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This book is one in a series of process safety guideline and concept books published by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) in cooperation with the Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS). Please go to www.wiley.com/ccps for a full list of titles in this series.

DISCLAIMER

It is our sincere intention that the information presented in this document will lead to an even more impressive safety record for the entire industry; however, neither the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS), the Subcommittee members, its consultants, the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) Technical Steering Committee and their employers, their employers officers and directors, warrant or represent, expressly or by implication, the correctness or accuracy of the content of the information presented in this document. As between (1) DIERS, the DIERS user group, the authors, its consultants, (2) AIChE, CCPS Technical Steering Committee and Subcommittee members, their employers, their employers officers and directors, and (3) the user of this document, the user accepts any legal liability or responsibility whatsoever for the consequence of its use or misuse.

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Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Center for Chemical Process

Safety, author.

Title: Guidelines for pressure relief and effluent handling systems / Center

for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical

Engineers.

Description: Second edition. | New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017]

| Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017002351 (print) | LCCN 2017004079 (ebook) | ISBN

9780470767733 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119330264 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119330295

(epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Chemical plants--Waste disposal. | Hazardous

wastes--Management. | Relief valves. | Sewage disposal.

Classification: LCC TD899.C5 G85 2017 (print) | LCC TD899.C5 (ebook) | DDC

660.028/6--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002351

DEDICATIONS

Dr. Michael A. Grolmes (Centaurus Technology), an original employee of Fauske & Associates LLC, who was principally responsible for development and documentation of much of the DIERS two-flow technology, the large-scale blowdown and reactive experimental program, and the SAFIRE computer program.

Dr. Joseph C. Leung (LeungInc), an original employee of Fauske & Associates LLC, who was jointly responsible for development of the DIERS Bench-Scale Apparatus (Later the VSP) and the reported experimental results as well as development of the Omega Method for calculating two-phase flows and sizing emergency relief systems for runaway reactions.

Dr. Georges A. Melhem (President and CEO, ioMosaic Corporation) who developed the SuperChems^™ family (EXPERT, DIERS, and Lite) of computer programs. These programs are widely used for various process safety studies and sizing of emergency relief and flare systems. The SuperChems^™ for DIERS computer program was made available for licensing and distribution by AIChE. The SuperChems^™ for DIERS Lite computer program was made available to AIChE for distribution and licensing with this book. Dr. Melhem was co-editor of this guideline and the 1^st (1995), 2^nd (1998) and 3^rd (2005) International Symposium Proceedings published by AIChE / DIERS.

ioMosaic Corporation provided editorial, administrative, and significant financial support for the publication of this guideline and the 1^st (1995), 2^nd (1998) and 3^rd (2005) International Symposium Proceedings published by AIChE / DIERS.

Fauske & Associates LLC, led by Dr. Hans K. Fauske, was the DIERS contractor responsible for the original development and documentation of the DIERS technology that changed the engineering paradigm for design of emergency relief system involving runaway reaction and two-phase flow. FAI recently celebrated their 35^th anniversary of continuous technology development and support of safety improvements for the chemical process and nuclear industries.

Contents

Cover

Disclaimer

Title

Dedication

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

Acknowledgements

In Memoriam

Files on the Web Accompanying This Book

1 Introduction

1.1 Objective
1.2 Scope
1.3 Design Codes and Regulations, and Sources of Information
1.4 Organization of This Book
1.5 General Pressure and Relief System Design Criteria
1. 1.5.1 Process Hazard Analysis
2. 1.5.2 Process Safety Information
3. 1.5.3 Problems Inherent in Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems

