical Faculty

University of Ljubljana

Ljubljana

Slovenia

Mercedes R. Vieytes

Department of Physiology

Veterinary Faculty

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Lugo

Spain

Natalia Vilariño

Department of Pharmacology

Veterinary Faculty

Universidad de Santiago de Compostela

Lugo

Spain

Michael J. Walker

Consulting Analytical Scientist

Government Chemist Programme

Laboratory of the Government Chemist

Teddington

Middlesex

United Kingdom

Laura Wood

Chemical Sciences Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD

USA

Wang-wah Wong

Hong Kong Accreditation Service

Quality Services Division

Innovation and Technology Commission

Wanchai

Hong Kong

Huali Xie

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Wuhan

China

and

Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic

Improvement of Oil Crops

Ministry of Agriculture

Wuhan

China

Lee Yu

Chemical Sciences Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD

USA

Qi Zhang

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Wuhan

China

and

Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic

Improvement of Oil Crops

Ministry of Agriculture

Wuhan

China

Zhaowei Zhang

Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese

Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Wuhan

China

and

Key Laboratory of Detection of Mycotoxins

Ministry of Agriculture

Wuhan

China

Analysis of Food Toxins and Toxicants