2 Relief Design Criteria and Strategy

2.1 Limitations of the Technology
2.2 General Pressure Relief Strategy
1. 2.2.1 Mechanism of Pressure Relief
2. 2.2.2 Approach to Design
3. 2.2.3 Limitations of Systems Actuated by Pressure
2.3 Codes, Standards, and Guidelines
1. 2.3.1 Scope of Principal USA Documents
2. 2.3.2 General Provisions
3. 2.3.3 Protection by System Design
2.4 Relief Device Types and Operation
1. 2.4.1 General Terminology
2. 2.4.2 Pressure Relief Valves
3. 2.4.3 Rupture Disk Devices
4. 2.4.4 Devices in Combination (Series)
5. 2.4.5 Low Pressure Relief Valves & Vents
6. 2.4.6 Miscellaneous Relief System Components
7. 2.4.7 Selection of Pressure Relief Devices
2.5 Relief System Layout
1. 2.5.1 General Code Requirements
2. 2.5.2 Pressure Relief Valves
3. 2.5.3 Rupture Disk Devices
4. 2.5.4 Low-Pressure Devices
5. 2.5.5 Devices in Series
6. 2.5.6 Devices in Parallel
7. 2.5.7 Header Systems
8. 2.5.8 Mechanical Integrity
9. 2.5.9 Material Selection
10. 2.5.10 Drainage and Freeze-up Provisions
11. 2.5.11 Noise
2.6 Design Flows and Code Provisions
1. 2.6.1 Safety Valves
2. 2.6.2 Incompressible Liquid Flow
3. 2.6.3 Low Pressure Devices
4. 2.6.4 Rupture Disk Devices
5. 2.6.5 Devices in Combination
6. 2.6.6 Miscellaneous Nonreclosing Devices
2.7 Scenario Selection Considerations
1. 2.7.1 Events Requiring Relief Due to Overpressure
2. 2.7.2 Design Scenarios
2.8 Fluid Properties and System Characterization
1. 2.8.1 Property Data Sources/Determination/Estimation
2. 2.8.2 Pure-Component Properties
3. 2.8.3 Mixture Properties
4. 2.8.4 Phase Behavior
5. 2.8.5 Chemical Reaction
6. 2.8.6 Miscellaneous Fluid Characteristics
2.9 Fluid Behavior in Vessel
1. 2.9.1 Accounting for Chemical Reactions
2. 2.9.2 Two-Phase Venting Conditions and Effects
2.10 Flow of Fluids Through Relief Systems
1. 2.10.1 Conditions for Two-Phase Flow
2. 2.10.2 Nature of Compressible Flow
3. 2.10.3 Stagnation Pressure and Non-recoverable Pressure Loss
4. 2.10.4 Flow Rate to Effluent Handling System
2.11 Relief System Reliability
1. 2.11.1 Relief Device Reliability
2. 2.11.2 System Reliability

3 Requirements for Relief System Design

3.1 Introduction
1. 3.1.1 Required Background
3.2 Vessel Venting Background
1. 3.2.1 General Considerations
2. 3.2.2 Schematics and Principle Variables, Properties and Parameters
3. 3.2.3 Basic Mass and Energy Balances
4. 3.2.4 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
5. 3.2.5 Energy Input or Output
6. 3.2.6 Solution Methods Using Computer Tools
7. 3.2.7 Mass and Energy Balance Simplifications
8. 3.2.8 Limiting Cases
9. 3.2.9 Vapor/Liquid Disengagement
3.3 Venting Requirements for Nonreacting Cases
1. 3.3.1 Heating or Cooling of a Constant Volume Vessel
2. 3.3.2 Excess Inflow/Outflow
3. 3.3.3 Additional Techniques and Considerations
3.4 Calorimetry for Emergency Relief System Design
1. 3.4.1 Executive Summary
2. 3.4.2 Runaway Reaction Effects
3. 3.4.3 Reaction Basics
4. 3.4.4 Reaction Screening and Chemistry Identification
5. 3.4.5 Measuring Reaction Rates
6. 3.4.6 Experimental Test Design
7. 3.4.7 Calorimetry Data Interpretation and Analysis
3.5 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases
1. 3.5.1 Executive Summary
2. 3.5.2 Overview of Reactive Relief Load
3. 3.5.3 Analytical Methods
4. 3.5.4 Dynamic Computer Modeling
5. 3.5.5 Closing Comment

4 Methods for Relief System Design

4.1 Introduction
1. 4.1.1 Relief System Sizing Computational Strategy and Tools for Relief Design
4.2 Manual and Spreadsheet Methods for Relief Valve Sizing
1. 4.2.1 Relief Valve Sizing Fundamental Equations
2. 4.2.2 Two-Phase Flow Methods
3. 4.2.3 Relief Valve Sizing - Discharge Coefficient
4. 4.2.4 Relief Valve Sizing - Choking in Nozzle and Valve Exit
4.3 Miscellaneous
1. 4.3.1 Low-Pressure Devices - Liquid Flow
2. 4.3.2 Low-Pressure Devices - Gas Flow
3. 4.3.3 Low-Pressure Devices - Two-Phase Flow
4. 4.3.4 Low-Pressure Devices - Associated Piping
4.4 Piping
1. 4.4.1 Piping - Fundamental Equations
2. 4.4.2 Piping - Pipe Friction Factors
3. 4.4.3 Incompressible (Liquid) Flow
4. 4.4.4 Piping Adiabatic Compressible Flow
5. 4.4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow
6. 4.4.6 Homogeneous Two-Phase Pipe Flow
7. 4.4.7 Piping - Separated Two-Phase Flows
8. 4.4.8 Slip/Holdup
9. 4.4.9 Piping - Temperature Effects
4.5 Rupture Disk Device Systems
1. 4.5.1 Rupture Disks - Nozzle Model
2. 4.5.2 Rupture Disks - Pipe Model
4.6 Multiple Devices
1. 4.6.1 Multiple Devices in Parallel
2. 4.6.2 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Upstream of a PRV
3. 4.6.3 Multiple Devices - Rupture Disk Device Downstream of a PRV
4.7 Worked Example Index

5 Additional Considerations for Relief System Design

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Reaction Forces
5.3 Background
5.4 Selection of Design Case
5.5 Design Methods
1. 5.5.1 Steady State Exit Force from Flow Discharging to the Atmosphere
2. 5.5.2 Dynamic Load Factor
5.6 Selection of Design Flow Rate and Dynamic Load Factor
1. 5.6.1 Rupture Disks
2. 5.6.2 Safety Relief Valves
5.7 Transient Forces on Relief Device Discharge Piping
1. 5.7.1 Liquid Relief
2. 5.7.2 Gas Relief
3. 5.7.3 Two-Phase Flow
5.8 Pipe Tension
1. 5.8.1 Safety Relief Valves
2. 5.8.2 Rupture Disks
5.9 Real Gases
5.10 Changes in Pipe Size
5.11 Location of Anchors
5.12 Exit Geometry
5.13 Worked Examples

6 Handling Emergency Relief Effluents

6.1 General Strategy
6.2 Basis for Selection of Equipment
6.3 Determining if Direct Discharge to Atmosphere is Acceptable
6.4 Factors That Influence Selection of Effluent Treatment Systems
1. 6.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
2. 6.4.2 Two-Phase Flow and Foaming
3. 6.4.3 Passive or Active Systems
4. 6.4.4 Technology Status and Reliability
5. 6.4.5 Discharging to a Common Collection System
6. 6.4.6 Plant Geography
7. 6.4.7 Space Availability
8. 6.4.8 Turndown
9. 6.4.9 Vapor-Liquid Separation
10. 6.4.10 Possible Condensation and Vapor-Condensate Hammer
11. 6.4.11 Time Availability
12. 6.4.12 Capital and Continuing Costs
6.5 Methods of Effluent Handling
1. 6.5.1 Containment
2. 6.5.2 Direct Discharge to Atmosphere
3. 6.5.3 Vapor-Liquid Separators
4. 6.5.4 Quench Tanks
5. 6.5.5 Scrubbers (Absorbers)
6. 6.5.6 Flares

7 Design Methods for Handling Effluent from Emergency Relief Systems

7.1 Design Basis Selection
7.2 Total Containment Systems
1. 7.2.1 Containment in Original Vessel
2. 7.2.2 Containment in External Vessel (Dump Tank or Catch Tank)
7.3 Relief Devices, Discharge Piping, and Collection Headers
1. 7.3.1 Corrosion
2. 7.3.2 Brittle Metal Fracture
3. 7.3.3 Deposition
4. 7.3.4 Vibration
5. 7.3.5 Cleaning
7.4 Vapor-Liquid Gravity Separators
1. 7.4.1 Separator Inlet Velocity Considerations
2. 7.4.2 Horizontal Gravity Separators
3. 7.4.3 Vertical Gravity Separators
4. 7.4.4 Separator Safety Considerations and Features
5. 7.4.5 Separator Vessel Design and Instrumentation
7.5 Cyclone Separators
1. 7.5.1 Droplet Removal Efficiency
2. 7.5.2 Design Procedure
3. 7.5.3 Cyclone Separator Sizing Procedure
4. 7.5.4 Alternate Cyclone Separator Design Procedure
5. 7.5.5 Cyclone Reaction Force
7.6 Quench Pools
1. 7.6.1 Design Procedure Overview
2. 7.6.2 Design Parameter Interrelations
3. 7.6.3 Quench Pool Liquid Selection
4. 7.6.4 Quench Tank Operating Pressure
5. 7.6.5 Quench Pool Heat Balance
6. 7.6.6 Quench Pool Dimensions
7. 7.6.7 Sparger Design
8. 7.6.8 Handling Effluent from Multiple Relief Devices
9. 7.6.9 Reverse Flow Problems
10. 7.6.10 Vapor-Condensate Hammer
11. 7.6.11 Mechanical Design Loads
12. 7.6.12 Worked Example Index for Discharge Handling System Design

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Glossary

Nomenclature

Appendix A: SuperChems^™ for DIERS Lite - Description and Instructions

A.1 Scope
A.2 Software Functions
1. A.2.1 Source Term Flow Calculation
2. A.2.2 Emergency Relief Requirement Calculations
3. A.2.3 Physical Properties
4. A.2.4 Piping Isometrics
5. A.2.5 Specifying Vessel Designs
A.3 Installing and Running SuperChems^™

Appendix B: CCFlow, TPHEM and COMFLOW Description and Instructions

B.1 Scope
1. B.1.1 Uncertainties
B.2 CCFlow Calculation Options
1. B.2.1 Opening and Running CCFlow
2. B.2.2 File Operations
3. B.2.3 Help Files
4. B.2.4 Other Operations
5. B.2.5 CCFlow Input Menu Errata
B.3 TPHEM Calculation Options
1. B.3.1 Running TPHEM with File Input
B.4 COMFLOW Calculation Options
1. B.4.1 Running COMFLOW

Appendix C: SuperChems^™ for DIERS - Description and Instructions

C.1 Scope
C.2 Software Functions
1. C.2.1 Main Menu Tabs
2. C.2.2 Define Tab
3. C.2.3 Dynamic Flow Simulation
4. C.2.4 Steady-State Flow Calculations
5. C.2.5 Properties Tab
6. C.2.6 VLE Tab
C.3 Installing and Running SuperChems^™

Appendix D: Venting Requirements

D.1 Worked Examples - Emergency Venting
1. D.1.1 External Fire - Vapor Venting
2. D.1.2 Tube Rupture
3. D.1.3 Literature Examples for Non-Reactive Cases
D.2 Venting Requirements for Reactive Cases
D.3 Relief Valve Sizing Examples
1. D.3.1 Incompressible Liquid Flow (with Viscosity Correction)
2. D.3.2 Real Gas Flow
3. D.3.3 Supercritical Fluid Flow
4. D.3.4 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Choked Flow
5. D.3.5 Non-Flashing (Frozen) Non-choked Flow
6. D.3.6 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid
7. D.3.7 Non-Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid
8. D.3.8 Multicomponent Fluid Flow
9. D.3.9 Equilibrium Flow of One-Component Fluid (Low Subcooled Liquid Flow)
10. D.3.10 Equilibrium Flow of Single-Component Fluid (Highly Subcooled Liquid Flow)
11. D.3.11 Single-Component Vapor Flow with Retrograde Condensation
D.4 Piping Flow Examples
1. D.4.1 Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow with Conventional Multiple Chokes
2. D.4.2 Real Gas Flow with Multiple Chokes
3. D.4.3 Flow of High Viscosity Liquid
D.5 Reaction Forces
1. D.5.1 PRV with Viscous Liquid Flow – Steady Forces
2. D.5.2 PRV with Real Gas Flow – Steady Forces
3. D.5.3 RD with Liquid Flow – Steady and Transient Forces
4. D.5.4 RD with Air Flow – Steady and Transient Forces
5. D.5.5 PRV with Steam Flow – Steady and Transient Forces
6. D.5.6 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure
7. D.5.7 PRV with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure
8. D.5.8 RD with Two-Phase Flow – Steady and Transient Forces and Piping Design Pressure

Appendix E: Worked Examples – Effluent Handling

E.1 Phase Separator and Quench Tank Design Examples
1. E.1.1 Example Problem Statement
2. E.1.2 Given Conditions
3. E.1.3 Quench Pool Design
4. E.1.4 Gravity Separator Design
5. E.1.5 Cyclone Separator Design
6. E.1.6 Summary

References

Index

Eula

List of Tables

TABLE A.1-1.
TABLE A.2-1.
TABLE A.2-2.

TABLE C.1.

TABLE D.1-1..
TABLE D.3.2-1.
TABLE D.3.7-1.

TABLE E.1-1.
TABLE E.1-2.
TABLE E.1-3.
TABLE E.1-4.
TABLE E.1-5.
TABLE E.1-6.
TABLE E.1-7.
TABLE E.1-8.
TABLE E.1-9.
TABLE E.1-10.
TABLE E.1-11.

Chapter 2

TABLE 2.3-1.
TABLE 2.3-2.
TABLE 2.3-3.
TABLE 2.4-1.
TABLE 2.4-2.
TABLE 2.4-3.

Chapter 3

TABLE 3.3-1.
TABLE 3.3-2.
TABLE 3.3-3.
TABLE 3.4-1.

Chapter 4

TABLE 4.4-1.
TABLE 4.4-2.

Chapter 5

TABLE 5.6-1.
TABLE 5.6-2.

Chapter 6

TABLE 6.5-1.
TABLE 6.5-2.
TABLE 6.5-3.
TABLE 6.5-4.
TABLE 6.5-5.
TABLE 6.5-6.
TABLE 6.5-8.
TABLE 6.5-9.
TABLE 6.5-11.
TABLE 6.5-13.
TABLE 6.5-14.

List of Illustrations

FIGURE D.3.2-1. CCFlow Calculation of Isentropic Expansion Exponent
FIGURE D.3.3-1. CCFlow Calculation of Isentropic Expansion Exponent
FIGURE D.3.5-1. Mass Flux Calculation Results
FIGURE D.3.8-1. Input Data Menu
FIGURE D.3.9-1. TPHEM Output for 3-Point Interpolation Ideal Nozzle Mass Flux Calculation
FIGURE D.3.11-1. CCFlow Calculation of Isentropic Expansion Exponent
FIGURE D.4.1-1. SuperChems Wizard Input Screen After Initial Data Entry
FIGURE D.4.1-2. Middle Part of Relief Valve Specification Menu
FIGURE D.4.1-3. Upper Part of Inlet Piping Segment Specification Menu
FIGURE D.4.1-4. Piping Layout Menu
FIGURE D.4.1-5. SuperChems Case Output – Upper Part
FIGURE D.4.1-6. SuperChems Output – Second Part
FIGURE D.4.2-1. CCFlow Main Menu with Options
FIGURE D.4.2-2. CCFlow Second Menu Input
FIGURE D.4.2-3. CCFlow Third Menu Input and Results
FIGURE D.4.2-4. Using CCFlow to Determine Discharge Temperature
FIGURE D.5.1-1. Piping Forces
FIGURE D.5.2-1. Forces Acting on Relief Valve
FIGURE D.5.3-1. Piping and Reaction Forces
FIGURE D.5.3-2. Anchor and Force Locations
FIGURE D.5.4-1. Reaction Forces
FIGURE D.5.4-2. Steady State Force from COMFLOW
FIGURE D.5.4-3. Transient Force from COMFLOW
FIGURE D.5.4-4. Tension Force from COMFLOW
FIGURE D.5.5-1. Steam Being Relieved by 4N6 Safety Valve
FIGURE D.5.5-2. Steady State Force (F2) from COMFLOW
FIGURE D.5.6-1. Liquid Being Relieved by a Bellows 4N6 Safety Valve
FIGURE D.5.7-1. Two-Phase Relief by a Bellows 4N6 Safety Valve
FIGURE D.5.7-2. Exit Thrust (TPHEM)
FIGURE D.5.8-1. Reaction Force for Rupture Disk with Two-Phase Flow
FIGURE D.5.8-2. Capacity and Exit Force from TPHEM
FIGURE D.5.8-3. Transient Force from TPHEM

FIGURE E.1-1. Results of Process Simulation
FIGURE E.1-2. Results of Quench Pool Calculations

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2.3-1. Typical ASME BPVC Section VII Multiple Valve (Non-Fire Case) Installations
FIGURE 2.3-2. Example Adiabatic Pressure-Temperature History in a Non-vented Vessel (Computed from example phenol-formaldehyde reaction data. Booth, et al. (1980))
FIGURE 2.4-1. Conventional Pressure Relief Valve (Courtesy of Pentair Valves and Controls)
FIGURE 2.4-2. Balanced Bellows Pressure Relief Valve (Courtesy of Pentair Valves and Controls)
FIGURE 2.4-3. Liquid Relief Valve (Courtesy of Anderson Greenwood Crosby, Stafford, TX)
FIGURE 2.4-4. Pop Action Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valve (Courtesy of Pentair Valves and Controls)
FIGURE 2.4-5a. Conventional Pre-bulged (Courtesy of Fike Corporation)
FIGURE 2.4-5b. Typical Composite Style Rupture Disk (Courtesy of Continental Disk)
FIGURE 2.4-5c. Graphite with Resin Binder (Courtesy of BS&B Safety Systems LLC)
FIGURE 2.4-5d. Forward Acting Scored (Courtesy of Fike Corporation)
FIGURE 2.4-6a. Pressure Relief Vent (Courtesy of the Groth Corporation, Stafford, Texas)
FIGURE 2.4-6b. Combination Pressure-Vacuum Relief Vent (Courtesy of the Groth Corporation, Stafford, Texas)
FIGURE 2.4-6c. Pilot Operated Relief Vent (Courtesy of the Groth Corporation, Stafford, Texas)
FIGURE 2.4-6d. Weight Loaded Emergency Relief Vent (Courtesy of the Groth Corporation, Stafford, Texas)
FIGURE 2.4-7. Selection of Pressure Relief Devices Adapted from Parry (1994)
FIGURE 2.5-1. Bleed System with Excess Flow Valve and Bleed Valve
FIGURE 2.5-2. Bleed System with Pressure Switch for Alarm Signal Generation (detects seepage and burst)
FIGURE 2.5-3. Bleed System with Burst Disk Detector for Alarm Signal Generation (some styles can also detect seepage)
FIGURE 2.7-1. Blow Through Scenario
FIGURE 2.10-1. Adiabatic Flow of Gases and Vapors in Nozzles and Piping See Lapple (1943)
FIGURE 2.10-2a. Choked No-Slip Two-Phase Flow in Ideal Nozzles – Critical Pressure Ratio vs. Mass Fraction Vapor Phase
FIGURE 2.10-2b. Choked No-Slip Two-Phase Flow in Ideal Nozzles – Mass Flow Rate Ratio vs. Mass Fraction Vapor Phase

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3.2-1. All-Vapor Venting (a) versus Two-Phase Venting (b)
FIGURE 3.2-2a. Typical Vessel Protected by a Pressure Relief Valve and Venting a Vapor
FIGURE 3.2-2b. Typical Vessel Protected by a Pressure Relief Valve and Venting a Two-Phase Mixture
FIGURE 3.2-2c. Typical Vessel Protected by a Rupture Disk and Venting a Two-Phase Mixture
FIGURE 3.2-3. Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Disengagement
FIGURE 3.4-1. Schematic of DSC Configuration (Courtesy of Netzsch Instruments)
FIGURE 3.4-2. Schematic of the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter® (Based on the Dow Design)
FIGURE 3.4-3. Pictorial Representation of ARC Operation Modes
(A) Standard Heat-Wait-Search (H-W-S) and (B) Iso-aging followed exotherm (Courtesy of Netzsch Instruments)
FIGURE 3.4-4a. Schematic of the ARSST Containment Vessel (Courtesy of Fauske & Associates, LLC)
FIGURE 3.4-4b. Depiction of Internals and Test Cell Assembly (Courtesy of Fauske & Associates, LLC)
FIGURE 3.4-5. Schematic of the VSP Test Cell and Containment Vessel (Courtesy of Fauske & Associates, LLC)
FIGURE 3.4-6a. NETZSCH APTAC 264 - View of Entire Instrument (Courtesy of Netzsch Instruments)
FIGURE 3.4-6b. Depiction of Containment Vessel Internals (Courtesy of Netzsch Instruments)
FIGURE 3.4-7. Illustration of Flow Regime Detector in the ARSST for (A) Non-Foamy and (B) Foamy Systems (Courtesy of Fauske & Associates, LLC)
FIGURE 3.4-8. Self-Heat Rate Plot for DTBP as a Function of Concentration (As Measured in the APTAC)
FIGURE 3.4-9. Effect of Thermal Inertia Factor on Self-Heat Rate
FIGURE 3.4-10. Effect of Reactant Concentration on Self-Heat Rate
FIGURE 3.4-11. Effect of External Heating (e.g., Fire) on Self-Heat Rate
FIGURE 3.4-12. Example of Instrument Drift Note Slight Positive Slope of Heat-Wait-Search Steps Leading into the Exotherm as well as Shallow Slope after Completion of the Exotherm.
FIGURE 3.4-13. Limit in Ability to Measure High Self-Heat Rates Attributed to Sample Thermocouple Lag
FIGURE 3.4-14. Pressure Behavior with Change in Temperature for Reaction of DTBP in Toluene
FIGURE 3.4-15. Autocatalytic Behavior (from Computer Simulation)
FIGURE 3.4-16. Self-Heat Rate Shapes for Various Reaction Orders
FIGURE 3.4-17. Estimating Activation Energy from the Initial Slope of a Self-Heat Rate Plot
FIGURE 3.4-18. Adjustment of Self-Heat Rate Data for Thermal Inertia and Initial Temperature
FIGURE 3.4-19. Adjustment of Self-Heat Rate Data for Thermal Inertia and Initial Temperature
FIGURE 3.5-1. Generalized Vent Sizing Guideline and Comparison with Benchmark Data

Chapter 4

FIGURE 4.2-1. Capacity Correction Factor for Balanced-Bellows Relief Valves in Liquid Service
FIGURE 4.2-2. Dimensionless Mass Flux and Critical Pressure versus Omega
FIGURE 4.4-1. Configuration for Pipe Flow Analysis
FIGURE 4.4-2. Comparison of Adiabatic and Isothermal Pipe Flow for Air for the Same Upstream and Downstream Pressure
FIGURE 4.4-3. Subsonic Flow of a Compressible Fluid in a Constant Diameter Pipe

Chapter 5

FIGURE 5.3-1. Control Volume for Calculating Exit Reaction Force
FIGURE 5.3-2. Control Volume for Evaluation of Transient Forces
FIGURE 5.3-3. Control Volume for Calculating Pipe Tension
FIGURE 5.6-1. Performance of Safety Valves in Gas Service
FIGURE 5.7-1. Compression of the Upper and Lower Limit Equations to the Shock-Expansion Wave Analysis
FIGURE 5.7-2. Normalized Transient Force from a Rupture Disk with Gas Flow
FIGURE 5.7-3. Comparison of the Transient Reaction Force from an Ideal Nozzle to a Frictionless Pipe Analysis
FIGURE 5.8-1. Equivalent Design Pressure for Pipe Tension for Flow from a Rupture Disk
FIGURE 5.12-1. Exit Reaction Force with a Slant Cut at the Pipe Discharge

Chapter 6

FIGURE 6.1-1. Flow Chart for Selection of Process Options

Chapter 7

FIGURE 7.4-1. Schematic Flow Sheet for Horizontal Separator
FIGURE 7.4-2. Horizontal Separator: Alternative Configurations
FIGURE 7.4-3. Fill Fraction as a Function of Liquid Level in Horizontal Separator
FIGURE 7.5-2. Cyclone Separator: Design Dimensional Relationships
FIGURE 7.5-3. Alternate Cyclone Design
FIGURE 7.6-1. Schematic Flow Sheet for Typical Quench Pool

DISCLAIMER

SECOND EDITION

CENTER FOR CHEMICAL PROCESS SAFETY

of the

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

New York, NY

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